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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historicai  IVIicroreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproduction^  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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the  usual  method  of  filming,  are  checited  below. 


n 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 


I      I   Covers  damaged/ 


El 


D 
D 


D 


D 


Couverture  endommagde 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaurie  et/ou  pelliculAe 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Lo  titre  de  couverture  manque 


rKH   Coloured  maps/ 


Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 


Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 


I     I   Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 


Planches  et/ou  illustrations  en  couleur 

Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli6  avec  d'autres  documents 

Tight  binding  may  cause  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

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modification  dans  la  mithode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiquis  ci-dessous. 


The 
toti 


j      I   Coloured  pages/ 


X 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film6  au  taux  de  rMuction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 


Pages  de  couleur 

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Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  M  filmtes  A  nouveau  de  fagon  A 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


The 
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The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


L'exemplaire  film*  fut  reproduit  grAce  A  la 
ginArositA  de: 

La  bibliothAque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  M^  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  nettetA  de  l'exemplaire  f  ilm6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


6es 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimte  sont  film6s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  salon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmte  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernlAre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  •-^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparattra  sur  la 
dernlAre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbols  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE",  le 
symbols  ▼  signifie  "FIN". 


re 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
filmfo  A  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  Atre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6, 11  est  film6  A  partir 
de  I'angle  supArieur  gauche,  de  gauche  A  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  nAcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
liluitrent  la  mAthode. 


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2 

3 

32X 


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M  E  M  ()  I  R 


pate  Wax  in  ikvth  ^mctia, 

BETWEEN  TUB 

FRENCH    AND    ENGLISH, 

175  5-00; 

FOLLOWED  nr 
OUSEKVATIONS  TPON  THE  TlIEATUK  OP  AcTfAI.  WaR,  AKD  BY  NeW 

Details  coNrEUNiNO  the  JIanneiis  and  Customs  of  the 
Indians  ;  witu  TorooKArnicAi,  Mai>s. 

l'.V  M. POUCIIOT, 

ClievuUer qf  the  lloyal  and  Military  OrderqfSt.  Louis;  former  Qiptain  qflhe 
Hegt.  qfJkurn  ;  Vummandant  uf  f\>rts  JSiagara  and  Levis  m  Chnada. 

TRANSLATED  AND  EDITED 
BT 

FRAXKLIX   V>.  HOUGH 

WITH  ADDITIONAL  NOTES  AND  ILLUSTRATIONS. 
VOL.  II. 


PRINTED  FOR  AV.  ELLIOT  WOODWARD, 
ROXBURY,  MASS. 


i       i 
i     I 


Entered  nccordlns  to  Act  of  Congrc»f<  In  llic  jenr  18fl0, 

]!>■  Fhanki.in  n.  Iloroii, 

In  the  Clerk'rt  OIHcc  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  Stnten,  for  tlio 

Northern  DlHtrlctofNew  York. 


>,  r 


IT' 

'if 


EDITION: 
200  coriES  ARE  rniNTED,  OF  WHICH  5(1  coi-iEs  ahe  (JI-abto  ;  143  copies 

AnK  KOYAI.  octavo,  AND  7  COI'IES  (JfAllTO  ON 
whathan's  DUAWING  PAI'En. 


I 


MEMOIR  UPON  THE  LAST  WAR. 


« • » ■  ■ 


Oh  the  27th  of  June,  1760,  a  Choiiogiitchi  Indian 
brought  in  an  Onondaga  from  the  Kenchiage  river.' 
lie  was  one  of  a  party  sent  against  us,  composed  of 
three  Senecas,  two  Cayugas,  four  Mohegans,  two 
negroes  and  an  Englishman,  with  the  son  of  Sonnon- 
guires.  lie  announced  u  visit  from  tlie  hitter  on 
the  morrow.  Our  Indian  related  that  the  Mohegans 
had  done  all  they  could  to  induce  the  others  to  take 
his  scalp,  hut  that  the  Onondagas  did  not  wish  to  do 
this,  representing  that  this  was  not  necessary,  as  in 
wars  between  Indians,  that  the  whites  were  satisfied 
with  prisoners,  from  whom  they  could  get  news,  that 
they  might  give  them  something,  and  that  therefore 
they  had  let  them  go.  The  two  Onondagas  came, 
having  relatives  at  La  Presentation,  and  the  re- 
mainder of  the  party  wcj-e  released.  We  may  judge 
of  their  simplicity,  as  i'\-:,y  thought  they  could  tell  us 
something  of  their  missiou. 


'  Black  river.—  Ed. 


I 


4  I'UISONElta  FROM  TJIE  MOJIAWK  SKXTLE.MKNTS. 

Our  Loups  who  arrivcMl  from  their  war  l>iiity, 
l)n)iight  ill  two  English  prisoiu'i's,  and  t)iio  Hcalp. 
One  was  a  militia  captain,  and  the  other  his  brother, 
who  lived  on  the  Mohawk  river.  M.  Poiieliot  had 
lodged  at  their  house  when  ho  was  going  down  to 
New  York,  and  they  had  not  received  him  very  well, 
and  would  scarcely  admit  him.  The  Indians  had 
dressed  and  painted  them  after  their  manner.  They 
were  about  six  feet  high,  and  they  made,  them  danco 
the  chiehicoy,  the  common  danco  of  tho  slaves.  This 
is  an  indispensable  ceremony.  They  were  very  happy 
in  escaping  the  ordinary  beating,  by  cduiing  directly 
upon  the  island  to  the  quarters  of  M.  l'ouelu)i,  no 
recognized  them  in  the  dance.  This  mortiticatioii 
did  not  absolutely  humble  them.  They  were  directed 
to  lodge  in  the  quarters  of  tho  post  surgeon,  and  sent 
to  eat  at  his  mess. 

They  infornied  us  that  General  Amherst  com- 
manded the  army,  which  was  composed  of  eleven 
thousand  men,  who  liad  much  artillery,  and  tliat  they 
were  every  day  passing  towards  Oswego. 

M.  Pouchot  also  heard  the  son  of  Sonnonguires, 
who  told  him  that  all  the  Indians  had  sung  for  the 
war  against  the  French,  and  that  we  would  be  threat- 
ened by  them.  The  Five  Nations  liad  carried  belts  as 
far  as  to  the  Miamis,  to  engage  all  the  nations  to  lay 
down  the  hatchet,  and  that  they  should  be  all  recon- 
ciled among  tliemselves.  M.  Pouchot  questioned  the 
truth  of  these  statements,   and  replied;   '*See   how 


INDIAN  ACCitl'NT.S  01'  JUK  KNOMSII  MOVHMKN TS.  Jj 

your  fiilher  is,  lie  cim  iievci"  boliovo  what  tlio  Imliiiiirt 
miy."  Ho  ulf<o  Hiiitl  that  thL-rc  wcro  only  two  rot,'i- 
iiicutrt  at  Ortwc^o,  and  that  ho  did  not  know  whethrr 
any  more  woiikl  come,  as  ho  was  confused  by  the 
accounts  of  the  Kiiglisli  tlicniselvcs. 

On  the  .'{0th,  Saotcn  arrived.  lie  said  that  ei<i;lit 
days  before,  lie  had  left  the  Onondaga's  village,  that 
he  had  crossed  the  river  near  ()nei(hi  hike,  that  they 
had  lieard  tlie  strokes  of  oars  ah)iig  the  river  for  twenty 
days,  and  that  lie  had  passed  eight  bands,'  and  eight 
chiefs.  They  were  wagoning  lu-ovisions  constantly, 
and  had  a  great  many  cannon,  niortai'F  :  ,id  howitzers. 
lie  added  that  they  said  there  were  few  iieo[)le  in  tlie 
direction  of  St.  Frederic,  and  that  at  the  arrival  of 
the  army,  the  Iroquois  and  Mohegans  were  going  to 
assemble  at  Oswego.  According  to  his  account,  the 
English  had  made  some  large  liateaux  to  carry  forty 
men  each,  and  a  great  cannon,  and  that  while  they 
did  not  wish  to  take  but  a  little  artillery,  the  Mohawks 
had  advised  them  to  take  a  great  deal,  because  they 
might  sink  some  of  it  in  going  down  to  Montreal. 

lie  also  told  M.  Poiicliot,  that  the  Onondaga  chiefs 
to  whom  he  had  sent  some  strings  to  keep  them  quiet, 
had  charged  him  to  reply  verbally  and  without  formal 
words,  but  that  they  would  not  the  least  believe  him. 
According  to  him,  four  great  chiefs  had  deliberated 
together,  to  not  allow  their  warriors  to  follow  the 


'  Regiments.—  Xote  in  Original. 


^ 


6 


FOUnODINdS  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


army,  ntid  that  one  of  tlit-m  had  assured  him,  they 
would  do  nil  they  couhl  to  i)revciit  it,  altiion.ifh  they 
liad  many  in  tlieir  tril)0  wlio  were  too  atleetionnto 
towards  the  Enjj^lish. 

The  same  Indian  also  related  that  the  Five  Nations 
had  begun  to  luive  some  retleetioiis,  and  feared  that 
when  they  Hii')uld  no  longer  have  the  Freneh,  the 
English  would  wish  to  destroy  them,'  and  that  now 
they  saw  themselves  encirelcd  by  their  forts,  and  they 
could  tell  what  would  bo  their  lot,  by  that  whieh  had 
liajipened  to  four  nations  who  having  asked  for  some 
powder,  but  got  only  a  dozen  pounds.  The  chiefs 
according  to  him  were  undecided,  as  to  the  course 
tliey  should  take,  and  the  young  men  did  not  want  to 
listen  to  them.  They  had  also  been  notified  by  the 
Flat-Heads,'  that  the  English  wanted  to  destroy  them, 
that  they  had  made  an  incursion  upon  the  English, 
and  had  killed  a  great  number  and  taken  several 
forts.*  Finally  they  had  returned  to  their  cabins, 
whore  thoy  were  waiting  for  the  news,  and  a  decision 


'Tlii'y  lind  caiisu  to  ilrencl  this,  and  niiuk'  clForts  to  prevent  it. 
.Tolinson  alone  was  able  to  (luiet  tlieni  and  nialve  tlieni  forget  their 
anelent  iiohtieal  system  in  tliis  war.  IJelbre  this  tiiey  were  well  con- 
vineed  that  tiiey  could  not  renounce  it  without  the  greatest  danger. 
They  appeared  at  all  times  to  feel  the  necessity  of  putting  f'rancc 
and  England  under  obligation  to  seek  them,  and  consequently  to  pre- 
vent one  from  prevailing  against  the  other.  On  thiH  principle  they 
had  in  1709,  caused  the  loss  of  an  English  army  destined  to  besiege 
Quebec,  by  corruptirxf  the  waters  of  a  river  near  which  they  were 
encamped. —  A'ote  in  Original. 

'  Cherokces  and  Catawbas. —  lb. 

'  This  account  was  true  as  we  have  already  spoken  in  a  note. —  lb. 


i       ■ 


fiui:ni>i,v  iii;ri,AiiATi()\s  of  'riiK  inixans.  < 

from  tho  Fivo  NutioiiH,  but  tliat  tlicy  liad  not  rcprud 
to  tliuin. 

On  tlio  Ist  of  .Inly,  M.  Pondiot  sont  tlio  {(I'lHonorri 
with  tlio  ni'ws  to  Montreal.  Sevoral  otlior  Indians 
nnuli;  similar  rc'itortH.  Tliuy  (k'st'iibL'd  the  uniforms 
of  eat'li  ivgimi'iit,  and  M.  I'oucliot  know,  fromlmving 
80011  tlicm,  that  thoy  tohl  the  truth. 

On  tlio  3d  of  July,  the  won  of  Sonnonguiros  cnmo 
to  say  to  M.  J'ouohot,  that  ho  would  return  to  his  vil- 
laj^o,  ami  hereafter  rcnuiin  quiet.  His  father  pledged 
liimsolf  for  his  good  behavior,  and  to  prove  this,  ho 
sent  to  M.  I'ouehot  some  certificates  from  the  Ohio, 
wliieh  had  boon  given  him  by  a  friend  who  was  in  tho 
battle  of  Niagara,  and  who  had  taken  them  from  some 
iidiabitants  of  the  Illinois  to  whom  they  belonged. 
lie  assured  him  that  sooner  than  go  to  war  against 
the  French,  ho  would  go  among  tho  Fhit  Heads,  tho 
ancient  enemies  of  his  nation,  and  that  when  the  Eng- 
lish army  was  ready  to  leave,  he  would  come  to  notify 
us. 

On  tho  Gth,  there  arrived  a  detachment  and  an  offi- 
cer whom  M.  Pouehot  liad  sont  to  carry  provisions  to 
our  vessel.''.  Thoy  liad  been  as  far  as  to  tho  bay  of 
Corbeau,  without  iinding  them,  because  they  liad 
been  cruising  in  the  lake  to  observe  what  was  passing 
at  Oswego. 

On  tho  same  day,  the  chi'^fsof  La  Presentation  came 
to  reply  to  M.  Pouehot,  by  a  very  fine  belt  which  he 
had  sent  them,  to  induce  them  to  make  a  party  to 


Ml 


s 


THE  MISSION  OF  LA  PRKSEXTATION  DISMANTLED. 


i  t: 


f; 
I 


take  some  prisoiioi-rt  ut  Oswego.  Tliey  hegujod  him  to 
be  assured  of  their  attachment,  that  they  were  very 
well  contented  to  have  him  conduct  their  affairs,  and 
tliat  tliey  never  liad  a  better  fatlier,  but  that  this  would 
be  bringing  a  tomaliawk  upon  the  head  of  Kouatagete 
and  his  band.  They  exhorted  M.  Pouchot  to  have  a 
little  patience,  nntil  they  could  get  some  news  froni 
this  chief,  and  said  he  had  reason  to  be  satisfied  with 
them  the  more,  as  they  were  well  encouraged  and  sus- 
tained by  the  nations  below. 

On  the  1:5th,  M.  Pouchot  sent  a  detachment  to  La 
Presentation,'  which  had  been  abandoned  by  the 
Indians  of  that  mission  since  winter,  to  bring  some 
planks  and  iron-\\ork  for  the  use  of  the  fort,  and  to 
dismantle  and  ruin  the  missions  so  that  they  should 
not  serve  as  a  shelter  for  the  enemy. 


'  The  mission  of  La  Trcscntntioii,  wnsfonncd  by  tlic  Abliii  Frjiiiijois 
PiiMluct,  a  Sulpiciim  in  1T4!(,  tbr  tlu'  scttlcnicnt  ot'i'iniirrants  from  tlic 
Five  Nations,  cliictly  Onondagas,  wlio  liad  licon  induced  to  settle 
iindcr  tlic  pi'otcclioii  of  the  Fi'eiu'li.  Tliis  cstalilislinient  was  on  the; 
west  side  of  tlic  < )s\vc,iral(liie,  in  the  iireseiit  village  of  Ogdcnsliurgli. 
A  store  house  and  small  fort  were  built,  and  the  natural  facilities  of 
the  country  under  the  enterprise  of  the  French  soon  rendered  the 
colony  prosperous  and  happy.  After  the  coiuiuest,  IheOswcfratchies 
remained  near  their  former  village,  a  considerable  iiortion  having 
removed  to  the  north  shore.  Upon  laying  out  the  town  of  Johns- 
town, towards  the  close  of  the  last  century,  they  were  removed 
to  Indian  Point  in  the  town  of  Lisbon,  some  three  nules  below 
Ogdeiisburgh,  and  in  ISOd  the  few  that  remained  finally  left  for 
other  parts.  Some  settled  at  St.  Kegis,  iind  a  few  individuals  returned 
to  Ononilaga.  See  y.  Y.  Due.  Hint.,  i,  421 ;  IIM.  St.  Jjiiirmifc  anil 
Fi'ii nklln  ih it  n  tiix. 

La  (Tallettc,  on  the  north  shore  lU'arly  opposite  to  La  Presentation, 
had  been  proposed  in  170y,asafavovablepoint  for  settlement,  but  tho 


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tie  same, 
cxiicctiug 


r.  Col.  j/M., 


■■# 


.* 


II  17!»(l.     Tliu 
iHailroiiil. — 


'  '^ff^'^i^tm'jmvimi^vm^'iiwf.t^  «,*<!- 


"IFTDMT  UlA  F]R]ES]EITTA'll3fl(0):2r 


4 


1 


^ 


■J# 


•■1 


''18 
-.;(■;$■■ 


i  I 


8 


THE  MISS! 


take  some  prh 

bo  assured  of  '        ' 

well  contentec  ^,  ....  ,,       ,    -n  vmtiv/r\  up 

be  bringing  a       V^^'^^V 
and  his  bund.      V       ,  .."X 

little  patience.  V^^ 
this  chief,  and^^™ 
them  the  moi*'    ~^*"^f 
tained  by  the 

On  the  13tb'/ 
Presentation,' 
Indians  of  the 
planks  and  ir 
dismantle  and 
not  serve  as  a 


'  The  mission  ol 
Piciiuct,  a  Sulpicli 
Five  Ntitions,  cl:  i 
under  the  protecti  \ 
west  side  of  the  C 
A  store  house  ant 
the  country  unde: , 
colony  prosperoiK 
remained  near  tb 
removed  to  tlie  r 
town,  towards  th 
to  Indian  Point  i 
Ogdensburgh,  niu 
other  parts.  Sora 
to  Onondaga.  Se 
FrankUn  C'oiintk'S. 

La  Gallette,  on 
had  been  propos* 


!     t. 


'*'  i-H 


KOIIATAGETE  ARRESTED  AT  OSWEOO. 


9 


-.r» 


:/ 


About  noon,  an  Iiuliaii  of  the  Lake  of  Two  Moun- 
tains arrived  in  three  days  from  Oswego,  and  reported 
tliat  Kouatagete  and  his  band  had  been  arrested  by 
the  English,  and  put  under  a  strong  guard,  so  tliat 
they  sliould  not  lose  sight  of  them,  and  that  they 
had  asked  many  times  for  their  liberty,  but  always 
without  avail.  He  informed  us  that  the  chiefs  of  the 
Five  Nations  who  were  at  Oswego,  had  interceded  for 
liim,  that  they  liad  held  several  councils  at  the  quarters 
of  the  commandant  on  this  suljject,  and  that  the  son 
of  Sonnonguires  who  had  arrived,  being  strongly 
urged  by  the  Englisli  said,  that  he  had  gone  to  Orakoin- 
ton  to  strike  liis  father,  and  that  having  seen  him  he 
liad  been  so  well  receive^,  and  sent  back  without 
injury,  and  that  they  would  do  well  to  do  the  same. 

This  Indian  related  tliat  they  were  daily  expecting 


J^ 


suggpstion  reniainod  over  forty  yeiirs  uiiimprovod.  —  JV.  Y.  Col.  llist., 
ix,  833. 


Tlio  annoxcd  engraving  represents  the  plaee  as  seen  in  1790.  Tlie 
site  is  adjacent  to  tlie  dejiot  of  tlie  Uonic  and  Watcrtown  Railroad.  — 
Ed. 

2 


10 


INTKLIJUKNCE  FUOM  OSWKGO. 


■i 


,, 

'■'', 

i  ■. 

« i 

r 

i 

if! 


II-  I 


the  groat  Eii<flisli  cliiof  at  Oswego,' where  tlioy  had  four 
thoiisaiul  men  ciic'ampe<h  Aeeordiug  to  his  descrip- 
tion, there  wore  there  the  Koyal  Ainerioan,  Gages,  and 
two  hattalions  of  tlie  Koyal  Scotch,  and  some  Rangers. 
He  added  tiiat  they  liad  formed  a  great  camp  at  the 
Falls,  whore  they  were  making  the  portage  of  artillery, 
and  that  the  English  army  must  amount  to  fifteen  thou- 
sand men,  under  the  great  chief  of  all  the  English.  Six 
days  after  his  arrival,  Johnson  would  Join  with  his 
Indians,  and  then  the  whole  army  would  set  out.  A 
soldier  had  assured  him,  that  they  would  start  in  about 
ten  days.  This  Indian  had  scon  the  artillery,  of  which 
the  English  had  mounted  a  hundred  pieces.  Ho  had 
distinguished  twenty  pieces  cast  of  great  calibre,  of 
which  three  were  much  larger  than  the  rest.  The 
English  had  built  live  great  bateaux,  of  thirteen  oars 
on  each  side,  with  a  cannon  at  the  end.  He  told  us 
that  our  vessel  had  appeared  before  the  fort,  and  that 
they  had  fired  some  cannon  at  it.  The  English  then 
sent  against  this  vessel  a  large  bateau  which  the  French 


'The  Britisli  army  under  General  Amherst,  consisted  of  the  first 
and  second  battalion  ot'Uoyal  Hi;j;hlunders  (or  43d),  44th,  40th,  ooth, 
t'onrth  battalion  of  the  COth,  eight  companies  of  the  TTth,  live  of  the 
77th,  five  of  the  80tli,  51)7  grenadiers,  o!)7  liglit  infantry,  14(i  rangers, 
three  hattalions  of  the  New  York  regiment,  the  New  Jersey  regiment, 
four  hattalions  of  tlic  Connecticut  regiment,  and  1(57  of  the  Koyal 
Artillery.  — JAni^i'.aOl. 

The  llangers  were  under  Captains  Ogden  and  Waite;  tlie  New 
.Jersey  troops  under  Col.  Schuyler,  those  of  New  York  midcr  Colonels 
Le  Roii.x,  Woodhull  and  Corsa,  and  those  of  Ccmneetieut  under  Cols. 
Lyman,  Wooster,  Fitche  and  Whiting.  The  artillery  were  under  Col. 
"Williamson.  —  Fum'h  Journal,  ii,  39;!.  —  Ed. 


TOKNADO  AT  LA  PRESENTATION. 


11 


allowed  to  approach,  and  then  fired  upon  it  when 
those  in  it  returned.  Finally  they  had  sent  parties  to 
go  to  Niagara,  where  there  had  boon  an  English  ves- 
sel waiting  for  some  time  for  some  to  come  and  take 
care  of  her. 

M.  Pouchot  at  once  sent  tliis  Indian  to  carry  this 
news  down  to  the  general.  In  the  evening,  M.  Pou- 
chot was  notified  of  the  arrival  of  the  two  French 
vessels  at  Toniata.  On  the  14tii.  La  Force's  canoe 
arrived,  with  letters,  giving  an  account  of  his  recon- 
noissance  at  Oswego,  in  which  was  a  sketch  of  the 
position  of  the  enemy  very  conformable  to  the  account 
given  by  the  Indian. 

On  the  same  day,  at  two  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
there  came  up  a  very  violent  storm  from  the  north- 
west, with  terrific  thunder,  and  attended  by  a  very 
singular  phenomenon.  This  was  a  column  of  fire, 
which  with  a  roar  and  lightning,  fell  upon  the  river 
near  the  end  of  the  islatid.  The  waters  rose  so  that 
they  formed  an  immense  wave,  which  after  covering 
both  ends  of  the  island  retired.  It  carried  ofi:"  a  dock 
made  for  landing,  sunk  a  Jacobite  bateau,  and  filled 
the  others,  which  were  thrown  upon  the  strand.* 

On  the  IGth,  M.  Pouchot  sent  back  the  detachment 
which  he  had  dispatched  with  provisions  for  the  ves- 


'  Tornadoes  liuvc  since  rcpeiitcdly  hapiJeued  in  tliis  section  of  the 
country.  Perhaps  the  most  remarknble  one  on  record  occurred  Sept. 
20, 1845,  beginning  near  Lul;e  Ontario,  and  sweeping  througli  tlie 
forest  to  Lalic  Cliamplain.  —  7/w<.  of  St.  Lawrence  anil  Franklin  Coun- 
ties, p.  097.  —  Ed. 


.  f 


12 


INDIAN  SCOUTS  NEAR  LA  PllESENTATION. 


'i       ! 


I, 


III 


'r.     ! 


sels,  who  soon  rcturncil,  having  executed  their  onlei'H. 
La  Force  informed  M.  Pouilly,  the  lieutenant  of  the 
detachment,  that  from  tlie  quantity  of  barges  that  he 
had  seen  in  the  Oswego  river,  lie  thought  this  was  the 
grand  army,  and  from  the  fact  that  they  had  arrived 
in  the  interval  between  his  two  visits  before  Oswego, 
lie  judged  they  would  be  ready  to  leave  in  eight  days. 
M.  Pouchot  sent  these  new  observations  to  Montreal 
by  an  Indian. 

On  the  22(1,  a  squaw  of  La  Presentation,  who  had 
left  two  days  before,  said  that  there  had  arrived 
between  sunset  and  ten  o'clock  in  the  evening,  five 
Lidians,  an  Onondaga  and  five  [four?]  Oneidas,  all 
naked  and  armed  with  guns,  pistols  and  tomahawks, 
had  entered  her  cabin,  and  asked  her  many  ques- 
tions; namely,  whether  we  had  gone  off  from  our 
island,  if  we  had  many  people  in  the  fort,  if  any  had 
come  from  Montreal,  and  if  we  had  many  Indians. 
She  answered  them  that  we  had  many  people  in  the 
fort,  that  they  often  arrived  from  Montreal,  but  that 
she  did  not  know  the  number,  and  that  the  women 
did  not  meddle  with  such  aftliirs.  She  said  the  French 
did  not  go  out  unless  well  guarded,  and  ordy  worked 
on  the  islands  near  the  fort.  They  asked  if  they  were 
far  off,  and  if  they  could  not  get  upon  the  island  to 
make  a  stroke.  She  replied  that  there  was  only  one 
place  in  the  fort  where  a  landing  could  be  made,  and 
that  this  was  always  well  guarded.  They  asked  if  he 
often  sent  people  to  Montreal.     She  replied  that  he 


INDIAN  SCOUTS  AT  LA  PRESENTATION. 


13 


often  sent,  but  that  they  were  nl\va3'8  well  escorted. 
They  would  not  siiy  where  they  were  from,  nor  how 
long  they  had  been  out. 

This  woman  asked  of  these  Indians  the  news  of 
Kouatagete  and  his  people.  They  at  first  pretended 
not  to  know  that  they  were  at  Oswego.  She  said  to 
them,  "  It  is  then  a  long  time  since  you  set  out." 
They  replied  "  Kouataget6  is  safe ;  they  will  do  him  no 
harm,  and  you  will  soon  see  him  back.  lie  will  come 
with  all  the  English  chiefs,  and  they  will  release  him 
when  the  army  moves."  She  told  them  that  she  and 
other  women  expected  to  go  down  to  Montreal  soon, 
because  they  were  afraid.  Tlioy  assured  her  that  they 
should  not  be  harmed,  but  that  they  should  only  sepa- 
rate themselves  from  the  French,  which  they  invited 
them  to  do,  and  said  they  should  keep  themselves  on 
the  side  of  La  Presentation  and  of  Toniata,  and  then 
they  would  receive  no  injury.  They  pretended  that 
they  were  stronger  and  more  numerous  than  the  Eng- 
lish, and  that  they  would  come  quiqkly,  and  in  force 
from  all  the  nations  to  prevent  any  harm  from  happen- 
ing to  the  Indians.'  They  went  ott'before  day,  and  took 
away  this  woman's  canoe.  They  told  her  that  they 
would  like  to  remain  another  day  concealed,  because 
if  the  French  should  come  again  to  demolish  the 
buildings  they  might  find  an  opportunity  to  strike. 
She  replied  that  they  had  made  their  last  trip.     Per- 


'  This  was  true.  —  Note  in  Original. 


I 


I  5     ;  ! 


PI 


I!  i 


14 


KlIMORH  OF  THE  ENGLISH  MOVEMENTS. 


haps  they  did  remain  concealed  through  tlie  day,  but 
they  did  not  dare  to  attack  our  detachment.  Tho 
garrison  had  daily  at  least  sixty  men  out  working, 
and  it  is  quite  probable  that  tho  enemy  mijht  have 
succeeded  in  taking  or  killing  some  of  them  but 
for  the  precaution  AI.  Pouehot  had  taken  of  get- 
ting tho  Indians  to  scatter  through  the  neighbor- 
hood and  watch  for  the  enemy's  parties.  When 
the  latter  saw  these  scouts  they  returned,  not  seeking 
to  do  injury  to  their  own  people,  and  content  with 
making  war  at  tho  expense  of  the  French  or  English 
only. 

On  the  24th,  there  arrived  a  convoy  of  provisions 
from  Montreal.  They  announced  that  tho  English 
were  above  Richelieu,  and  that  they  feared  the  junc- 
tion of  Amherst  with  Murray,  but  they  did  not  then 
know  that  there  was  so  great  an  army  on  tho  side  of 
St.  Frederic.  Meanwhile  all  these  reports  which  M. 
Pouehot  had  obtained  with  so  much  care  and  dilisrenco, 
gave  very  certain  notions  upon  this  subject. 

On  the  2oth,  at  ten  o'clock  in  the  evening,  the  canoo 
of  La  Force  arrived.  By  the  letters  which  it  brought 
we  learned,  that  he  observed  the  same  camps  at  Os- 
wego, and  that  on  the  22d  lie  had  met  near  the 
Galloo  Islands,  an  English  vessel  which  was  soon 
joined  by  another.  Our  corvette  then  took  flight, 
and  after  having  lost  them  both  from  view,  came  to 
anchor  at  Toniata. 

On   tho   27th,  seventy   women,  children   and   old 


AN  INDIAN  VISITS  TIIK  ENOLIf"!!  VKS.SRI,S. 


1.') 


Iiidiuiirt  left  for  Montreal,  being  driven  oft'  hy  fear. 

On  the  29tli,  at  day  break,  the  orators  of  La  Presen- 
tation, called  the  "Chevalier  do  la  Oriinacc,"  by  the 
French,  because  lie  had  a  very  wide  mouth,  and  was 
a  good  speaker  for  an  Indian,  cnrne  to  say  to  M.  I'ou- 
chot,  that  some  Missisakcs  living  among  them  had 
said  they  saw  in  the  direction  of  Cataracoui,  ten  ba- 
teaux full  of  English  troops,  with  whom  ho  had 
spoken.   • 

At 'seven  o'clock  in  the  evening,  there  arrived 
eight  canoes  of  Iroquois  Indians,  wlio  had  been 
driven  by  fear  from  their  fishing  at  Toniata.'  Among 
them  was  the  Missisakes,  whom  he  brought  to  bo 
questioned.  lie  related  to  M.  Pouchot,  that  four 
days  before,  while  fishing'  in  tlio  Bay  of  Cataracoui, 
ho  saw  the  two  English  vessels  which  were  anchored 
near  Little  Cataracoui.  Ho  then  took  a  fancy  to  see 
whether  they  had  tokl  him  truely  that  the  English 
would  not  hurt  the  Indians.  He  therefore  went  on 
board  the  great  vessel,  Avhich  had  three  decks,  ten 
cannon  on  each  side,  a  beam  and  some  grapples. 
There  were,  according  to  him,  a  crew  of  one  hundred 
men  *  upon  each,  half  sailors  and  half  soldiers,  and  a 
groat  many  officers.  The  Missisake  added  thftt  when 
lie  was  at  the  Isle  of  Cedars,  ho  saw  ton  bateaux  pass 
laden  with  troops. 


'  A  fiiiuous  eel  fishery.  —  iVute  in  Original. 
'Thero  were  150.— 76. 


n; 


IlKI'OllTKll  .•TUKNtlTII  OK  TIIK  KNtll.lSlt. 


ill 


On  tlio  ;iOtli,  tliiTi'  ari'ivi'd  hoiiio  more  IiiiruniH  from 
Toiiiiitu,  wild  said  (liov  lunl  lii'anl  tlic  Kiii^liKh  jiasn 
ill  tlu>  iiiiflit,  at  tlic  Tlioiisaixl  IsIuiuIh,  u  littlo  bolow 
till'  Hay  ofCorboaii. 

Oil  tilt'  1st  (if  AiiiTiist,  r.a  Vorco  Hoiit  liis  shallop  to 
uivc  iioliro  tliat  liis  vissi'l  tlu'  Jrotiiioi.'<i\  liad  ntriK-k 
upon  a  ixiidifi;^  in  tlu'  iiiiildic  ol'tlic  river  abovo  I'oiiit 
ail  Haiil.  .Nf.  iVniciiot  at  (nice  siiit  some  liutoaiix  to 
aid  ill  iviioviiiij  lior. 

On  till"  Atli,  till'  vi'ssi'ls  wi'iH'  ainlioicd  at  lia  Prc- 
soiitation,  and  lia  Fori'i'  t-amo  to  tlio  tort.  This  tor- 
vctto  mado  twi'lvr  iiulii's  ol'  water  an  hour,  and  had 
lit'ti'oii  tbi't  ot'  the  forward  part  of  her  ki'el  hrokeii. 
They  did  all  they  could  to  repair  her. 

On  the  >>th,  in  llii'  I'veiiini;,  Kouatagete  arrived  in 
three  days  from  Oswego,  with  an  Oneida  and  a  Mo- 
hawk, as  di'puties  sent  hy  the  Five  Nations  to  engage 
our  Imlians  to  remain  neutral.  Koiiatagete  informed 
M.  I'oiiehot  that  Oeiieral  Amherst  had  been  fifteen 
days  at  Oswego,  and  that  he  had  seen  and  spoken  with 
him  several  times  ;  that  their  army  was  about  ten  or 
tifteen  thousand  strong,  eonsisting  of  eight  regiments, 
a  red  with  blue  trimmings  or  red  and  yellow,  a8eoteli, 
a  red  with  little  blaek  trimmings,  Gage's  regiment, 
light  infantry,  blue  and  red-  and  a  great  many  with 

*  A  nmss  of  Inriri'  [iclililts,  which  form  hi  the  river  liivc  a  roci<. — 
yulf  ill  On'i/iiKil. 

-'The  uiiifori!!  !;f  iiic  .Icrscy  Uliics,  was  l)liii'  I'aifd  willi  scarirl. 
T!i('\  were  coiniiiandt'il  liy  Sclnivlcr,  a  linivi' ami  ('Xpert  olllccr. — 
Kitiu'n  Jiiiiriiiil. —  Ki). 


if 


rOUNCIl.  AT  ISI.i    I'Kil'KT. 


17 


rapH,'  and  that  ho  liiid  rouiitt>(l  Hixty  ciuuion.  Tiioro 
liacl  bi'Oii  loft,  aooonliiiif  to  IiIh  account,  lour  Iarf?o 
oiKM  (it  Mic  V'alirt  wIh'Io  tlioy  li:ul  Idiilt  a  road  hy  land 
t(/  f(t't  tluin  aionnd.  lie  Haid  tliat  the  jiortaj^c  of  tho 
mortal/*  liad  not  yot  l)oon  made,  and  lie  tli()ii<,'lit  they 
could  not  1)0  soiit  within  ton  (hiyH.  I  To  added,  that  ho 
had  riu'l  tho  vortrtols  iu  thu  rlvor,  and  that  thoy  wore 
at  work  fortitying  ()«wogo. 

On  tho  Idth,  M.  I'out-'hot  was  at  tho  fslo  I'iquot,  to 
assist  in  a  ooiinoil  of  tho  doputios  of  tho  Five  Nations. 
Thoy  prosontod  a  vory  lino  holt,  not  on  bohalf  of 
Colonel  .Johnson,  and  u[ton  which  was  roprosontod 
tho  Kuijlish,  tho  Fivo  Nations  and  tho  thrct;  viila^^os 
of  our  Iro((uois  mission,  Chouogatohi.  Tho  Lake  and 
8t.  Louis,'-  with  a  nuui,  and  a  tino  road  that  lod  from 
ono  to  tho  other,  to  invito  our  Indians  to  take  it,  and 
remain  neutral,  and  lot  tho  whites  tiu;ht  and  would 
soon  make  peaoo,  and  return  tho  way  thoy  came 
witliout  arms.  Thoy  assured  them  that  thoy  would 
bo  well  rcoeivod,  that  Johnson  ami  thoy  had  preceded 
the  army  only  to  see  tho  whites  t\y;ht.  Johnson  liad 
told  them  that  ho  only  invited  them  for  this  purpose 
in  17o;"),  1758  and  17o9,  as  they  had  been  able  to  sco 
tho  affairs  of  M.  Dieskau  and  at  Niagara,  where  with- 
out the  Five  Nations,  tho  French  had  been  beateu, 
without  wishing  to  wait  for  better  things.  Another 
large   belt  from  these   nations   expressed   tho  same 

'  Milititi. —  Kute  in  Original. 

■^  Oswrgiitelii,  Luke  of  Two  mountains  luul  Cmighniiwiigu. —  Ed. 
3 


I 


18 


ADVICE  TO  THE  INDIAN  DEPUTIES. 


. 


thing,  and  invited  them  to  speak  truly  to  them,  tliat 
is  to  say,  abide  by  tlieir  sentiments. 

Then  came  soiiu  >  'rings  on  behalf  of  General  Am- 
herst, to  engage  tliem  to  give  attention  to  what  these 
belts  said,  by  which  they  assured  them,  that  in  live 
or  six  days,  he  would  arrive  at  Chouegatclii,  that  bo 
was  eoming  to  tight  the  French,  and  that  the  Master 
of  Life  alone  knew  what  would  liappen. 

The  reply  of  our  Indians  was,  to  engage  the  depu- 
ties to  go  down  to  Montreal,  and  tt)  the  end  of  the 
road  they  had  marked  out,  that  as  for  them,  they  had 
no  longer  a  fire  kindled,  since  their  father  and  the 
Iroquois  of  the  Baut  liad  agreed  that  tlio  words  that 
should  come  from  the  Five  Nations  should  go  directly 
to  Montreal  without  stopping  with  them. 

The  deputies  after  having  reflected  much  upon  this 
answer  wliich  they  were  not  expecting,  replied  that 
these  words  had  been  given  them  by  the  Five  Nations 
at  Oswego,  and  that  they  were  sent  lierc  without 
having  orders  to  proceed  to  Montreal,  and  that  there- 
fore they  must  return. 

M.  Pouchot,  after  having  allowed  them  to  tinish 
their  council,  said  to  these  Indians  :  —  ^^It'  you  chose 
to  go  down  to  Montreal  I  have  nothing  to  say,  and 
would  let  you  speak  with  your  father,  but  since  you 
are  going  to  return,  I  wisli  to  say  to  you  what  I  have 
in  my  heart.  I  do  not  give  you  formal  words,  and 
therefore  they  cannot  listen  to  you.  Onlv  say  from 
him  whom  you  call  The-midst-of.good-aftairs,  to  your 


i 


It  i 


M.  rOUOlIOT  S  Sl'EECII  10  THE  INDIANS. 


19 


brotliors  the  Iroquois,  that  tlioir  courage  is  lost,  and 
that  Johnson,  with  a  little  brandy,  has  made  you  follow 
him  without  wishing  to  look  at  the  precipice  towards 
which  he  is  leading  you.  He  makes  all  these  war- 
riors to  march  after  him  without  having  first  consulted 
their  chiefs,  as  you  told  lue  yourselves  in  1755.  lie 
then  wanted  to  go  to  Montreal  to  tight  the  French, 
and  gave  you  supplies  of  merchandize.  The  lists  of 
the  French  stopped  him  at  Fort  CJeorge.  In  1758, 
the  same  thing  happened.  You  reproached  him,  that 
a  little  troop  of  French  had  driven  the  English,  and 
you  returned  ashamed  of  them.  Did  not  I  show  you 
at  Niagara,  that  you  should  not  quit  the  hand  of  your 
father,  if  you  wished  to  rest  quietly  upon  your  mats, 
and  that  they  should  he  no  longer  stained  with  blood-? 
You  listened  to  me  then,  and  you  retired  to  allow  us 
to  tight.  J  las  Johnson  heard  these  good  things  since 
your  chiefs  and  those  who  came  from  the  Ohio  and 
wished  to  labor  there  in  bringing  peace  to  the  land  ? 
lie  is  mocking  you,  because  he  is  the  stronger.  If 
the  great  canoes  of  your  father,  the  great  Onontio,  had 
not  been  taken,  and  if  he  liad  time  to  make  others, 
rest  assured  that  his  children  the  French,  would  cover 
all  this  country  like  the  trees.  The  English  would 
soon  be  obliged  to  go  and  hide  in  a  corner  of  the 
country,'  where  he  would  fly  to  the  Abeiuikis.  The 
French  have  only  sought  to  have  pity  on  his  cliildren, 


*  Acndia. —  Note  in  Original. 


I  .: 


!  rp  ' 


20 


MISERABLE  DESTINY  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


nnd  to  furnish  them  their  wants.  Tliey  have  never 
disturhcd  your  mats,  and  your  fires  with  tlieir  arms, 
to  go  and  find  the  English  in  their  country,  from  fear 
of  killing  you.  You  have  never  tried  to  stop  them 
from  passing,  and  now  you  ai'c  encircled  hy  their 
forts,  which  they  have  asked  of  you  to  trap  beavers. 
Where  will  you  already  go  to  seek  the  supply  of  your 
wants  ?  See  the  condition  of  the  Abenakis  in  their 
country  !  They  go  to  the  waters  and  the  woods  to 
got  something  to  eat,  and  can  no  longer  plant  their 
Indian  corn.  They  are  the  Englishmens'  dogs,  and 
they  beat  them  with  clubs  or  hang  them  when  ever 
they  please.  The  same  thing  will  happen  to  you 
when  the  French  are  gone,  and  when  you  remind  the 
English  of  tlieir  promises  to  supply  your  wants,  they 
will  mock  at  you,  instead  of  its  being  as  when  you 
had  the  French  and  English  for  neighbors,  and  they 
gave  to  you  out  of  jealousy  of  one  another.  Any 
Belts  would  have  been  useless  to  enable  you  to  retain 
my  advice,  when  you  shall  recall  with  the  old  people 
the  good  things  which  you  have  lost." 

The  deputies,  although  friends  of  the  English, 
agreed  that  M.  Pouchot  had  told  the  truth,  and  thoy 
confessed  that  they  had  not  the  courage  of  their 
ancestors.  The  Indians  of  Chouegatchi  applauded 
this  discourse  very  much.  He  made  a  present  to  the 
former,  and  sent  them  away. 

On  the  13th,  live  Indians  brought  letters  from  M. 
de  Vaudreuil,  to  M.  Pouchot.     They  informed   that 


ADVANCE  OF  THE  ENGLISH. 


21 


the  English  vessels  were  at  Three  Rivers,  from  St. 
Frederic  and  that  the  enemy  were  preparing  to  march. 
They  were  only  waiting  for  Amherst  on  this  side. 

On  the  15th,  the  Iroqmise  was  repaired.  I  ought 
here  toi-elate  an  incident  that  deserves  to  he  reported. 
Seventeen  militia  had  deserted  some  days  hefore,  and 
one  of  them  returned  to  the  Cedars  where  lie  lived. 
His  father,  named  Bray,  a  good  old  man,  brought  him 
back  to  his  duty.  He  arrived  this  day  and  took  his 
leave  of  him.  The  young  man  was  unfortunately 
killed. 

On  the  IGth,  at  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening,  two 
Indians  returning  from  the  chase,  announced  that  the 
English  army  was  encamped  at  Point  au  Baril,  and 
the  advance-guard  at  La  Presentation.'  They  had 
first  gone  on  hoard  the  Outnovam.  La  Broquerie, 
however,  wrote  nothing,  but  he  fired  three  cannon. 
M.  Pouchot  sent  two  Frenchmen  and  two  Lidians  iu 
a  canoe  on  board,  to  know  what  this  meant.  lie  sent 
word  that  the  advance-guard  of  the  enemy,^  and  the 


'  The  English  viin-ftuard  consisted  of  grenadiers,  liglit  infantry 
and  rangers,  under  Colonel  Francis  Grant. —  Kito.v's  Jourmtl. —  Ed. 

'On  the  5th  of  August,  Sir  William  Johnson  mustered  1,330 
Indians,  comiiosed  of  the  following  tribes;  Senesagos  320,  Cayugas, 
384,  Tusearoras  37,  Canasaragas  20,  IMoliawks  51,  !Mohegans  12 
Oquagos  18,  Oswegatchies  15.  The  Belt  Party  12,  Senecas  114,  On- 
ondagas  203,  Oneidas  00,  Canajorakies  85,  Schoharies  22,  Chenno- 
goas  31,  JIawas  3,  and  Cannadroghas  34. 

Notwithstanding  this  large  number,  when  the  army  came  to  em- 
bark on  the  14th,  they  were  reduced  to  700  iu  number. —  Knox's  Jour- 
nal, ii,  403.—  Ed. 


22 


ATTACK  UPON  THE  OUTAOUAISE. 


i  I 


Indians  in  great  nnmbcrs  hud  landed  at  La  Presenta- 
tion, that  he  was  observing  them,  and  that  the  bulk 
of  the  army  had  encamped  at  Point  au  Baril. 

On  the  17th,  at  three  o'clock  in  the  morning,  M. 
Pouchot  dispatched  a  courier  to  M.  de  Vaudrenil,  to 
notify  him  of  this  event.  At  about  seven  o'clock,  the 
weather  being  very  calm,  General  Andierst  ordered 
an  attack  upon  the  Ouldouaisc,  which  was  in  a  place 
whore  the  currents  could  not  be  felt,  —  by  six  barges 
called  carcassiercs,  each  carrying  thirty  men  and  a 
twelve  pounder.  They  surrounded  this  vessel,  which 
they  first  made  to  swing  astern  towards  the  north 
bank,  but  a  land  battery  obliged  her  to  stand  oft". 
After  a  cannonade  of  three  hours  upon  both  sides,  she 
was  taken.'    M.   Pouchot   dispatched  four  shallops 


'  Mr.  Diivid  Ilumplircys  claims  for  Israel  Putniiin,  flien  a  liciitcn- 
aiit-coloncl  iif  Provincials  in  tlic  English  army,  flic  merit  of  leading 
the  party  that  iittaclieil  and  took  this  vessel.  Alllioiigh  we  i)laee  no 
reliance  upon  this  author  as  nliistorian,  we  will  here  give  his  account: 

"  Two  armed  vessels  ()l)structed  the  passage,  and  prevented  the  attack 
on  Oswegatchie.  Putnam  with  one  thousand  men,  in  titty  bateaux, 
undertook  to  board  them.  Tiiis  dauntless  ofHcer,  ever  sparing  of  the 
blood  of  others,  as  prodigal  of  his  own,  to  nccomplisli  it  with  tlie 
least  loss,  put  himself  (with  u  cho.sen  crew,  u  beetle  and  wedges),  in 
the  van,  with  a  design  to  wedge  the  rudders,  so  that  tlie  vessels  sliould 
not  he  able  to  turn  their  broadsides,  or  perfonn  any  other  mana'uvrc. 
All  the  men  in  his  fleet  were  ordered  to  strip  to  their  waistcoats  and 
advance  at  the  same  time.  He  promi.sed  if  he  lived,  to  join  and  sliow 
them  the  way  up  the  sides.  Animated  by  .so  daring  an  e.\ami)le,  tliey 
moved  swiftly,  in  profound  stillness,  as  to  certain  victory  or  death. 
The  people  on  board  the  ships,  beholding  the  good  coimtenance  witli 
which  they  approached,  ran  one  of  the  vessels  on  sliore,  and  struck 
the  colors  of  the  other.  Had  it  not  been  for  the  dastardly  conduct  of 
the  ship's  company  in  the  latter,  who  compelled  the  captain  to  haul 


m.'MPnUEY'S  ACCOUNT  OF  THIS  ATTACK. 


23 


>.•' 


witli  soino  swivels  to  the  orders  of  La  Force,  captain 
of  the  Ifoquom,  but  this  vessel  had  sun-endered  before 
tiiey  could  join  her.'  M.  Pouchot  had  iioped  that  the 
Outaouaise  would  huvc   approached   and  put  herself 


down  his  rnsigii,  lie  would  Imve  given  the  assniliints  ii  bloody  recep- 
tion ;  I'or  the  vewselH  were  Avell  provided  with  spiirH,  nettings,  and 
every  custonmry  instrument  of  amioyunee  as  well  as  del'enee." 

Tills  poetieal  historian  has  f;iven  an  aeeount  ol'the  subseciuent  cap- 
ture of  tlie  Ibrt,  wliich,  If  d(  viation  from  facts,  be  rejrarded  as  a  measure 
of  merit,  deserves  the  higliest  rank  anionjf  works  of  fiction,    lie  says : 

"  It  now  remained  to  attack  the  fortress,  which  stood  on  an  island, 
and  seemed  to  have  been  rendered  inaccessible  by  an  high  abattis  of 
black  ash,  that  everywlierc  projected  over  the  water.  Lieutenant- 
Colonel  Putnam  proposed  a  mode  of  attack,  and  ottered  his  services 
to  carry  it  into  effect.  The  general  approved  the  proposal.  Our  par- 
tisan, accordingly,  caused  a  sufficient  number  of  boats  to  be  fitted  for 
the  enterprise.  Tlie  sides  of  each  boat  were  surroinuled  witli  fascines, 
musket  proof,  wliich  covered  the  men  completely.  A  wide  plank, 
twenty  feet  in  length,  was  then  fitted  to  each  boat  in  such  a  manner, 
by  having  an  angular  piece  sawed  from  one  extremity,  that  when 
fastened  by  rojjcs  on  both  sides  of  tlie  bow,  it  might  be  raised  or 
lowered  at  pleasure.  The  design  was,  that  the  jilank  shoidd  be  held 
erect,  while  the  oarsmen  forced  the  bow  with  the  utmost  exertion 
against  the  abattis  ;  and  that  afierwards  being  drojjped  on  the  pointed 
brush,  it  would  serve  them  as  a  kind  of  bridge,  to  assist  them  in  pass- 
ing over  them.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Putnam  having  made  his  dis- 
positions to  attempt  the  escalade  in  many  places  at  I  Ik;  same  moment, 
advanced  with  his  boats  in  admirable  order.  The  garrison  perceiving 
these;  extraordinary  and  unexpected  machines,  waited  not  the  assault, 
but  capitulated.  Lieutenant-Colonel  Putnam  was  ]>arficulnrly  hon- 
ored by  General  Amherst,  for  his  ingenuity  in  Ibis  invention,  and 
promptitude  in  its  e.xecuticm. — lliniip/u'cj/'n  ]\'riliiigii,  p.  280. 

It  is  unfortunate  for  the  permanent  fame  of  General  Putnam,  that 
it  depends  upon  such  authority.  —  Eu. 

'  The  account  given  by  Kno.x,  ii,  p.  404,  is  as  follows  : 

"  I7tli.  The  Outawa  brig  attemiited  to  escape  up  the  river  verj-  early 

in  the  morning,  but  was  intercepted  by  our  row  gallics  commanded 

by  Colonel  Williamson,  who  attacked  her  vigorouslj-,  when  after  an 

obstinate  engagement  of  two  hours  and  upwards,  wherein  she  had 


ll 


■  «  ! 

s 

I!  I  '■ 


fli 


24 


KNOX  S  AfCOl'NT  OF  THE  CAPTmE. 


uiidor  the  iirotoction  of  tlic  fort,  wliicli  she  could  linvo 
(lone  had  slie  hoeu  able  to  phice  herself  at  the  head  of 
the  enrrciits. 

On  the  18th,  the  eiionij  left  La  Presentation  with  a 


linccn  iiiiii  killed  mid  wniiiidcd,  lirr  comniiuuhT,  M.  dc  In  Rrcxnicric, 
tlioiiiiht  ])r()i)('r  ti)  strike.  It  lias  lieeii  <)l)served  before,  (Imt  tiiiir  of 
these  jjidleys  eanied  cMeii  ii  lirass  twelve  pdUiuler,  and  the  linii  a 
liowit/er.  This  Is  a  reiiiarkahle  action,  and  does  };reat  credit  to  the 
colonel,  who  was  a  volunteer  on  the  occasion  ;  for  the  l)rijr  nionnled 
one  eiirhteen  pomuler,  seven  twelve  |inini(lers,  two  eights,  with  four 
swivels,  and  had  one  Inindred  men  on  i  .  ml,  liciiitr  "  <<'!>  ^'nil,  of  near 
one  hundred  and  sixty  Ions.  She  discharited  seventy-two  rounds,  and 
the  ^rallies,  who  had  tivc  oiUcers  and  Iwenty-tive  artillerymen  oidy 
exclusive  of  |irovinciul  rowers,  tired  one  hundred  aiul  eijriiteen. 

The  jjreneral  was  hiirhly  [ileased  at  this  capture,  which  he  testitied 
by  his  aeknowledLtmeiits  to  the  colonel  and  ollicers,  with  a  .i;enerous 
reward  to  the  irimners.  Such  was  the  service  performed  l>y  four  j;uns 
and  one  howitzer,  with  the  sole  loss  of  one  nuin  killed  and  two 
wounded." 

An  account  ([uoted  liy  Knox  (ii,  40!)),  says,  that  the  action  lasted 
two  hours  and  a  (piarter,  and  that  the  howitzer  only  fired  twice  as 
some  timbers  in  that  i^alley  j;ave  way.  It  further  adds:  "  On  board  (»f 
the  jcidleys,  independent  of  the  |)rovincials  who  only  rowed,  were 
twenty-tivc  of  the  Hoyal  Artillery,  tofiether  with  Captain  Starkey, 
J/ieuls.  Williamson,  Standish,  Davis  and  Conner,  si.x  to  each  vessel, 
nnd  Colonel  Williamson  rowed  in  u  small  boat  from  galley  to  iralley, 
giving  directions  how  to  attack  most  elfectiially  and  with  greatest 
safety."     The  general  gave  the  artillerymen  twenty-live  guineas. 

The  alfair  is  related  by  Mante  as  follows: 

"On  the  ITlh,  the  row  galleys  well  manned,  advanced  with  the 
utmost  intrepidity,  under  a  very  heavy  fire  from  the  enemy,  but  it  did 
not  in  the  lea.st  damp  the  ardor  of  the  assailants.  Their  tire  was 
returned  with  such  resolution  and  bravery,  that  atlera  severe  contest 
of  about  four  hours,  the  FreiU'h  vessel  struck  her  colors.  She  mounted 
ten  twelve  pounders,  and  had  on  board  one  hundred  men,  twelve  of 
whom  were  killed  or  wounded.  Two  of  Col.  "Williamson's  detach- 
ment were  killed  and  three  wounded.  The  general  immediately 
named  the  vessel  the  Williamson,  in  honor  of  the  colonel,  and  to  per- 
petuate the  memory  of  so  gallant  an  action."  — Ed. 


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fresh  breeze.  Their  whole  army  remained  ahout  f(Mii 
hours  ill  Imttlo  array  in  their  bateaux  at  the  heginuliig 
of  the  rapids,  forming  a  very  fine  spectacle,  M.  Pou- 
chot  then  thought  that  they  intended  to  attack  with  a 
strong  force,  and  make  an  entry  upon  the  Island.  IIo 
liad  accordingly  so  placed  nine  cannon  to  tight  up  the 
river  and  had  placed  the  others  in  the  epaulment,  so 
that  they  could  make  eleven  rebounds  upon  tlie  water. 
It  is  thought  that  the  enemy  would  have  lost  heavily 
before  they  could  have  secured  a  landing,  if  tliey  had 
entertained  such  a  thought.  They  determined  to  file 
along  the  north  shore  with  a  considerable  interval 
between  one  bateau  and  another,  to  escape  the  fire  of 
artillery  from  the  fort.  They  caused  the  Ouiaoiiaisc 
which  they  had  taken,  t6  approach  to  within  half  can- 
non shot  to  cover  them.* 

M.  Pouchot  only  sought  to  retard  their  passage  by 
four  pieces  which  he  could  bring  to  bear  upon  them. 
We  fired  a  hundred  and  fifty  cannon  shot  with  very 
little  damage,  which  appeared  to  us  to  bo  occasioned 
by  the  wind  being  strong,  and  the  currents  made  them 
quickly  loose  the  point  of  aim.  As  M.  Pouchot  knew 
many  of  the  officers  of  this  army,  several  of  them  bade 
him  good  day  in  passing ;  and  others  thought  from 
our  allowing  them,  to  pass  that  they  were  his  friends, 
but  did   not  stop  to  pay  any   compliments.      The 


\>  I 


M 


'  Umlcr  Lieut.  Sinclair.  —  Knox.—  Ed. 
'  Under  Genrrnl  Amherst  in  person. —  lb.- 


-Ed. 


•jt; 


INVKSTMKNT  <IK  THK  I'niiT. 


i,'i'«>iit»'r  |iiiit  ot'  till'  iiriuy  I'licaiuiu'tl  at  roiiit  d'  Ivro- 
yiit .  Tlicy  also  throw  ([uito  a  force  upon  Ln  CuisHO, 
hi  MaifiK'hiiiu'  ami  Lts  (iahtts  IslaiKlH. 

On  till'  I'.Mli,  thiir  rtiriiiu'iit  of  artilli'iT  loft  Okl 
(jiallotto,  witli  all  thoir  fioM  artillory,  ami  doftloil  past 
HM  tho  foriuor  liad  done,  to  yo  aM<l  oiinimp  at  I'oiiit  d' 
Ivroijiio.  Tho  vossol  kopt  up  tho  houviost  liro  possi- 
Iilo  tocovor  thoui.  W'c  tlrod  hut  littlo  at  tlio  hutoaux, 
hi'causo  it  wart  nttoiidod  with'  hut  littlo  suocoss,  hut 
ratliiT  diroi'tod  our  attoutiou  to  tho  vos.sol.  Of  tifty 
shots  that  wo  tirod,  at  loast  forty-oi^'ht  wont  throu^ii 
tho  body  of  tho  vossol,  wlii(di  ohliicod  thoiu  to  <;'ot  a 
littlo  furtlior  away.  Thoir  captain  named  Smul, 
hehavcd  with  tho  greatest  hravory,  walkiui,'  continu- 
ally on  the  dock  in  his  shirt  sleeves,  lie  had  numy 
nioii  disahlod. 

Tho  two  other  vessels,  one  of  twonty-two  cannon, 
eights  and  sixes,  named  the  Sniccn,  iuid  the  other  of 
eighteen  pieces  of  sixes,  innned  the  Oiukla,^  cunie  in 
the  evening,  and  took  position  by  tho  side  of  the 
former. 

On  tho  20tli,  there  was  quite  a  nioveinont  of  the 
enenjy's  army,  and  a  great  number  of  bateaux  went 


'TIr'si!  vcsst'ls  were  named  by  Kiiox,  llic  (huHHhiijii  (('apt.  I-ov- 
iiiirl,  niul  till'  Miihdirk  (Lieut,  Pliipps).  Tlir  InuiKninr,  is  not  miiIisc- 
(lUi'iitly  lui'lilioiicd.  Slic  was  jn'olialily  so  disalilcd  as  to  lie  iiK'apal)le 
of  service  ill  llie  aelions. 

Tiie  Frencii  are  said  to  iiuve  hud  live  small  row  jralleys  lint  made 
no  use  ol"  tiiein.  According  to  Mante,  tiic  Kiigiisli  liad  twenty-one 
iiilled,  and  nineteen  wounded. —  Lu. 


iMi(Miiii;.^s  OK  Tin;  in'Vi:.htmk.nt. 


iiiiil  taiiic  I'loiii  llit'ir  ('mii[i  at  La  I'ruHi'iitatioii.  Tlii-y 
also  t'ii('Uiu|K'(l  two  iT;;iiiu'iitH  at  Point  dn  (ianatara- 
;X*>iii.  wh<»  l)o^'iiii  to  tlirow  up  uartli  works  on  tliat 
h'uIu,  as  also  on  the  island  I.a  Cnissc  and  I»a,  Ma,i;dt>- 
laiiii'.  \\\'  liifd  Hoini'  vollovs  of  cannon  at  tlu'tn  to 
disturU  tlic  lalxirtTs,  l)nt  had  it)  Ito  fxtn-nu'ly  saving; 
in  our  itow<lir,  not  Inivinuf  nmro  tlian  livo  thousand 
jioundH  when  tlio  enemy  arrived. 

On  tlie  'Jlst,  every  tliinj;  remained  (|iiiet,  as  tlio 
enemy  wore  working  with  their  full  tni'<'e  on  their 
l)uttones.  Tlu'ir  vessels  withdrew  also  hoyond  can- 
non ranu'e.  We  firi'd  on  the  lahorers,  luit  without 
muih  result,  as  they  were  already  covered,  and  their 
tfround  wuh  some  twenty-four  feet  hi^lior  tlnm  Miat  of 
the  island. 


ib- 


noon   we  (liseovere( 


d   til 


leir  end)nisures,  a 


nd    in 


the  eveniui?  their  hateaux  made  a  genentl  movement, 
and  we  counted  as  many  as  thirty-six  Uiir<;e8  carryijig 
eaeli  at  least  twenty  men,  who  threw  themselves  into 
the  tliree  vessels,  from  whieh  we  iidged  that  they 
were  going  to  attack  the  next  morning.  We  eonse- 
ijuently  worked  to  make  epaulments  of  wood  to  cover 
the  parties  that  we  thought  wouM  he  the  most  ex- 
posed in  tlie  direetion  of  the  enemy's  hatterles.  All 
the  artillery  was  loaded  with  shot  and  grape,  and 
every  one  was  ordered  to  pass  the  night  at  his  post. 

On  the  2'2d,  at  five  in  the  morning,  the  three  vessels 
approached  to  within  ahout  two  hundred  toises  of  the 
fort,  and  occupied  the  whole  range  of  the  river  ahove. 


m 


I 

i 


■v\ 


iiiT 


ii 


■H. 


■'  I. 


28 


TllK  CANONNADE  BEUIN.S. 


from  the  IsliUid  La  Cuisso  to  Point  Ganataragoin, 
from  which  we  thought  thoy  intendocl  to  caiiiiomulo 
us  vigorously  from  the  vessels  and  land  hatteries. 
They  formed  together  a  half  circle  around  the  fort. 
Consequently  M.  Pouchot  ordered  the  artillery  officer 
to  collect  his  pieces  of  artillery,  and  put  them  under 
cover  of  merlons,  so  that  they  should  not  be  dis- 
mounted. He  also  masked  his  embrasures  with  the 
ends  of  great  logs  of  wood  to  represent  cannon.  We 
were  only  clear  and  in  coudition  to  resist  fronx  above. 

As  soon  as  the  vessels  were  placed,  they  began  a 
very  brisk  and  continuous  fire,  from  twenty-five  can- 
non and  at  the  same  time  the  enemy  unmasked  the 
battery  at  Ganataragoin,  consisting  of  two  twenty- 
fours,  and  four  twelves,  as  also  that  on  t^'O  Island  of 
La  Cuisse,  of  fourteen  pieces  of  twelves  and  eighteens, 
and  a  third  one  on  the  Isle  la  Magdelaine,  of  two 
pieces  of  twenty-four,  and  six  of  twelve.  At  the  first 
volley  M.  Bertrand,  artillery  officer,  was  instantly 
killed  by  a  cannon  ball  through  his  loiiis,  as  he  stood 
pointing  out  to  jM.  Pouchot  the  calibre  of  their  guns. 

A  (quarter  of  an  hour  later,  they  began  to  throw 
bombs  from  the  Island  la  Magdelaine,  where  they  had 
two  twelve-inch  bomb  mortars,  six  mortars  for  royal 
grenades,  and  two  howitzers.  On  th'j  Island  La 
Cuisse  six  mortars  for  royal  grenades,  :n)d  on  Point 
Ganataragoin  two  twelve  inch  mortars,  t>4o  for  royal 
grenades  and  two  howitzers,  making  in  all  seventy- 
five  mouths  of  fire. 


1i 


1* 


!  > 


THE  ENULISII  VESSELS  ATTACKED. 


2d 


M.  Pouchot  received  quite  a  bruise  from  a  piece  of 
wood  ten  feet  long,  and  fourteen  inclies  sijuarc  wliicli 
a  twelve  inch  bomb  knocked  over,  iiijurinsr  his  back, 
but  this  did  not  prevent  him  from  being  wherever  ho 
was  needed. 

All  tliesc  batteries  were  served  with  the  greatest 
vigor  and  witliout  ceasing  till  noon,  and  made  the 
fort  lly  into  pieces  and  sjdinters.  Our  men  remained 
under  cover,  each  one  at  his  post,  and  the  sentinels 
only  observed  the  movements  of  the  enemy.  Think- 
ing from  our  silence  that  we  were  perhajjs  discon- 
certed, they  advanced  their  vessels  to  within  pistol 
shot  of  the  fort.  They  were  tilled  with  troops,  even 
to  the  rigging,  and  were  supported  by  the  fire  of  all 
the  land  batteries, 

Fortuiuitely  thoy  could  only  come  before  the  fort 
one  by  one,  from  the  nuinner  in  which  the  first  vessel 
came  up,  and  which  saw  as  far  to  the  entrance  of  the 
fort,  which  was  also  enfiladed  by  the  battery  of  La 
Magdelaine.  M.  I'ouchot  had  in  advance  covered  this 
with  heavy  blindages,  leaving  only  a  passage  sufficient 
for  one  man. 

He  thought  that  the  enemy  intended  to  attack  with 
a  heavy  force.  At  least  three  thousand  men,  volun- 
teers, grenadiers  and  light  troops,  were  embarked  in 
bateaux,  and  placed  behind  the  point  of  La  Cuisse 
Island,  from  whence  they  could  emerge  under  the  aid 
of  the  tire  of  the  three  vessels  and  the  land  batteries. 

The  movements  of  the  vessels  soon  induced   M. 


ill 

■■)■■, 

it 

•J 

m 

''M 

30 


TUU  KNULItiJl  VliSSKLis  DISAIILKD. 


roucliut  to  place  150  men,  and  ibur  olKcers  on  the 
«'ulo  opposite  the  epauhiient.  He  tcnif!;lit  the  vessels 
one  after  another  with  live  gnns,  the  only  ones  tliat 
were  monnteil,  charged  with  balls  and  grape,  withont 
replying  to  the  land  batteries. 

Notwithstanding  the  su2>eriorit3'  of  the  enemy's  fire 
with  our  five  pieces  and  our  musketry,  we  forced  the 
Oulaouaise  and  then  the  Oneida,  to  run  aground  half 
a  league  from  the  tort,  near  the  Galot  Islands.  One 
of  the  two  was  not  in  further  condition  to  serve.  The 
Seneca  of  22  guns,  in  trying  to  come  nearer  the  fort 
grounded  also,  and  was  so  cut  to  pieces  that  she 
struck  her  flag,  having  then  on  board  three  hundred 
and  fifty  men.  The  side  of  the  vessel  towards  the 
fort  was  in  very  bad  condition,  her  batter\'  touclied 
the  water  and  her  port  holes  nuide  only  one  opening. 
The  water  she  had  taken  in  made  her  lean  towards 
the  fort.'     AI.  Pouchot  gave  orders  to  discontinue  the 


i"Tlic  Mdhtiirh-  vM\w  down  witlioiit  tlu' other  two,  who  scchuhI 
inclhmhk'  to  follow,  niul  filed  l)riskly,  when  very  near  the  tori,  lor  a 
considcralilc  tiini',  Imt  was  so  rouLrhly  liandlcd  that  she  was  ()lili;ri'<l 
to  ci  ii'T  cable  and  away,  for  fear  of  sinking.  Hy  this  lime  the  HV7- 
Uiniii>"-  anie  into  play,  hut  receiving  a  shot  at  an  unlucky  place, 
slartvd  a  plank,  which  obliged  her  to  relire  to  a  neighboring  island 
to  be  repaired.  The  Oiiondiiijii  al  lenglh  came  down,  but  not  taking 
the  same  course,  stopped  in  shallow  water  pretty  near  the  enemy, 
who  fired  every  time  into  her,  when  she  could  not  help  herself 
Though  within  foni  hundred  yards  of  one  of  our  batteries,  sheslrnck 
to  the  enemy,  and  sent  a  bateau  to  them  with  four  men,  and  Mr. 
Thornton,  the  commodore's  second,  who  looking  at  that  distance  so 
like  Loring,  they  thought  al  the  batteries  it  was  he.  The  same 
boat  rowing  back  again  to  the  ship,  with  one  of  her  crew,  i)robably 
to  fire  her,  Capt.  Adam  Williamson,  the  engineer,  pointed  a  gnu  and 


ONE  OF  THE  VESSELS  SURUENDERS. 


ni 


fire  as  lio  wished  to  save  his  powder.  The  second 
captain,  and  some  sailors  came  to  surrender.  Af. 
Ponchot  I'ctaincd  tliem  as  hostages,  hut  couhl  .lot 
receive  tlie  whole,  as  they  were  more  numerous  than 
his  garrison. 

In  the  intervals  between  these  combats,  the  enemy 
attempted  to  land  two  or  three  times,  to  make  an 
attack  from  the  point  opposite  the  Isle  hx  C.iisse. 
Two  guns  that  were  pointed  in  that  direction  re- 
strained them,  and  made  them  retire  behind  that 
j)oint.  It  is  probable  that  the  bad  condition  in  wliich 
tliey  found  their  vessels,  took  away  tlieir  desire  of 
advancing.  This  action  lasted  from  live  in  the  morn- 
ing, to  half  past  seven  in  the  evening,  without  the 
lire  ceasing.  AVe  had  forty  men  killed  or  wounded. 
We  cannot  too  much  praise  the  firmness  which  the 
officers,  colonial  soldiers,  militia  and  especially  the 
cannoniers,  who   were  sailors,  displayed  on  the  oc- 


tiivd  through  her,  taking  both  tlmt  fellow's  anus  olF,  -wiiich  made 
her  row  into  shon;  directly.  Perceiving  then  there  was  a  squah- 
lile  on  hoard  the  Oiionihuja,  about  what  they  should  do,  the  general 
sent  an  ollieer's  party  on  board  [Lieutenant  Pennington,]  who 
hoisted  the  colcvs  again  and  saved  her  i'ui'  ourselves." — Ai'CDunt 
qiKitidlii/  KiKKV. 

The  (Jeni'ral  ordered  Lieut.  Sinclair  from  the  WiUiniiison  Urig, 
and  Lieut.  Pennington,  with  two  detachnients  ot'  grenadiers  under 
their  command  to  take  possession  of  the  OmiiHUuja,  "  and  they  obeyed 
their  orders  with  sudi  undaunted  resolution  that  the  English  colors 
were  again  hoisted  on  board  her.  But  the  vessel  after  all,  could  not 
be  got  otl";  and  was  therefore  abandoned  about  midnight.  The 
Knglish  batteries,  however,  put  a  stop  to  any  attempt  of  the  enemy 
to  board  her.  Capt.  Loring  being  wounded,  was  in  the  mean  time 
sent  ashore." —  Maiik. —  Ed. 


i'l 


I'tl 


32    EXCITEMENT  OF  THE  INDIAXS  IN  THE  BATTLE. 


1     W-! 

:i  - 

1 

I 


casion.  Three  or  four  of  the  hitter  could  never  bo 
rewarded  for  tlieir  address  and  activity  in  serving 
their  pieces.  The  enemy,  like  ourselves,  tired  ball  and 
grape  constantly.  M.  rouchot  directed  a  blacksmith 
to  cut  up  some  old  irons  with  which  he  tilled  sacks 
and  put  into  the  bore  of  his  guns,  adding  a  ball,  which 
did  terrible  execution  upon  the  vessels,  on  account  of 
the  height  of  the  ramparts  which  placed  them  under 
our  tire,  so  that  we  could  see  upon  their  decks. 

One  thing  which  anuised  the  garrison  at  the  most 
serious  moments  of  the  battle  was,  that  the  Indians, 
who  were  perched  upon  their  trenches  and  batteries, 
to  watch  the  contest  with  the  vessels,  which  they  re- 
garded as  on  their  side,  on  account  of  the  names  that 
had  been  given  them,  and  because  they  carried  an 
Indian  painted  upon  their  tiags, —  made  furious  cries 
at  seeing  them  so  mal-treatcd.  The  English  had  as- 
sured them  that  with  these  vessels  alone,  they  would 
make  the  place  surrender.  When  these  Indians  saw 
them  drift  otf  and  ground,  they  redoubled  their  cries, 

and  sung  out  railing  names  at  the  English,  sayiu": 

"You  did  not  want  to  kill  our  father  at  Niagara  ;  see 
how  you  are  taking  him  !  If  you  had  listened  to  us, 
you  would  not  have  been  lierc!  A  Frenchman's  fist 
has  made  you  cringe !  "  This  action  liad,  however, 
dismantled  all  the  tops  of  the  parapets  around  half  of 
the  fort,  thrown  down  the  fascines  that  were  placed 
on  the  side  of  La  Cuisse  Island,  and  in  front  of  the 
two  demi-bastions. 


■*|!; 


THE  SIKGE  CONTINUKI). 


33 


At  night,  M.  Poucliot  cmlciivorod  to  ropuir  with 
sat'kri  of  earth,  the  batteries  of  the  bastion  opposite 
the  ishiiul  so  that  they  (.'ouhl  be  served.  This  bastion 
was  really  to  tinnbledown,  and  wecoiUd  iiave  walked 
upon  the  slope  formed  liy  the  earth  that  had  fallen 
down. 

The  enemy  continued  through  the  night  to  bombard 
us,  and  fired  volleys  of  cannon  from  each  battery, 
loaded  with  shot  and  grape,  at  intervals,  to  prevent  us 
from  making  repairs.  We  had  two  men  killed  and 
several  wounded. 

On  the  23d,  the  enemy  continued  to  bombard  and 
cannonade  vigorously  all  day.  At  night  wc  tried  the 
same  bombardment  and  vctUeys  of  cannon  at  intervals 
as  on  the  night  previous. 

On  tl'.o  2-tth,  they  unmasked  a  new  battery  to  break 
down  the  wooden  redoubt  at  the  end  of  the  island,  and 
to  enfilade  our  intrenchments  on  the  side  opposite  the 
islands.  Their  batteries  continued  as  violently  as  on 
the  preceding  days,  and  fires  caught  in  the  ruins  of  the 
magazine,  and  in  the  (piarters  of  the  commandant, 
but  these  were  happily  extinguished  without  the 
enemy  observing  our  dithculty.  Wo  had  but  little 
troul)le  to  take  care  of  what  little  powder  and  balls 
we  had  left.  The  enemy's  batteries  dismounted  all 
the  cannon  of  the  bastion  opposite  the  islaiuls.  The 
cotters  of  the  parapets  were  razed  down  to  within  two 
feet  of  the  terre  plein,  greatly  exposing  the  powder 
nuigazine,  which  was  only  nuide  of  some  large  beams. 
5 


!■    '' 


U   IB 


I' 


:i 


34 


THE  FORT  SKT  ON  FXUE. 


Oil  the  2olli,  at  day  break,  M.  Poucliot  tiretl  vigor- 
ously throe  piocos  upon  the  batteries  which  troubled 
us  tluj  most,  and  whicli  wore  tlie  only  ones  left  on  the 
side  attaeked.  Even  one  of  these  three  pieces  and 
tlie  most  important  one,  wanted  a  third  of  its  length, 
having  broken  twice.  Xotwithstanding  its  calibre, 
we  put  in  two  or  three  small  balls.  We  had  per- 
ceived by  the  enemy's  movements,  that  tliis  kind  of 
tiring  troubled  them  much  in  their  trenches,  but  we 
found  it  out  of  our  power  to  ruin  or  even  to  materially 
injure  their  batteries. 

The  activity  of  our  tire  put  the  English  in  bad 
humor,  and  in  the  aftciiioon  they  redoubled  theirs 
from  all  their  batteries,  and  tired  red-hot  balls,  fire-pots 
and  carcases.  This  was  too  much  for  this  miserable 
fort,  which  wiis  now  only  a  litter  of  carpenter's  wood 
and  fascines.  The  liot  shot  set  fire  to  the  saucissons 
of  the  interior  revetment  of  the  bastion,  already  down, 
but  we  extinguished  it.  From  this  we  may  see  how 
tlie  rampart  was  ruined.  Some  fire-pots  also  kindled 
twice  in  the  debris  of  tlie  fort,  and  we  also  extin- 
guished these  fiames  with  water  found  in  the  holes 
made  by  bursting  bombs. 

This  determined  M.  Pouchot,  with  the  advice  of  all 
the  officers  of  the  garrison,  to  write  to  General  Am- 
herst, complaining  against  this  kind  of  warfare  never 
used  but  against  rebels,  and  which  should  not  be  prac- 
ticed against  a  brave  garrison  which  deserved  not  such 
treatment.     In  reply  he  sent  his  aid-de-camp  witli  a 


THE  FOUT  SUHUKNDERS. 


35 


kind  of  caiiitulation  for  us  to  siirrcndor  as  prisoners  of 
war,  with  tlio  throat  that  if  wo  did  not  accept  witliin 
lialf  an  hour,  ho  would  resume  hostilities. 

M.  Pouchot  received  the  otftcer,  and  read  wliat 
Amherst  demanded  before  all  the  oflicers  and  the  gar- 
rison. The  latter  made  the  most  urgent  entreaties  for 
him  to  accept  thorn,  in  view  of  the  impossihility  of 
escaping  a  general  conflagration  in  case  of  a  tire,  on 
account  of  the  small  capacity  of  the  fort  and  the  incum- 
brance of  the  ruins. 

There  remained  at  this  time  on  the  front  attacked, 
only  two  cannon  in  condition  to  tire,  and  no  more 
halls.  The  outer  batteries  of  tiie  fort  were  all  ruined, 
as  they  were  commanded  by  the  islands,  as  were  also 
the  epaulments  of  the  iritrenchments,  which  were  no 
cover  against  an  assault. 

On  the  2(}th,  in  tho  morning,  when  the  enemy 
entered,'  they  wore  greatly  surprised  at  seeing  only  a 


'  IStli  Aiijiiisl.  The  wcullicr  is  ('NUcmcly  uiiliivoriilili'  tii  our  opcni- 
tiims,  yt'l  lln'  jjciuTiil  iiitciil  on  the  vii^oroiis  jtrosci'iilion  of  liin  iiiL'ii- 
siircs  ri'solvcs  to  lost'  no  time;  this  nioriiins;-  was  l:ikcn  up  with  the 
ri'imirs  of  tlic  row  iiii'lcys  :ui(l  prize  vessel,  and  at  ten  o'eloel\  the 
eiifliiieers  wilii  the  coverinjr  i)arly  returned,  and  nnide  their  report  ; 
hut  his  KxeelU'iiey  was  preiU'lennined,  and  llie  army  are  in  readiness. 
Tlie  first  division,  eonsistinf,'  ol"  tlie  irrenadiers,  two  hattnlions  of  liirlit 
inl'imtry,  tiu'  right  hrigade  of  reguhirs,  Scliuyler's  regiment,  tlie 
greatest  pi.rt  of  the  Indians  with  Sir  WilJiam  Johnson,  three  row- 
galleys  and  some  lii'ld  artillery,  are  to  jiroeeed  down  by  the  north 
shore,  eommanded  liy  the  general  in  person;  pass  tlie  fort  and  take 
l)()ssessi(ni  of  the  islands  and  coasts  below  it.  At  the  same  time  the 
seeoiid  division,  eomjiosed  of  the  left  brigade  of  regtihirs,  Lyman's 
regiment,  two  ranging  eoiniianies,  the  re  nainder  of  tlie  Indians,  and 
two  row  galleys,  under  the  command  of  Colonel  Ilaldimand,  to  row 


:'i     1 


■^  mi 


m 


LOSSES  OF  THE  OAUIIISON. 


few  soldiers  scattered  around  tlieir  posts  wliidi  tlicy  left, 
and  some  sixty  militia,  with  liaiulkereliiefs  on  their 
lieads,  in  tlieir  shirt  sleeves,  and  with  neeks  hare  as  is 
the  Canadian  fasjiion.  They  asked  M.  I'onchot  where 
was  his  garrison  ?  lie  replied  that  they  saw  the  wliole. 
AVe  had  more  than  sixty  men  killed  or  wounded.  All 
the  otKecrs  had  been  more  or  less  wounded. 


down  tt)  the  soulli  fdiisl,  ami  tiikc  post  opposite  to  the  fori,  whcro 
tliiT  will  not  lie  exposed  to  the  tire  of  the  pliiee,  whilst  tlie|)i'i/.('  now 
deservedly  eidled  the  \\'illi<im.i(iii  liric,  under  Lieiiteinint  Sineliiir,  will 
sail  down  the  centre  of  the  river,  hetween  tlie  two  divisions  with 
directions  to  moor  at  randrun  sliot  from  the  fort ;  HriLradier  (iajre,  w  iili 
tlie  rest  of  the  army  and  heavy  artillery,  to  remain  at  ()swi'j,^atclne. 
Sncli  is  the  disposition  his  Exc<'llency  made  liefore  the  return  of  the 
enjjineers,  and  it  was  spiritedly  executed  accord inirly,  \uider  a  hrisk 
and  continued  cannonade,  direcle<l  ajiaiiist  tlie  liriir  and  liie  ueneral's 
column,  w  liereliy  one  i;al!ey  was  sunk,  ten  men  were  killed  and 
wounded,  one  of  whom  lost  a  tldjjh,  and  many  bateaux  and  oars 
were  grazed  with  shot;  as  the  north  division  rowed  down  in  single 
tiles  it  was  elev<'n  at  night  liefore  tiie  sternmost  boat  Joined,  and 
then  the  blockade  of  the  fort  was  completely  formed.  Our  Indians 
landed  on  the  islands  (iailop  and  l'ici(uet,  which  the  enemy  abandon- 
ed witli  great  precipitation,  liaving  letV  a  miinlier  of  scaljis,  two 
swivel  guns,  some  barrels  of  pitcli,  a  ([uanlity  of  tools  and  utensils, 
witli  some  iron  bcliind  them  ;  our  Indians  Avere  so  exasperated  at 
tiiiding  the  scalps,  that  tliey  tired  all  their  liouses,  not  sparing  even 
the  chapel. 

Lut(!  in  tlie  inglit  an  attempt  wasnutdc  to  weigli  tip  the  galley  that 
was  sunk,  but  we  could  not  succeed. 

\Wh.  The  General  willi  Colonel  ^Villiamsonand  l/ieutenant-C'oloncl 
Eyre,  reconnoitred  the  tort  and  the  islands  nearest  to  it,  on  two  of 
wliich  ground  is  nnule  choice  of  for  batteries,  about  six  hundred  yards 
from  the  fort,  as  also  for  a  third  on  an  advantageous  point  of  land  on 
the  south  shore,  and  detachments  are  immediately  ordered  to  l)reak 
ground,  cut  and  make  fascines  with  every  other  preparation  for  carry- 
ing on  the  siege.  Orders  were  sent  to  Oswegatcliie  for  the  heavy 
artillery,  wliicii  are  exjieeted  down  tlii.s  night.  The  Onoitditga  and 
Mohawk  appeared  to-day;  they  received   orders  in  like  manner  as 


LOSSES  OF  TIIK  EXdl.ISII. 


37 


f  i 


The  enemy  iKliuitted  that  in  their  passage  to  ent'iiin|i, 
a  carcassiorc  liad  sunk,  anil  that  six  liatoaux  were  sliot 
thi'onuh,  of  which  that  of  General  Anilierst  >»as  one. 
llo  had  been  watchiiiii;  most  attentively.  This  general 
politely  reproaehed  M.  roncliot,  who  answered  :  "Sir, 
we  only  wanted  to  pay  you  the  honors  to  whieli  you 
are  entitled." 


the  liriir  to  conn'  to  iiiiclior  iil  raiulom  sliol  I'roiii  the  fort,  mikI  if  ciiii- 
noniidcd  not  to  rcliini  it.  Tlic  ri'iiiiiiiitlcr  of  the  iiiiny  cxcf'pt  one 
Coiiiicclicnt  rciiinunt,  iirc  onliTcd  down  IVoni  Osweiridcliic,  wlicnci^ 
otir  liciivy  iirtillcry  iirrivcd  latf  iit  nii^lit,  and  tlic  row  Lrallcy  willi  licr 
finn  were  wciitlicd  np. 

The  tort  tired  on  tlic  l)rin  yesterday  ''.vlncli  slie  spiritedly  rctiiriicd 
tmtil  ordered  to  desist. 

'iid.  The  troops  iiavc  \vorl\cd  witli  sucli  diligence  lliat  onr  liatleries 
will  be  completed  this  niiilit,  and  ready  to  play  on  Fort  Levis  to- 
morrow. 

'i'lil.  The  l)attcries  were  opened  this  inorniMir,  and  had  such  etrcct 
thai  tlie  enemy  drew  in  their  irniis  anil  endeavored  to  serve  them 
rt  niiin  rlf.  Alter  some  honrs  lirinu',  a  disposition  was  made  to  storm 
the  tort  with  the  irrenadicrs  of  the  army,  in  which  the  three  vessels 
were  to  have  assisted  ;  for  this  pnrpose  a  nnmher  of  marksmen  were 
jndicionsly  placed  on  hoard  each  ship,  with  the  view  of  compellinij;  the 
enemy  to  ahandon  tlieir  u'in.s  ;  and  tlicy  wcri'  ordered  to  tidl  down  on 
the  fort,  within  tlie  raii;,'e  of  sntall  arms;  but  whether  the  vessels 
were  coid'nscd  with  the  wcifjhl  of  tlic  enemy's  tire,  or  that  the  mis- 
carriap'  may  be  imputed  to  the  navijration  or  the  w  ind,  is  dillienlt  to 
determiiu',  for  the  jieiu'ral,  not  approvinj:  of  their  manner  of  work- 
inj;' down,  sent  ordei's  to  them  to  return  to  their  former  station  and 
desisted  from  his  project  for  the  present.  The  garrison  expended  a 
great  <leal  of  ammunition  to  a  little  purpose;  and  our  artillery  were 
so  well  served  thai  the  enemy  were  rather  shy  of  standing  to  their 
guns. 

35///.  We  liiivc  hiul  wiinn  cannonading  on  both  sides,  hut  their 
guns  being  at  length  dismounted  by  our  superior  tire,  M.  Pouchot,  the 
governor,  after  displaying  as  much  gallantry  as  coidd  be  expected  in 
his  situation,  beat  a  chinmiilc,  and  in  the  alU'rnoon  I'apitulalcd  for  his 
garrison,  who  are  become  prisoners  of  war;  they  consist  of  two  caj)- 


i 

c; 


Iil 


Wu 


88 


CASU.M/riKS  ON  IIOAIU)  TIIK  VKSSKL. 


n 


: 


i  ': 

i  I 

■'  1 

1  i 


Tlio  Englisli  had  oiio1iuim1it»1  iiiid  t\vfiih-i'iji:lit  nioii 
killod  or  wouiulod  upon  tlio  (hnitlti,  wliic-li  wasirrouinl- 
cd.  Uiion  tlio  Moliairh\{\ni  captiiiii  was  wouiidod  and 
fifty  mon  disabled.  Upon  tlio  Oiitdoiidise,  wliirli  tlu'y 
had  taken  from  us,  lifty-foui'nien,  and  on  tlie<liff('reiit 
oeensions  in  wliicli  they  had  approached  tlio  tort  ii 
hundred.     To  this  should  ho  added  what  they  lost  in 

tiiins,  six  siilmltcnis  mikI  two  liundrcd  iiiiil  nincty-oiic  men,  nil  riiiikH 
ilicludcd;  lluy  li.id  ii  lii'iilciiiinl  of  iirtillrry  with  twelve  men  killed, 
mid  tliirty-tive  wounded.  The  ordimnee  iiioiinted  lit  Fori  Levis  nro 
twelve  twelve  pounders,  two  sixes,  thirteen  lours,  four  of  one  pound 
eiieli,  iind  four  hniss  six  pounders.  I.ieulennnt-Colonel  Mns.sey  him 
taken  possession  of  the  fort  with  three  coinpiinies  of  his  liattiilion. 
Fort  Levis,  on  the  Isle  Hoynle,  is  a  most  iidvanta,!;eous  siluiition  ;  tliu 
island  is  small,  and  entirely  coinpreliended  within  the  works,  which 
lire  carried  on  in  the  same  irre.u;uliir  manner  as  nature  has  formed  the 
insulary  shores  ahout  it,  hut  the  area  of  the  fort  is  a  rcirular  siiuare 
within  four  haslioiis  only,  which  seems  to  have  heen  the  lirst  inten- 
tion in  fortifyinj;  the  island,  so  that  the  other  defences  to  all  appear- 
ance have  heen  occasionally  added  to  render  the  place  more  respcct- 
ahle,  and  cut  oil'  our  communication  to  Montreal,  to  which  it  was  an 
excellent  barrier,  at  the  liead  of  a  nuniher  of  dreadtul  rapids,  iind 
coniinands  in  a  .ureiit  measure  the  naviiialioii  hetweeii  Lake  Ontario 
and  Canada.  The  country  north  and  south,  is  apparently  even,  rich, 
and  callable  of  great  iinproveinent,  inhabited  principally  by  Indians., 
which,  with  the  uncommon  fertility  of  the  <'ircumjacent  islands,  jiro- 
duein<;  Indian  and  other  corn  in  great  iiliundanee,  and  llie  prospect  of 
an  imniensc  fur  trade,  induced  the  governor  general  to  establish  a 
strong  .settlement  in  this  district.  The  liatteries  erected  against  Fort 
Levis  consisted  of  six  guns  each,  besides  mortars,  though  designi'd 
for  a  greater  number  if  necessary,  and  the  two  islands  whereon  they 
are  eonslnieted  are  occupied  chietly  by  CIol.  Massey's  grenadiers,  with 
Brigadier  Gage's  and  Colonel  Amherst's  corps  of  light  infantry,  wlio 
first  took  possession  of  them;  and  the  remainder  of  the  army  except 
Col.  Ilaldiniand's  detachment,  on  the  fourth  iioiiit  battery  are  dis- 
persed on  the  other  contiguous  islands  in  such  a  manner  as  to  sur- 
round the  Ibrtress  and  cut  off  the  enemy's  retreat,  in  case  they  had 
been  inclined  to  abandon  and  retire."  —  Kiw.r\i  Journal,  ii,405. 


I    i 


HKCIU'TIitN  ul'  M.  l'Oi:(,'II()T  IIV  Till;  KMilJSIt. 


'.][) 


their  Imtti'rii's   and  troiiclios,  and    wliicli  tlu'y  iiovcr 

would    C'Ollft'SH.' 

The  Hurreiider  of  tlio  lort  l)t'iii<^  made,  sovi-nil  I'ol- 
oiU'lrt  caino  to  coiidiU't  M.  I'ouoliot  to  (Jciioral  Aiii- 
lierst.  Tlioy  sliowed  liini  a  tlioiiHaiid  attoiitiourt.  Ho 
liad  Hcoii  some  of  tliem  at  Niaj^ara  and  at  Now  York. 
Tliuy  foarcd  that  tlio  Indians  who  wori!  very  throaton- 
ing,  and  wlio  wvva  disai>i»ointfd  in  liiiding  notliing  in 
tlie  fort  wliich  the  soldiers  had  pillaged,  miglit  wish  to 
do  some  harm.     lie  thanked  them  for  their  attentions.- 

llaving  landed  on  tlic  shore,  many  Indians  came  to 
see  M.  I'ouehot,  wlio  recognized  several  of  their  chiefs. 
He  said  to  them  :  "You  have  killed  your  father;  if 
tiiey  are  not  pco[)le  of  courage  so  much  the  worse  for 


'On  tliccapituliilion  of  Fort  Li-vi,  tlic  Imliiins,  ImviuR f'ouiul  in  liu' 
(Icsci'icil  ciiliins  of  the  iMicniy  II  few  Molmwk  sculps,  wisiii'd  at  oiico 
li>  fall  upon  llic  pirrison  and  coniincncc  a  ^jcni'i'al  massacre.  Sir  Wil- 
liam's intlucncc,  however,  a;;ain  prevaileit,  and,  tliony;li  not  without 
mnch  ill  temper,  they  retirecl  to  theirencampment.  That  same  nijjlit, 
while  the  savages,  deeply  eha.;;rined,  were  hrooding  over  this  fancied 
ffrievance,  an  olllcer,  partly  in  aii.ij<'r  and  partly  in  jest,  observed  to 
some  one  in  his  tent,  that  the  Kiiftlish  would,  on  their  return  from  tho 
expedition,  exterminate  the  Indian  race.  An  Indian,  overliearini;  the 
remark,  eon>muiiieated  it  to  his  companions,  seven  hundred  of  whom 
imnu'diately  loa<led  their  nuiskels,  aiul  in  f,n'eat  wrath  threatened  to 
return  home,  declarinj!;  that  it  was  hi,i?li  time  to  provide  for  the  sceuriiy 
of  their  families.  The  ne.\t  day  many  of  them  made  j;ood  their 
threats,  "thouirh  there  still  remained  a  sutMcient  numher,"  wrote 
.lohnson  to  Secretary  Pitt,  "to  answer  our  purpose  and  bring  us  coii- 
Htant  intelligence."  —  Sloiu'n  Life  of  Sir  WHUmu  Ji)/iiiiiuii,i\,  Vi\}.  —  El). 

'The  English  changed  the  name  of  the  fort  to  Fort  Williiitii 
Ainjiintiix,  and  let\  a  garrison  of  two  hundred  men  inider  Captain 
Osborne,  and  also  the  sick  and  wounded  a  hundred  and  til\y  in  num- 
ber.   The  army  lell  on  the  3lst.  —  En. 


I     it 


,1 1 


(;      1.,-. 

'4 

!■; 

f; 

■.'.-1  'i 

■:i 

^": 

I 


!8Im 


40  TiiK  I'.Niii.isii  i'iu:i'\UK.To  di:s('i;ni>  tiik  st.  i,A\viti;Nt'i:. 

you."  Tlu'V  rt'iiliiil :  *'  Hoii't  l>i' dislu'iirti'iuil,  fallicr; 
you  will  go  to  tlu'  oIIkt  side  of  the  jjriiit  laki',  wi'will 
Hooii  lid  ouisi'lvcrt  of  till'  Kiijilish."  Tiicy  wnv  nur- 
in'isod  to  Hi'(>  liiiii  so  ti'!iii<|uil. 

(it'iionil  Aiidii'ist  lii'ld  a  conversation  tor  an  hour 
with  M.  I'oui'hot  in  juivati'.  Jit'  wisht'tl  iiitonnation 
as  to  wiiat  rcniaini'd  to  ln'  (h)m'  in  tlio  c'an»pai<;;n.  It 
may  l)o  pivsunu'd  that  tlio  latter  did  not  nnike  Idiii 
think  lu"  iiad  an  oasy  task.  IIo,  in  common  with  tho 
whole  iirniy,  appcari'd  ospociivlly  to  droad  tho  i>assat;o 
ot'tho  rauids.'  Thi'V  tookamonj;  tho  Canadiiins  thirty- 
»i.\  giiitk's  tor  their  Imteaux.  Tho  jjjarrison  and  olK- 
oors  woro  oondiictod  hy  way  ot'Oswogo  to  Now  York. 
M.  Bollo-Gardo,  iSuiiiician  missionary  at  Lu  Prcsontu- 
tion,  wlio  lia(.  ohoson  to  ho  shut  up  iu  tho  fort  to  sorvo 
tho  woundod,  ohtaiiiod  loavo  to  go  down  to  Montreal 
with  two  or  three  women.  This  priest  was  very 
worthy  on  aecount  of  his  zoal  for  religion,  which  iiad 
led  him  to  Canada  for  tho  sole  purjtose  of  convertini;; 
the  Indians.  The  Englisli  sent  liim  hack  to  his  mis- 
sion.- Tho  English  army  remained  fihout  fifteen  (hiys, 
making  arrangements  to  go  down  the  river,  hut  not- 
withstanding  their  guides,  of  whom   perliaps   some 


'  In  this  ])i»ssiifrr  tlic  Kiifjlisli  lost  I'orly-six  Imlcaux,  si'vi'iitccn 
wImlclKmis,  OIK'  row  galley,  ami  ciirlity-foiir  iiii'ii.  —  Kd. 

'There  were  two  priests  named  IjH  (Jarde  in  Canada  at  lliis  lime. 
.Jean  I'ierre  Hesson  ile  La  (Jarde  arrived  in  l".")*),  and  died  April  II, 
171I0.  I'ierre  I'aul  Frs  de  \m  (Jarde  arrived  in  lT.V),aiiil  died  at  Mont- 
real, April  4,  1TIS4. — /.iaie  ('/iniiii>l(i(/ii/iit:  Tiiu  latter  was  witii  I'ou- 
eliot  al  the  time  of  the  siege.—  Eu. 


1         i 


FtNAI.  SirUlli:NI>i:U  OK  CANAItA. 


41 


Hoiitflit  llic  worst  cliiuiiu'ls,  tlioy  lost  oij;lity  butciuix 
and  tlioir  ciuvuHHierw  jit  Cotoau  lii  Liic. 

Till!  Chi'valier  dc  la  Cornc,  wIk.  was  watcliliiu;  tlio 
Kii,u;lisli,  with  a  body  of  ii>ilitia  at  tlii>  lioad  of  tlio 
(\'<laiH,  liaviiij^  k'anu'd  of  tlioir  arrival  foil  back  stop 
by  stop  to  the  Island  of  Montreal.  The  cnoniy  landod 
at  a  qnartor  of  a  loajj^uo  abovo  that  plaoo,  and  si'iit 
dopntios  at  oiioo  to  ajrroo  npon  the  capitulation  which 
is  known  to  the  world.  All  the  troops  and  Canadian 
olHcr-rs  who  wished  to  loavo  the  country,'  wore  sent 
to  Kranco  in  Kn^lish  vessels,  upon  condition  of  not 
attain  sorvin":  in  the  war. 

Wo  may  well  suiipose,  that  (birini:^  the  course  of 
this  wretched  campaign,  every  thing  went  up  to  an 
oxcessivo  price.'    The  intendunt  caused  eortiticates  to 


'They  were  urgently  solicited  l)y  tlie  Kiii;lisli  ti)  <ie(iili'  upon  tliis, 
as  tliey  wislied  to  )iel  rid  of  iis  niany  of  tlieui  ii-<  possiblt'. —  Sole  in 
Orij/iiiiil. 

Tliere  were  sent  to  Friinee,  aliout  185  oflleers,  2,400  nrlillerists,  and 
land  or  colonial  troops,  inclmrnu;  siek  and  wounded,  and  soniewlnit 
over  500  sailors,  (lonieslies,  women  and  cliildren.  Tlie  reniaiiiini:  livo 
or  six  hundred  soldiers  married  in  Canada,  took  l:ind,  and  ttbtindoned 
their  tiajr,  to  rennun  in  America. —  Hiinitnii,  iii,  'JTi. 

TIk' total  etl'eelive  force  of  Cnnada,  including  ndlilin,  at  the  linu'  of 
the  surrender  was  'J0,4:t;i. —  h'lni.r,  ii,  441. —  Ki). 

■'M.  Hertyer,  minisler  i>f  Marine,  had  determined  to  send  some 
provisions,  but  their  price,  with  lii.icli  frciirlils,  delayed  day  atlerday, 
the  departiU'e  of  the  transport  vessels,  which  were  tinally  unable  to 
enter  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  and  were  bnriu'd  in  the  bay  of  C'haleurs- 
The  Mar(|uis  do  Vaudrenil  had  foreseen  this  want  of  succor,  and 
had  ordered  Sieur  de  Minville  tr)  cruise  with  his  frijrate  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river,  t'ourteen  Hnnlisli  ships  laden  with  mimilions  lor  liue- 
bec  were  taken,  but  he  was  obliged  to  burn  them  without  bein.tr  able 
to  derive  any  advantajte  from  them. —  Anti'  in  Driyimil. 

6 


I    I 

i 


!i 


1.!: 


42 


SPECULATIONS  IN  WAR  CLAIMS. 


If 


I     ,! 


servo  for  all  the  extrnordiiiniy  expenses  occasioned 
by  the  scarcity  and  higli  price  of  all  the  provisions, 
but  he  would  not  convert  them  into  bills  of  exchange, 
except  for  those  whom  he  favored,  so  as  not  to  sur- 
prise France  at  these  enormous  expenses.  There 
remained  in  the  hands  of  the  inhabitants  and  other 
individuals,  an  enormous  quantity-  of  orders  and  certi- 
ficates, which  he  would  not  convert  into  bills  of  ex- 
change. 

The  Knglish  being  masters  of  Canada,  felt  their 
advantage  over  the  French  in  collecting  these  at  an 
early  moment,  as  we  nniy  well  believe,  and  to  solicit 
for  their  paymertt,  which  they  obtained.'  It  is  no 
exaggeration  to  say,  that  the  sums  which  France  was 
forced  to  pay  under  this  agreement,  would  amount 
to  from  twenty-three  to  twenty-six  millions.  If  the 
fear  of  paying  this  entered  into  the  consideration  of 
ceding  Canada  they  were  mistaken. 

M.  Pouchot  and  all  the  French  officers  with  the 
French  and  Colonial  soldiers  were  by  virtue  of  the 
capitulation  of  Montreal,  to  be  sent  to  France,  and 
the  Canadians  to  their  own  country.  The  former 
departed  from  Xew  York  on  the  first  of  January,  and 
after  a  very  stormy  passage  arrived  at  the  roadstead  of 


■I  1 


'  By  a  spceitU  declaration  signed  at  Paris,  on  llio  lOlh  of  Fcliruary 
17(i3,  tlie  kinjj:  agreed  to  pay  tlie  l)ills  of  exiliange  and  the  certirteales 
wliicli  had  been  given  to  the  Canadians  for  siipplying  tlie  French 
troops,  by  II  li(|nidation  that  shoidil  cease  ^vitllina  <'onvenient  lime, 
according  to  distance  and  dilHculticB  of  rendering. —  Sute  in  Omjinal. 


NATUllAL  PUENOMKNA  SEEN  AT  SEA. 


4a 


Spitliead,  where  they  reniiiincd  fifteen  days  and  finally 
hinded  at  Havre  de  Grace  on  the  8th  of  Marcli,  1701. 
In  this  passage,  thoy  witnessed  three  very  curious 
plienoniena.  The  first,  was  that  in  a  very  great 
storm,  tlie  sea  sparkled  on  tlie  tops  ol'  all  the  waves 
like  lightning  in  a  dark  night.  The  second,  was  a 
rainbow  whose  two  ends  reached  from  larboard  to 
starboard,  across  the  stern  of  the  vessel,  and  followed 
its  wake  like  a  cord  drawn  after  it.  The  third,  was  a 
fine  lunar  rainbow,  well  formed,  but  with  colors  less 
bright  than  a  solar  one,  and  the  moon  was  at  the 
same  time  quite  yellow. 


i 


i  1 


ri 


\ 

i,  '.■> 

If 


It  >ti 


i^    !  ' 


[44] 


FRACJMENT  UrON  THE  FRENCH  COLONY 
OF  (CANADA. 


(^iuiada  was  at  first  settled  by  iishonnen ;  by  iiiili- 
viiluals  wlio  came  to  trade  wltb  the  Indians, —  by  dis- 
charged soUliers,  and  finally  by  people  who  had  been 
sent  thither  from  France,  under  IcUrcs  dc  cachd. 
Some  of  these  latter,  were  for  three  years  before  they 
could  recover  their  liberty,  and  others  were  for  life. 
Some  others,  if  not  the  greater  nund)er,  had  been 
scut  out  by  the  Seigneurs  of  the  country  to  establish 
themselves. 

The  lands  liad  been  at  first  ceded  by  the  king  to  the 
foreign  missions,  the  Sulpicians,  the  Jesuits  and  to 
ofKcers.  There  were  found  in  Canada  few  lands,  and 
l^'rhaps  none,  that  belonged  to  tlu'  merchants  or  pea- 
santry. 

That  which  still  further  contributed  to  the  increase 
of  these  establishments  was,  the  discharge  of  the 
Regiment  of  Carignan,  of  wiiich  all  the  soldiers  be- 
came colonists,  and  the  officers,  proprietors  of  the 
lands  belonging  to  the  laity.'     Such  were  the  actual 


'  This  occurri'tl  about  w  coutury  previous  to  llic  tiiiic  the  ahovc  was 
wriltt'u.—  Eu. 


i-KciLiAurnios  of  thk  Canadians. 


45 


Hoiirccs  of  iiopiiliition  of  tliis  i!iiiiioiiso  country.  It 
iippoars  straiigo,  from  the  little  care  and  aid  jj,iveii  to 
iiu-reasc  it,  tliat  this  colony,  which  was  so  loni;  vi'iy 
feehle,  and  often  ready  to  perish  with  misery  from  the 
little  help  it  got  from  Franco,  shoultl  notwithstanding 
this,  liave  gained  a  poimlation  of  thirty  thousand 
souls.'  From  this  we  may  infer  that  the  climate  is 
line  and  the  soil  fertile.  It  is  not  unusual  to  lind 
from  grandtather  to  grandchildren,  as  nniny  as  si.\ty 
jtersons. 

The  Canadians  are  very  well  formed,  rohust,  and 
active,  endure  pain  and  fatigue  admirahly,  and  are 
accustomed  to  long  and  painful  journeys  for  their 
trade,  which  they  accomplish  with  great  aihlress  and 
patience.  These  voyages  are  usually  made  very  de- 
lihcrately,  on  account  of  the  kind  of  life  which  they 
leail  on  these  occasions.  They  are  hrave,  love  war, 
and  are  ardent  patriots.  They  evince  a  strong  attach- 
ment to  their  mother  country,  and  their  little  know- 
ledge ol  the  world  renders  them  volunteer  braggarts 
and  liars,  heing  little  informed  upon  any  suhject. 

There  is  no  country  when-  women  leatl  a  hajipier 
life  than  in   Canada.     The  men   sln)w  them  great  at- 


'  Tliis  is  ii^mil  error.  By  ii  I'cnsiis  taken  hIkiuI  llie  iniiUlle  of  I  lie 
ceiiliirv,  it  iippears  llial  the  colony  of  Canada  llien  had  alioiil  SH,()(M» 
soiiIm.  The  last  enumeration,  under  (lovernor  C'arHon,  liroujihl  up 
the  iiopulalion  to  l.j:!,()()l»,  of  wliieli  :!,tMtO  were  Knjrlish  and  protest- 
antx,  wlio  liad  settled  there  since  the  peace.  The  latter  held  all  the 
coniniereein  their  hands,  and  sought  to  make  Ihemselves  sole  masters 
of  the  administration.—  .V"^  m  (Jrii/iiKil. 


<  1 


!i 


k'    I 


46 


INFI.UKNCE  OF  THE  CLEUGY. 


'<>  I  ji 

I 


:  ;    i, 
I    • 


h 


■t 


teiitions,  and  spiiro  them  all  the  fiitlgne  they  can.  Wc 
mi^ht  also  add,  that  they  dosorvo  all  this,  being  mod- 
est, of  t'omoly  figure,  vivacious  in  spirit,  ami  full  of 
intrigue.  Il  is  oidy  through  them,  that  their  hus- 
bands procure  employment  that  puts  them  at  ease 
and  above  the  common  lot.  There  prevails  in  the 
villages,  a  tone  of  good  societv  which  we  would  not 
expect  in  a  country  so  remote.  They  dance  and  demean 
themselves  very  gracefully,  and  this  without  masters. 

The  Canadians  are  generally  religious  and  of  good 
morals.  The  voyageurs  arc  hut  little  trusty  in  the 
aftairs  of  trade.  Their  priests  restrain  them  severely, 
being  their  temporal  and  spiritual  masters,  and  have 
brought  all  under  their  sway,  even  to  the  general  and 
intendaiit,  for  it  would  be  a  misfortune  for  the  two 
latter  not  to  secure  their  good  will.  The  curates  are 
rich  and  removable.  The  bishop  of  tlie  greatest  dio- 
cese in  the  world, —  that  of  (Quebec,  has  rents  of  six- 
teen thousand  livres,  and  is  responsible  only  to  the 
pope.  Since  the  death  of  M.  de  I'ombriant,  the  Eng- 
lish have  not  nominated  one,  and  the  whole  country 
is  under  the  direction  of  two  grand  vicars,' 


'  Tlic  liiiuous  liill  of  1774,  allowed  llic  ('iinii(liai)  rjilliolics  to  Imvo  a, 
l)isli()|),  but  upon  coiulltioii  that  lir  should  not  Ih'  consecrated  in 
France.  They  raised  all  nuiniu'r  of  elaiiiors  and  troubles  from  one 
rauxe  and  another  in  F^iirlaud,  upon  thu  proniul^'ation  of  tliin 
bill.  This  justilies  the  rellections  of  tliCMUithor  of  Olm  rnitiniiH  Kitr 
le  tniitf  (le  pnix  cniiclu  a  l'<im  en  17CU.  See  pajfcs  8((,  81.  —  Sote  in 
OriijiiiiiL 

Mjt''  llenri-.Marie-Duliriel  de  I'onbiraiul  arrived  at  (^uebee,  in  Au- 
gust, 1741,  and  look  possession  of  the  ollice  of  Bishui>  on  thu  aOlh  of 


i;  -i 


MODE  OP  CONDIICTINO  TnAKK  IN  CANADA. 


47 


The  governor  of  Canada,  U  also  governor  of  Lou- 
isiana. Although  clothed  with  ample  authority  for 
the  police  of  the  country,  and  negotiations  with  the 
Indians  and  foreigners,  he  is  greatly  restricted  hy  the 
intendant,  who  is  ahsolute  nnisterof  linancial  matters, 
is  charged  with  all  the  trade  and  justice,  and  is  at  the 
head  of  the  sovereign  council  of  the  country. 

The  trade  of  (^anada  is  made  on  the  king's  account, 
and  hy  individuals.  The  intendant  has  the  general 
<lirection  of  this  husinoss.  The  king  has  magazines 
at  Quehec,  Montreal,  St.  John,  Chamblyand  Carillon, 
and  for  the  posts  further  up  at  La  Presentation,  Ni- 
agara, Frontenac,  the  fort  at  the  portage,  at  Presque 
Isle,  Riviere  aux  Boeufs,  and  at  Fort  l)u  Quesne. 

Tlie  magazine  at  Quehec  is  a  depot  to  supply  that 
at  Montreal,  and  also  issues  supplies  for  trade  with 
our  domiciliated  Indians,  the  Abcnakis,  and  others 
down  the  river.  The  magazine  at  Montreal  furnishes 
merchandises  to  all  the  posts  above  named.  Its  trade 
directly  with  the  Indians  was  hut  small,  until  the  king 
apitointed  a  commissary.  Those  magazines  furnish 
all  the  provisions  for  the  war,  as  M'cll  as  for  trade  and 


tliat  month,  lie  ilicil  at  Montreal  .luni'  8, 1700,  uiul  to  the  last  was  a 
strong  adherent  to  the  Freneh  interests.  On  the  day  that  Quebec 
onuitnlated,  he  addressed  a  mandate  to  all  the  faithtid  of  his  dioeese, 
lending  to  excite  a  patriotic  feeling.  He  was  sueeeeded  Iiy  Jean 
Olivier  ISriand,  who  eanie  over  as  secretary  to  Ponhirand  in  1741, 
was  chosen  to  he  ilishop  of  Quebec  Sept.  11,  17t)4,  went  to  England, 
was  Hpprove<l  by  the  king,  and  ath'r  being  duly  eonlirnied,  returned 
to  Canada  in  .lune,  17(l(i.  H<' died  June '.25,  1704. —  Kno.v's  Juuriml, 
ii,  108;  Li»te  Chroin>logiijii(\  p.  vi,  vii. —  Eu. 


« 


mm  •: 


n 


■  .  - 

j 

f 

'„' 

if 

jj 

f 

i 

;■  'ill 


!   i. 


•11    .1 


4H 


AIU.SKS  IN  TIIK   INKIAN  TItAltK 


for  tlio  kiii<,''s  service  They  also  in  part,  Hiipply  tlio 
artillery. 

Tlie  king  lias  at  all  tiiCHO  i)lacos,  Htoro-kot'iicrH 
iioniiiiati'd  l»y  tin-  iiitc-iidaiit,  to  whom  tliey  report 
direet.  The  iiiteiidaiit  has  tinder  him  a  eoiiimissary 
of  ordnaiiee  of  tin;  Marine,  who  reniains  at  Montreal 
to  attend  to  the  details  of  the  upper  country. 

Munitions,  provisions  and  goods,  intended  for  trade 
or  presents  to  the  Indians,  eome  from  Fraiict!  in  ves- 
sels laden  on  tlu^  king's  account.  The  Bureau  of  the 
Marine  furnish  all  these  effects,  ami  many  therein 
concerned  liave  doulitless  an  interest  in  the  pur- 
chases. 

Tliey  send  ventures,  which  amount  in  isvery  way  to 
tlic  Ijcst  possihle  account,  and  which  apparently  they 
pay  to  the  king,  over  the  footing  of  current  merchan- 
dizes in  Canada.  But  the  greatest  evil  is,  that  they 
send  goods  whicli  are  not  proper  for  the  Indian  trade, 
such  as  large   mirrors  mounted    upon  morocco,  silk 


stuiff 


iiul   renin 


lints  of  various  other  (idtrics,  liand- 


kerchiefs,  liose,  and  in  short  all  the  renuiants  of  tlie 
shops.  The  iiitendant  who  was  attach(;d  to  the  ma- 
rine, dared  not  refuse  all  these  articles,  and  sent 
them  in  form  to  separate  stores,  where  tliey  spoilc<l, 
or  were  stolen,  or  were  turned  to  other  wmih.  They 
made  rejiorts  of  consumption  at  the  end  of  a  certain 
time,  and  the  money  paiil  for  them  hy  the  king,  went 
into  the  jiockcts  of  tliose  furnishing  tliem,  and  all  the 
loss  was   his.     We    should   add  to   this,   the  damages 


ii; 


AitTic'Mcs  surrAiii.i:  imt  thk  inoian  tuadk 


•111 


uiitivoidiildc!  ill  a  Idiii^  traiisjiortatioii,  and  wluit  would 
bo  Htolc'ii.  Tli(!  lurnislici'rt  liaviii!^  thus  a  great  inolit 
upon  tilt!  losses,  wliile  the  kinLC  silstaiiieil  tlieiii, 
althoiigli  th(i  prolits  upon  trath'  in  ordinary  tiiiios  was 
very  great,  —  or  otherwisi;  no  private  persons  would 

\\y  ill  tlio 


lavo  wished  to  engage  in  tins   trade,  especi 


til 


most  remote  and  almost  in 


ihic 


loie  and  almost  iiiaecessinio  regions. 

Tim  goods  Cor  Indian  trade,  are  guns  lor  hunting, 
lead,  halls,  powder,  stetd  lor  striking  tiin;,  giin-lliiitH, 
gun-screws,  knives,  hatchets,  kettles,  heads,  men's 
shirts,  cloths  of  hluo  and  reil  for  hiaiikets  and  petti- 
coats, Vermillion  and  verdigris,  rod,  yellow,  green  and 
hlue  rihhoiis  of  Knglish  weaving,  needles,  tliread,  awls, 
hliie,  whit(!  and  red  ratt;eii  for  making  moceasins, 
woolen  hlankcts,  of  three  points  and  a  half,  three,  two, 
and  one  and  u  lialf  of  Leon  cloth,  mirroiH  framed  in 
wood,  liiits  trimmed  tine,  and  in  imitation,  with  varie- 
gated pliimeri  in  re<l,  yellow,  l)lue  and  green,  hoods  for 
men  and  children  of  IringiMl  rateen,  galloons,  real  and 
imitation,  hrainly,  ttdiacco,  razors  for  the  head,  glass  in 
hea<ls  made  afterthi-  fashion  of  wampum,  hiack  wines, 
paints,  &(!. 

The  Indians  give  in  exidiange  for  these  goods,  the 
skins  of  roebucks,  Htags,  bears,  beavers,  otters,  pecans, 
squirrels,  marteiiH,  lynxes,  foxes,  miiskrats,  woodrats, 
wolves,  caribous  aii<l  moose.  They  trade  also  for 
bread,  pork,  salt,  prunes,  molasses,  all  kinds  of  meats, 
and  fish,  bear's  oil,  which  they  value  more  than  goose 
oil,  and  the  down  (d"  a(|uati(!  birds.     All  these  (liller- 


i   .'» 


i  I 


SI 


3  i 


60 


MANNKll  01'  rONDUlTINd  TIIK  INKIAN  TUADK. 


eiit  cxc'liaii^t'8,  ai'o  reducod  in  value  to  the  boavorskin, 
whii'h  is  ooininonly  rei'konod  as  a  ItottU  of  Imiiidy  of 
thirty  sol.  Tlio  jiouiid  of  castor  is  valiiod  at  four 
livros,  ttMi  sol ;  and  skins  woigli  from  two  and  a  half 
to  throe  pounds.  The  price  of  our  goods  varies  witli 
tlie  distance  of  the  locality. 

The  store  keepers  at  the  kini^'s  posts,  wore  alone 
charijod  with  this  trade,  and  accounted  the  j>rod\ict  to 
the  intendant.  The  connnandant  had  a  right  to  see 
that  the  Indians  wore  not  cheated,  and  to  take  of  those 
goods  what  he  thought  necessary  for  presents.  The  dif- 
ferent interests  of  these  persons  often  nnule  them  dis- 
agree. The  governor  almost  always  found  them  wrong 
and  recalled  them.  To  avoid  these  embarrassnu-nts,  it 
was  usually  enough  for  them  to  come  to  some  understand- 
ing, when  they  could  conduct  their  atlairs  together. 

The  posts  in  the  interior  of  the  country  were  assigned 
to  otKcers  in  favor.  Hank  was  counted  there  as  no- 
tliiuir.  Thcv  took  with  them  a  store  kee|)or  who  was  to 
trade  on  their  account.  As  they  had  no  money,  tliey 
found  merchants  at  Quebec  and  Montreal,  wlio  sup- 
plied upon  credit  all  the  goods  necessary,  wliieh  they 
called  o(iuipping  them.  They  agreed  upon  their  prices, 
and  gave  peltries  tc»  the  merchants  in  return.  Thoy 
liad  to  earn  protits  for  both  parties.  These  oflicors 
often  had  occasion  to  negotiate  for  tlie  king  witli  the 
nations  near  their  posts,  and  to  give  them  goods  as 
presents.  They  were  paid  by  tlic  intendant,  upon  the 
approval  and  order  of  the  governor.     This  occasioned 


N 


MANNKK  OF  CONI)lI("TIN(<  TIIK  INDIAN  TUADE. 


r>i 


iiiiuiy  lij'pnthoi'Utc'd  iicoountH  wliicli  tiinnMl  to  lliomost 
ctM'taiii  itroflt  of  thono  (.•oimnaiulaiitH,  osju'i'mlly  in 
tlnu*  of  wivi". 

Tlu'si'  I'oiuniamliuits  ns  woll  us  jtrivatc  traders,  wore! 
oMiifcd  to  take  out  ru'ciiwcs  from  the  a;ovi'riior  wli'u'h 
cost  from  four  to  five  liuiKhvd  livn's,  in  ordor  to  lit- 
allowod  to  carry  tlii'ir  goods  to  tlio  posts,  and  to  rliartifc 
sonu'  I'tK'cts  to  the  kinj^'s  account.  This  feature 
always  |ircscntod  a  prominent  obstacle  to  trade  and 
estaldislnnents  of  Camula,  as  tliey  were  oMiijeil  to 
take  out  these  licenses  every  time  they  wished  to  ^o 
into  the  interior  of  the  country.  The  most  distant 
posts  in  the  north  west  were  the  most  hi<:;hly  coveted, 
on  account  of  the  abundance  and  low  prices  of  peltries, 
and  the  hiijb  price  of  i^oods. 

A  third  kind  of  tratle  was  followed  by  those  traders, 
or  coiiriiirs  dc  hois,  who,  liavin<j;  laden  some  canoes  with 
merchandize,  and  halvin<:f  the  licenses,  went  to  the 
homes  of  the  nations  outside  of  the  i^ates  of  our  posts, 
where  they  awaited  the  Imlians  in  their  villages  to 
whii'h  they  followed  them,  till  tlu'ir  return  from  the 
chase,  and  came  buck  after  trading,  with  their  canoes 
laden,  at  considerable  profit.  Those  especially  who 
were  in  condition  to  purchase  goods  at  first  hand,  mude 
a  forti'.ne  very  (piickly,  but  to  do  this,  it  was  nei-essary 
to  determine  to  lead  a  most  miserable  ami  painful  lite. 
These  different  traders,  upon  their  return  to  France, 
might  show  an  amount  of  two  millions  five  hundred 
thousand  livres. 


:•■  < 


lit  I! 


m 
ijt 


:i 


>■"•       1  ;  f   II 


i '  11 


^ 


'  il 


•I  ,  J 

^1 


I'l 


b'Z  IlKMAIIKS  IIV  Tin;  ollKilNAI,  DIHTnii. 

'I'd  llie  details  here  frivcii,  .M.  I'lnicluit  liiiil  mliluil  Home  uIx-lt- 
vntii'iis  uiMiii  ilic  villus  wliicli  ('jininlii  iiiiMht  li;ivt>  lict'ii  to 
I'l'iuico  if  tlii>y  liiiii  lii'ttcr  liiinwn  its  rcstnirrfs,  ami  iiad  iiii- 
|ii'iivt'il  tilt*  ^rcat  iiilvaiita^eH  wliicli  lliu  soil  and  sitiialiuii  of  tliu 
(■oiiiitr;/  iiffereil;  but  as  tlio  nntlior  had  only  iiitroduoud  tlio 
suliJL'i't,  anil  jiroiuisod  at  sonic  time  to  rotniii  to  it,  and  to  fur- 
ther exjilain  it.  and  as  we  liavo  not  found  tiieso  iiajiers  with 
further  remarks,  we  liave  thoiiulit  |iroiier  to  supiircws  the  nH)ro 
early  and  tliereliire  nmre  su|ierticial  and  ntiKnislieil  om-.  An 
for  the  rest,  lie  advanees  nolhiiiM;  \\\  these  lint  what  the  Ahh(5 
Kaynal  has  been  and  discussed  with  care  in  his  work,  where  lie 
has  had  the  enuraiic  the  first  to  rise  ahove  the  unjust  ]irejiuliees 
which  the  iiulilic  had  ae(|uirtil  against  the  French  coloniu!* 
njion  the  continent  of  North  America;  —  ]irejudices  which 
they  were  forced  to  justify  in  the  course  of  the  Jlcmoirs 
]irinted  in  the  first  volumes  of  tin-  L))/inii^rii/is  dii  Ci/nj/iii. 
Ueeauso  the  j^overnmcnt  had  committed  faults  in  the  adminis- 
tration of  the  colony  ol'  Canada,  ou^ht  we  to  conclude  that,  it 
was  worthless,  ami  that  we  should  eoni;ratulate  ourselves  ujion 
its.  loss  ':*  iSueh,  nevertheless,  when  reduced,  are  all  the  ar;,'u- 
ments  of  our  economist;  a  member  of  the  political  sect  which 
always  takes  enthusiasm  for  rca.son,  and  who  himsell",  the  ^^lavc 
of  his  system,  nnikes  everything  yield  to  it,  and  in  doiriir  this 
spares  neither  parado.xes  nor  eniitnuliction  of  words. 


ilt     I 


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fi   /.if/'  on   /'/if// 


■  i  Ui^Ott  ti/"if  fi/f  I'l  l>/>  '  J  f  Ttytii 

i  St      tjHI.i,  U>H 

''  (ti^fiin  '*'   -Jtir    '/'f/f/tft/f 

f>  (In     i.if<:  m^ft^mir    '/nw/f   f4/  .JftiM'. 

/  (/ft    /.///irti> 

(''  CSrintf    ///,>ai//f,- 

.'>  L^iiftt/f  (I  /ii    //(/hn//(  ff/r 

If)  dJi^tt'f  'J//(i/tf/t/f' 

//  *"  Wf//,-  .  '4f-r/j,,j 


I.'  Ji  '///,in  /,,4f/ 


/.i ,  /iutt'r  no  Ciiri  /mi/' 

/f)  .  f\nftn  V  Utn/ 

ly  ^i't  n/f  <ifi.\    //yxiHOt  ' 

/,i   /.>/f(UiA  J'/iCo/.t 

/*!    l)/t.U'ttfUr^ 

.'t'  Ai/f  fi  fii  fnt.ttf 
?l    li/e  ^///nf/e^nn,t/' 

J'*^ttn(fti/      /iftX/'H' 

'J     ^<//t/r  fi  /fi  ffir/ff 

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f 


'I'lif  iii;i|i  which  M.  rouchut  has  (hMwu.  i)ciii:_MMc) 
hti'L;-!',  \Vf  havi'  Im'cii  iili|io;,.(|  to  I'l'ilurr  it,  so  that  it 
slioiiM  havi'  a  in'oiiortioiial  lonii  to  thai  in  \virnli  his 
iiifiiioirs  arc  iiriiitiMl.  Although  'lial  wiiich  uc  u'ivf 
thi'  I  ml  (lit',  has  not  |irf.-i'ivci|  the  -aiiH'  tcriitorv,  it  coiii- 
jiriscs,  howi'Vcf,  tlic  same  details,  ami  imTits  iiafticiilar 
atti'iitioii.  As  tor  tin'  rf.-!,  thr  toiiouTaphiral  ijctails 
ill  soiiir  (li'LTco  siipiily  that  whirh   \\a>  miavoidahlc  in 

tills   rt'tJUftioll.'  —  Ao^.V  ill    (h'ljilntl. 


•    m 


'  M.  I'niii  liiilV  111:111  Wii-;  i'Iil;i:i\  111  for  iln'  iciilli  miIiiiiic  i4'  llif  A-  c 
y,,r/,  ('"/I'lii.il  llm/'ii-i/.  M>'\  llir  iii:;r.i\  ill-  » ,is  linn  ,lr-lriiMM|.  ||  is 
ri|iriiihiiiil  (III  «i'inr,  inr  ilir  proiiii  nliiiini.  —  Mo. 


■VM 


;-» M 


'»  1 


T(»r(>(;UAl'lIl('.\l.  (M'.sKUVATloN; 


t 


\\\n[   \<   i  MKNT. 

M.  r.uicliot    liinl    ri«rL'<'ttcii   iii'tliiiiLT  ill  iiiipartiiiLr  ;i 


CllnW  IriiLTi'   "t    III*'  tcijii'L'Tal 


hv  i>r  N'ni'tli  Aiiuii.M.      W 


have  ti'Uii<l  ill  lii-  I'M)'!  r-,  a  uciivral  ilr.-ci'i|itii>ii  dt'  the 
(•(Hitiiiriit.    iiiii'ii-l'f.'t.    il   i-   triK'   in    *(iiim'   imint',    Init 


tiiii- 


aiHl    <' 


t    uiiu-iial    ati'iiracv    as     itLraii 


Is    Ih. 


(•dUIltrv  wlilcll    liail   It 


■11    tin'  tlicatlr  i>t    tile    lat<'     Will'. 


IIo  liail  cNtraittd  limii  that  |.ai-t  i>\'  his  work,  thi.- 
nli-iTvatidiis  \vi'  >hal!  |iri-fiit.  ami  uhii  h  -ifsr  to 
jii'ojii'liv  (.'Xiihiiii  his  iiiap.  'rin'i:rrat  <aif  with  uhi<li 
ho  hail  |iri]iai<il  it.  jUMVf-  that  the  ihv-.  ii|iticin  of 
which  we  lia\r  ^Jinkcii  wiTc  i|tiiti'  liiatfriah  ami  tin  ir- 
I'oic  Wr  haVf  thiuiirlit  it  mil-  ilutv  to  |iiihli-h  it.  We 
will  lint,  howivif.  ch  iiv.  that  in  tin-  iK'-ciiptinii  aif 
I'oiiml  (Iftailsuhirji  lio  ii(>t  I'liatr  tc>oli«.'|-\  atiou-  <lii<tl_v 
trinh  il  to    iiiakf    known    the   |irini  i|ial   i-oiimiunii  a- 


in 


timi- hrtwiiM   Canada  ami   the  Kiiu'li?>l 


1     "iMoUlf 


ami 


'  rill'  lliiril  viiluiiir  h1  till'  iiri;;jii;il  work.  \*  liii  li  Im  ^'iii-  .il  llii~  pl;u  i-, 
i-  inmlr  il|i  (il   :i  lliimlx  r  i>|    -i]i:i|:il<    -iilijc  rl«    u  |iic  li  \\  i-rr  :i|ili;irc  Iilly 

iiiitiiii«lio|  i«>a_v>  III'  tlic'  iiiiilii>r,  1  iillcrtii!  :iiii|  |iiilili»lir.l  \,\  lii«  i  liiinr 

litter  lii»  (Iralli       \Vr  llHVf  ilicliiiil  till-Ill  all  MllllIlM)'  ruiltritillliuM-  In 

till-  lii'tiiry  of  till-   |"rii"l  to  wliirli  liny   n  l:iti',  iiiiil  rii:iiii  lliiiiiin 
tin  ir  ri  -|M  ( t'lM-  nrili  r  —  Ki» 


Tiil'dCl; Ai'lIlCAl,  (iI'.SKItVATHiNS.  .).) 

to  serve  as  a  truide  to  tlinse  militaiT  men  who  miulit 
-oine  (lav  lie  eiii|ilovt'(l  in  tliat  eouiitrv.  The  aiilhor 
haxiiii:'  written  only  iVom  the  (lesei'i|itions  ot'  othei's, 
as  to  what  relates  to  the  parts  nuitli  ami  ea>t  of  ( 'anaila, 
we  eoiild  les-,  ilepenil  n|ion  iiis  aeeouiits,  and  have 
theifl'ore  -uiipi>s>ei|  them,  without  injnrv  to  his  rejiii- 
tation.      A-  tor  the  re-t,  he  hini-elf  e.)nle>-eil  that  the 

"   11  roil,  Mirhiuau  anil  Superior 

Iv     t'eelih-  l<l:oW- 


t  hake 


si/,"  ami  -liape  i> 


wej-e  not   known,  ami   that  he 


ait  on 


leiii;-e  ot'  the  enUIltrieS   sittia 


ted  to  tiie  north  and  we:>t. 


noi 


lli-we>t  ot' these  lake-,  and  inliahited  hv  the  A>sini- 


hoiie-,  the  Miin>oiii-  and  th 


the  ( 'ri-tinaux. 


MM.    d. 


a    \  eramhere 


("aiiadiaii   ollieers.    pen 


trated  into  that  eoiintrv  and  remained  ahoiit  t'orty-two 
'I'hev    Went  a-    far  as   thiee  hundred    leau;nes 


Veai's. 


We-t     lit 


Mijieiior,    and    di-eoxered 


maiiv    new 


lakes    whieh     led    one    into    an<ith<r.      I'erhaps    they 
miirlit  have  arrived  at  th-'  South  Sea,  without  meetimj; 


those  oh-taeles  whnli  oppn^^e  a 


ll  sueh  I'liternrises,  and 


rh 


I'rom  whieh  alone  we  can  derive  knowieiliri'.  1  li 
ehiet'ditlieiilties  ;ire:  Fii-t.the  want  ot' provisions  an 
t'eveiv  kind.     Second,  the  iiiipossihility  ot" 


d 


resoUlees  o 


invei-iiii:'  With  the  nati\i 


it'  the  eoiiiitrv,  whoso  laii- 


■  'A 


i  I 


M  ill- lii  Vinimlii  re  was  miiI  in  tTi'.s,  .ii  llu' ili~ir<' o 


f  the  C'liiint 


ill     M:imr|i:l-«  In    i 


li-niMT  till'   I'aiilie    ciccan 


lli>  luiiii'  Icil  Iliioiii; 


l.akr   Supiiiiir.   aiii 


llirlir.'    «(  -l\s:inl  to  I.illir  \Viniii| 


M'lr  iiiKl  up  till' 


.V-iiiil.i.in-i  ii\rr.  hill  I'll'err  lu' na.ii.  .1   lln'   H"<  K^    inoiiiilaiiis,  liis 


i:ill\  i.'1'l  1  lilailL'li'l  ill  ":'>'  " 


illi  Imliaiis  ol'iliat  ni:i"ii.  hikI  lii^  inuvey 


illa<  ki 


'riiwaiils  till-  iiiil  ill'  .luiii'  llii' 


('li>\aliii-  ilr  la  \'(  ran 


ilii  IT   aL'aiii  -1  I  "ill 


llulll    Mniilival    llliell  all   lAlinlilinn    l.i  the  S.illlll 


.N      )      !■■''.    Ill''  .  i\,'.tll.   IIHIO.    \.   I'i. 


I'.l. 


Oti 


iMirii  n.Tii:-  in  i:.\1'1.(i|iiN'.  ihk  iai:  \m.-t. 


r\iairt>  iit  a  r.Tiani 


cli-taiu'c  lu'cdiiH's  uiiiiitcIliuiliK'  even 


t,i  till'  luiliaii-  who  -«  TVi'  a-  irnnl'  >.       i 


iini.  tin'  ili-iii- 


ti'i'o.'ti'iliu'-"  raiclv  I'.'IIIkI  in  |i<  tmui-  ciiLiair"'!  i"  »'iitrr- 
l)ri-i'>  dt'  thi-  kilnl.  tli«'  lihxt  111'  wlioiii   wh.li   tln_v  liiivc 


till.'.l   tl 


u'lr   t'aiiiMS   \\  1 


til  jH'ltrit'-.  'IP  al'iiiiilaiit  iii  that 


rouiitrv.  think  only  d'  ritiirniiiLr.  Kourlli.  the  I'.iitli- 
Ir.-s  or  (iiiiriiiatiial  ;ifi-or,iit-  ot'  thf  Indian^  who  oticii 
seek  to  (h'c'(i\i'  aint  Uii-h  ad  t  ia\  rlrl'-.  -o  th;it  tin  v  may 


]iii-i'h.  ami  th>  ii  thry  can  |'il 


il;-!'  tin  ii'ctrcil-i.      It  inav 


he  (loiihth--  ho[.i(l.  that  tlu<r  oh~ta.l.'>  will  ili-ai'i'tar 

N'oith  Aiiniiia  is  xlthd. 


or  (liniini-n  m  proiioi-iion  a- 

and  till'   I'rlatioii'  IicIwith  tin'   ditlri'int    iiai'I-    ot'  the 

north  luTdiur  thm  inoir  niTc»-arv.     'rhi->  rrvolinimi 


will    I'.' 


tin'  Work  ot  thf  liii'Ttv  wiiirli  tins  \a>t    tdiiti- 


nciit    will   not  \ir   «low   ti>   enjoy,  i 
KuroiH'  ari'  ira'.i/A'd.' 


t'  thr    lioiio   ot' 


'I'll''  variola  iici-ilioii'  ill  which  M.  I'oiichot.  cap- 
tain ill  the  rci.^iniciit  o|'  jiuain  wa-  placed,  and  thr 
journeys  he  was  ohliired  to  make  ou  the  jii-iinipal  lines 
ot'  comniunicatioii  hctwccn  the  French  and  I',ni:Ti-li 
|Mis-e>>ions  in  Aiiieiicii.  l]a\e  decidi  d  him    to  i.'i\c  the 


liio-t  exact  d<tail>  ui'oii 


thi-   -uhiect    lio-.-ili 


We  >hall  -I  e  that  there  ii|c  tin- ic  iiait^  unknown  ev 


.ell 


to  liic    hiii;h-ii   111   tin'  cdimtry   I't   the    i'i\c    Ir.HjiKu-; 
nations,  and  -hall  iiotici-  the  imiiicii-c  laho|>  thcv  wcie 


'  It  Willi"- niiiciul"ri  il  ili.-it   llii«r  111!  nil. ir-  vm  ii-  piinti  <l  in   lis|, 
lirjcin-  till-  Ani' rir:in  Ki-M.luiii'ii  li;ii|  In  .a  iliciilnl  -     Kn 


MiTi(i;s  (ir  M\i's  111'  .\iii:tii  .\\ii;i;ir\. 


nliliii'id     til    Illlilcl'tilUr,    III    cnliic    cvcll    to    ihc     1' 


rciH-li 


|ins-.('-.^l()ll<. 

M.    I'nililiul    Ii;i^  Hot    attillllilcil    \n  ililail   nil   the   Iliail 


lie  lia>  iii(]ian'il.  the  |iai:s  ii 


ilialiilfil  liv  Ihc  r  iiiicli  ill 


Caiiaila,  uli'uli  mav  ln'  Idiinil  mi  dihcr  -|iri'ial  iiia|is. 
Xcitlirr  will  111'  imiicr  |iarliriilarl_v  tiic  [larls  inlialiilnl 
liv  llir  I'iiiuli-li.  uhicli   ail'  SI)  well   i:iv(ii  nii  Miiiiirl's 


iiiaji '   ami    t'>|>('i'ia 


Iv  oil  thai    of   !• 


van-    wliii'li    IS    tin 


l.rst. 


Ir   Will    oiilv  atli'iiijil    to    mark    tl 


ic    roiir-^c    of    lli( 


liriiiri|ial  nviTs  whu'li  -crvt'  a-  (■oiiiiiiiiinraliniis  to  tin' 
frontiers,  ami  llic  |iiinci|ial  |ilai'c-  wliidi  -ervc  llii'iii 
as  i'iilrr|iols. 


'■'A  iu:i|i  nl' ilir  lirili-h  :iiul  i'lriirli  I  )i  iriiiiiinii-.  in  NdTlli  Aim  lici, 

lilll    il-   mad-.,  i|i-l,Mll  l~,    lillliN,  ailil    iMrlll     ol'lllr     ^rlljrrilllll,-.        i!v 


.liiM  Mil.-ji,  II,'      I'ulili-hc.l  Vi\>.  |:;.  i; 


,  in  s  -In  ri- 


r 


If    IMa|i  nl'  Ciliaifi    lia-l     ililii  li\  r.  thai     ha-    liirli    pnlili-lir.l  is 


l|.il|l,||,->     llial     nf     \|.     DrlMr  Allrl-     ||il|l.     I',i|.|r.    all      Kll-li-ll     -rd 

L;ia|i|ii  r.    Iia>    |iiilili-liiil    "In     ill    IwMilv   -liicN    uliiili    iiii  linli-    tjic 


I  lidlc  ill'  Ndilli  All 


M.  I!i  Hill  liM-  jKiiiilril  iiiit  all  lliiir  riidi-  : 


See  111-  riiiiai'U-  - /Ii"'.  ili  /./  A'""' /'./•'/.'/,,■,,  ii.in.  V.  Allliniii:li  In' 
hail  al  hi-  i  niiiiiiaihl  llir  inlliiliun.-.  nl'  thi'  Mariiir,  hr  i- iml  hiiii-iH' 
til  !■  iif  1  rmi-  W'l'  iiia\  lilaiiir  liiiii  I'nr  li;iviiiir  ilipiiiilril  Imi  iiiinli 
ii{i<iii 

li\    Ihr  ili-l  iiMlir-  uT  rmri-ll   lia  S  i-ali  i|-,       '{'hr  Ir-rari'lli-  111'    M     Daii- 

\  illr   lia\r   liii'ii    iiiinli    iiimit  i  \ail,      Allhnii::!!    hi-    iiia|i-  nl'  Nnrlli 
Aiiiciica   Mil'  mil   iiiil'ii-l,  lli(\  -(ill    i|i-ii\c   miirli    piai-r 
III!  aiiiMiiil  111'  his  jali'ir  in  a  Iriirr  aililn--(  il  In  M.  !■' 


clmilill'ill  iili-ii\  aliiiiiMiml  nlil  liiap-.  aiiij  nl'  imt  liaviiii;-  |i|iililo 


III 


V  .I'M 

ilf-irlril  ill   Ihr     1/. 


im 


/■'■'I  rn  ,  1 


if  Man  h.  i:.'il,  |i.  I.Vl,      W  I 


annul   ill  in   to 


Mr  I  iicili  llir  llirlil  111'  tlir  ili-i  ll--iii!i  ill  hi-nialinl  .V  lllilii  a.  |iiili- 
li-hril  ill  i;."i:i.  Hi-  lilliiw  riiilliln  liiali.  M.  Mill  hi  I.  ha-  ill. m-  lillli' 
lir-iili  -  rii|i\ili.;  hi-  |i|ii  |i  (  i  — i  n-,  ill  llii'  riL;lil  -liiil-  imlili  .hii!  ill 
I  ;.").">  Mr  l'.\;iii-  hail  In  .;.in  liilnii'  him  hi-  r\ri  Hint  lii.i|i-  hv  tliu-r 
(if  I'l  iin-\  l\.i 
I  hi    Mill' 


Ilia  ami   .Nr«   .lii-i\    wlm-r    |iiihlirarnili- ilair-    liai  U  In 


;  r.i,       .\.'^  ni  ihiiiiiKtl. 


)« 


«f 


I 


."iS      Kill  Ti:s  IIK'M  (  AN  \1>\  T"  IJii;  INiil.HM  >i:  T  Tl  I  M  rMS. 

C'aiiatl;!.  iililu>Ui:li  nt'  vtrv  i:i»;it  iMint.  ha-  luii  l«\v 
(•iiiiiiiiuiiitatinii^  willi  till'  Kiil;Ti>1i  culniiio  a-;  \\i|l  l._v 
llic  r(iii"tcin-.N  III'  ill!'  iiili;iliiiiil  iiait-.  a-  mi  arrniiiit 
nl' ciiunlrii'-  lilud  uitli  nnniiitaiii-  that  arc  t'lniiiil. 

.\<iiililil:u' I"  tl"'  tll>'>t  rxait   li-r;il(lu  >.    M.   riHlillnt 

foulil    Uaiii  dt'  i>\\\\  live  |iiiiii'iiial  ruiiiiiiiinii  atimi-.  nt' 
whii  li  hf  will  'Swf  a  |iaitirul;ir  ai  roiint. 

l>t.    KiHiii    the    C.iiiaila    liuiiliii'    li_v   Wiiv    nl'    I.iikf 

('haiiiiilain. 


Ilv  tlir    KiviiSt.     I,a\\  rtlirc,   I'lolti     M(i|ilr>;il    lo 


0«\\  I'l'i'. 


ih    V>\    the    (>-\Vf::i»    \\\\\\    til    ihf    l\ii_u'li-li    \> 


>iiiii 


4lli.  l')V  l,;ikc  <  Mitai'iM  ti)  ihr  Miiuli-li  tViiiititi-,  I'V 
the  livtr  ("a-iiiiH  liiaL'tHi. 

."itli.  I*"i"iii  Niai^ara  to  the  <>lii,i.  jm.l  tVuiii  tlic  Oliin. 
til  I',  iiii-vhaiiia  aiiil  \  iiirinia. 

Iirt'nrc   (  iitiiiiiL''  U|"iii  all  '  it  I  h»  -c  i  li  t  ;ii  I -.  we  -h'Hilil 

>lirak  nt'  thr  liv«|-  St.  l.aw  l<||(  r  tVnln  il>  Ilinlltll  ill 
till'  (  illlt'  nt'  that  liallU-  Iirar  tn  (^hlrlni-.  hut  ill  a  t'nW 
Wnl'il-   lnTall-c   ihi-   part    nt'   thr    |i\(  r  In  inli:^>    tn   Iia\ill, 

I'atlni'  than  tn  lainl  n[irraiinii>. 

At   till'  flltlallrr  nl     t  lie    li  Vil'  St .    I  ,a\V  ICII.  i  ■.   at     thl«i' 


K'aLrui''  -"iith  nt'  ( ' 


IliC  lie-     Ui  I 


/li  T-,    U  <■    llllil     tl 


i«'    l.av 


(if   tia-jiL'.      It    has  an  ii|i.  iiiiiir  ot'   aimiit    lu 


n     lcaL.Mli' 


and  \vc  -cc  It  111  the  (h-taiicc    mi  account  nl    tlic  \\hil« 


snil    cut   iiitn    iiank-    wiiich   ale    iniuccii    il>   ciilialH 


ami  Cabc  ih  -  \i 


n/lcr- 


W 


c  iiiav  -alclv  aiiprnacii    tl 


liaiik  nil  the  imith  >iih'  nlthi-  cntiaiicc,  whcif  thcic  \r 


'iiii;  lii  i.r  (ir  .-r.  i.awukmi;.  fiJ) 

a    little   fock    iiiiincil    Kdiirijl.iii,   wliirli   nt    a   ili-tain'i' 
ri'-;('iiililc-i  a   liatcau    iiiiilcr  sail,  tiile    lifaiiii"-   it   awav 


li'oin  til 


(•  >iiiirt' 


vaiK'cs 


Oil  the  -nlltll  >ii|r,  wliirc  tlic|inilit  -till  ad 
iiiti)  till'  s»';i.  :iiii|  ulici-i'  the  lamls  arc  Idwcr;  tlinc  ni't' 
sdiiii-  I'diks  iiiiili'i'  wati'f  at  lall'  a  IraLiiH'  iVnin  the 
ciitrain'c,  uliicli  arc  (laiiiii'i((ii>  when  ilnir  jpIiut  i>  imt 
kill lU  II. 

'I'llcV    alwaV^     allillDl'    on      llir     linllji     -iiji'.     ;it     tllli'C 

i|iiartiTs  (if  a  lrai;iic  iiitu  lln'  hav.  in  lil'lv-tisi'  tatlnniis 
of  w  atrr,  ami   at    u'liii  >liiit  fimii  li 
rliiiiiiiiT  is  nut    Lfiioil. 


if   ~niirt'.      I  nr   an- 


lii'i'iiiisi'  till'  liotiuni  IS  sl(i|iinLr. 


At  liiiir  Ifaunrs  i'uitlii'i'  ii|i,  wliiiji  llicv  rail  ri'inni- 
illi'.  tlir  aiiclinraiic  is  \ciy  ^I'ml.  ami  tlic  lai'u'c>t  ships 
ran  ra-t  anrlmr  tin  ro  in  t\\rl\r  latlimn-  anil  tmnli 
till'  liaiik.  W'l'  ilniT  timi  ;i  platian  \ri\  [ii'ii|Hr  fur 
ImililiiiL''  a  u'immI  fiirtiliratiuii. 


It    is   ditliciilt    t.i  <j:,\    nut    of'    tlii>   1 


ia\ .  lii'i  :iu--r  one 


niii'-t  wait  fur  a  uimi   i|iiilc  fii'-li  fru?n  llic   I 


ill'   lami,  witli- 


•  Mit    w  liirli,  till'  iTi'ttiiiu' unt    is    (iaiiL^riuiis,  oii   iiiTuimt 


I't    tni'   tiiririi 


nirlltiulli  i|. 


Is   wliicli   ilrisf    ii[iun   till'    ii'iks  al 


W 


•n    \vr    lia\r   ijut    iiiit   ul'    till'    lia\,   ami 


liu\  f 


Ul-ll     tu 


ciiiiT  till'  rivir  St.  Lau  rniri',  \\i'  inav  salrU   I'ulluw  tin 


.-liurr  at    rariniH'  raiiur   m  tiirniiii 


(  'aiic  (|r>     I 


kU/ll'lS. 


.\  llliuiiiili  tlirv  -av  tlii'ir  ail'  suiiu'  >aml  liaiiks  in  tlii> 
part,  we  liavi'  iifvcr  fuuinl  tluin,  altliuiiiih  \vi'  si'airli'  li 
till'  wliuli'  ut'  (111'.'  (lay,  t>viv  every  |iart  am!  very  neai' 
the  himl. 


I 


;m         navii;.\ti'ix  "V  rin:  i.nwiii!  .-r.  i,\\m;i:n(K. 
Vi>«i'ls  wli'bli   wiiiti  r  ill   llii«  Imv.  r;iii    -c;ir.'rl_v 


Cl'lll 


1   tlu'   St.  l,;i\vi'(ii(  (■  «iiiiiiri  tliaii  tlii>-i'  wliirli  Icavi' 


Kiirii|ic  at    ;iii  cailv  I'liii 


wliuli  all'   iiuilf 


il.  lircaux'   tlir   N.    v..  u  in 


Olll'  s     l^t 


|.i-fvalciit    ill  thf  -priii'_'.  :irc   nLTiiin-t 
•ttiiii;-  lUit   ci|'   tli>'  lia\.aiiil    tlnow  u|>   llic    ice 


tlii'i'i'  ;i>  It  i'(iiin>  tliiw  II  tin'  I  ivcr. 

Till'  iiavi.'atioii  d'  tin'  ri\<i'  St.  Law  nncr.  altihiii:;li 
in  ii-tlt'  tiiir.  i-  vvt  (iitliriilt.  mile--  til.'  uiiiil-  arr  in 
till'  N.  1!..  tlic  rniir-r  nil"-!  t'avnralilf  tur  lti'Ihl:  up  tlii' 
ri\t'r.     Vi"^-  arc  \<tv  jii'i'\alrnt  mi  tlic  ri\i'i'. 

'I'liri'i'  arc  alniii-t  no  anrlii>iaL;r-  mi  tlic  -uiitli  -ii|i', 
wiiicji  i»  iiiucli  the  tiiic-t.  and   \vc  laniupt  aiichm'  until 


\vc  11 


ach  St.  Itarnal'c  nf  Hi. 


It  i-  \cr_v  priilial'lc  tliat  tlicfc  arc  i>ii  the  iH'iih  «i.lc 
iiiaiiv  iS<«n\    aiiclim';iir<*    imil   tliic    liailMir>.    luit    lliat 

>linl'C  i^  alllin-t     IlllklinW  11    til   us.   ailij     \\clia\c     init    t'cW 

soiniiliin.''^  inailc  ii_v  cliaiici'.  aiHJ  vcrv  inn'citcitiv.  W'c 
will  iiiciitimi  lor  c\aiii|ilc.  the  L'ult'  which  we  ilicail 
like  till'  Chan  l"li-.  The  I'lntrli'li  lia\e  anchmeil 
thcie.  ami  whcie  \vc  hail  thniiijhl  it  alnii>-t  iiiipa-'-ilili- 
thev  toiiiul  a  |ia--a'_''e  nine  Inii'ilrcil  tuincs  wide. 

\\..,,,.|»  ut'  a  IiIIImIiciI  '_Min>.  have  l;'<'Ii#  thi-mii:li  the 
I'liaiiiiei  Miiil,  (ifihc  l-h' 111  (  irleaii-.  where  the  hii';:c«t 
t'riij;atc-  have  al-n  jia-ied  ;  and  tin'  lari:e«t  nieichaiit 
shi|i>  have  i^mic  up  a-  liir  a-  In  the  fapid  iicj.iw  Mmit- 
leal.     'rhi>   i:-  eiimi:.di  to   show  how    little   the  -hores 


of  tlii<  river   weic    k 


iiown,  a~   tiic-e   ini»takc'   in  oiij- 


kiiowlcdLfc  wci'i'  ill  the  iiiii-l  t'rei|iic|itcd  ph 


M.  I'oiichot  iciiiarked.  that    the  |-|e  aii\  ( 


l\    I    ollilrer-    1- 


I'l.Ai  i;s  .-I  riAi;i.i:  ini;  i.i:ii:.\ri: 


(51 


Will  lMi;ilri|  lul'  ill  rilKT  ilu'ilill-t  \i--('U  U'ltili^'  i||i,  liy 
phlfiliu-  liMttflic^  U|iii||  lllO  rllllilMilli;'  Itilllks  <HijHi>i|i' 
llic   IlilllciW  !■•<;    |ililrc. 

r>V  llN"   |il;irillL;-   I  i;it  tcl'ic-  of    licaVV   lilllis   M|>i<||     (';i|ii' 

'I'l'ili  iiii'iK',  that  jioiiit  wiiiild  aloiH'  \>k-  .-iitli<'it.'iil  to  >tii|i 

Vl'SScN,  a>  till-  rlllTtlit  I'lMi'tS  tllilll  til  |ia>--  Vrl'V  lirai". 
'I'lli'V  riUllil  lint,  lii>\Vi'\rr,  >|i)l)  llirfr  to  liatlil'  tlir  J'lari' 
(•II     ariiilllll     i>\'    this   MI'V   cllllrlll.    wliilhiT     ihf  tiili'   In- 

niiiniiiu''  Mp  111'  (hiwii,  ami  tlnv  wnuhl  niii  a  unat  li^k 


i|'  iniuiT  oil  the  |ias>a; 


III-  liiaic 


<\     lis    I  Ill-It  lull 


iiii;,'ht    lie   iiiaih'   \  i  iv  ri'-|nitalih',  hiiiiL:'  ii|i«iii  ii  li'mli 
rmk,  Miii'i'i'ly  ailiniiliiii:'  ul  a  himiin^"  in  its  i'ii\  irmis. 
'I'lir  |ii)-itiiiii  ul'   (^Mirlii'c  is   vi'iy  tinr,  and    like  tliat 


if  N 


(it  .Naiiiiir, 


It 


Is    l'\fll 


hctti 


r,  hilt  till'  i'lii'tiliratiiiiis  art' 


\riT  iniMilv  laid  I'lit   iu-  I'l'Liai'ils  huatiiiii,  and  its  raii^i 


(if  ciiiiiiiiaiid  IS  iiaiiiiw. 


'I'hc  Krt'iirli  M'tthiiiciits  lii'L;-iii  at  ('a|u'  Mmira-ka, 
and  fxlriid  withinit  intiTrii|itiiiii  to  (^tiichcc.  Tlio 
villaircs  arc  thicf  h'ai.'iif-  a]iart  iVma  rcnti't'  to  ri'iitn-. 


Ni 


I  villa','''-    ill 


Canada  arc  di'lriidrd,  and  thr    hmi- 


arc  all  twu  ar|i»'iits  apart.  This  i- all  \vi' t'aii  say  of 
till'  iiiit'riiir  111'  th.'  iniiiitry.  to  hriiii^  us  to  cuuntrirs 
K-s  known  and  to  tin-  troiiticrs. 


pk 


I  • 


■i 


Sl    'i 


■^ 


t'J 


CIIAI'TKU   I. 


i)y  TiiK  rimsinit  iiv  W.w  ni    \.\ut   Cii  \mii,ain. 


Tlnrt'  ;ii"i'  two  iDiilt'-'.  iVi'iii  llif  •-fttlciin'iit-i  (>1"(  'aii;iilii 
t'l  I.;ikr  ("li;iiiiiil;iiii  ;  oiu'  I'V  the  llivrf  Smcl.  wliirli  i> 
its  nutlet  into  the  St.  I  ,au  rtiicr.  ami  tlu'  otln-r  i-  tlial 
liv  iio--iii.'    at    Moiiinal  to    l,a  I'l.iiric.  ami  Lroini.^  l.v 


ami  to  CliaiiiliU  or   M. 


.lolill.       'I'lli'  St.     I. 


lu  inii  1'  i> 


tlii'i'f  KaLTUt'- '  wiilr  lutw  i(  II  .Moiitii  al  ami  I. a  I'laiiif, 
a  villairc  (>|iiio>itc.  From  l-a  I'lairif  to  St.  .lolm.  it  i?. 
tlirci'  K'aLTiifs." 

At  tliiTc  ciiiartir-  ot'  a  Icairnf  tVom   llii^  \illa','r.  wo 
til    liaiiU-    tuciitv  tc'it    a|iart.  ami 


iiaiiH'.  w  lihh  \s  (• 


]ia>>  a  little   ri\  >  r  \vi 

lu'Volltl  lllis  we  col  lie  to  tli.'  dldUlH  cj  | 

iiaiiH'  >'/ia/(/" >.  at    tlii-  |ilaic  a  Irairui'  wiilo.      Wr  -ink 

into  the  iiunl  ami  water  kmc  ilrcii.  Init  lulow  tlii>  thr 

lioitoni  i-i  ifood.     'Plie  rr-t   ot'  tlu'Way  to   St.  .ImIhi.  i> 

tliroUL'li  tlic  \\oim1-  lull  di'  -|irinL''«.  uliiili    ninlcr  tin- 

roail  alnio-t  impa- -alile  if  not  kejit  in  icpair. 

This  s'lrnniii  nii^ilit  lie  (Iraiiiiil  at  a  tiiall  lApcn-c  it' 
a  :«ri,i:lit  currtnt  \va<  Lrivcn  to  tlie  watir-ot'  tlir  ri\rr 
of  St.  Tilt  iv-c.  ami  in  the  Sorrl.  Th.'  r.iail  ilii'ou'jli 
tliu  woods  would  ho  iiujuovid  liv  tiic  .-aiur  Work. 


Tin  'li-tMin  1   in  !iii  air  liin   i-  Imir  inili  ~  uti<l  a  hall   -  V. 
KiOci  M  mill  -  —  r.ii 


Tin;  N  \vi<;  \Tin\  or  Tin:  soiiiii., 


It  i-  lliirtv  li'ji'nii's  '  IVuim    MniJlii'iil  |i>  St.  .Iiphii  !iv 


Wiilir. 


W 


(•    n't  I   ( 


liiwn  the  St.  Law  Hint' iillit'ii  I.  ai^iic 


tu   ."-^Mlil    at    till'  Ilinlllli    (>t     tlir    ||\-.|'  (irt|ll>    lialllf.        It    IS 

a>  lafiTr  a-i  the  Satiiir  inai'  Lyiiii^,  aii<l  (lct|M'r  wImh 
its  watrr-  an'  IiIltIi  in  ilif  >|ii'iiii:'  liiiK'.  'I'ln'  <'iii'i<'iit 
\^  rapiij.  r>aik>  cMiiiiiiir  tV«iiii  tin'  St.  Law  I'fiicf  rmi 
i^ct  ii|i  as  I'ar  a^  tin'   l>a-iii  oj'   Ciiaiiililv .'     'I'lif  i;i'iiri'al 


lirrclldll   (i|      lis   ciMir-.i'    I 


^  N.  N.  W..  ami  iN   1 


uihI-'  ai'i' 


I  ijHailtT  <ii 


all    i>\    a  li'a'_^iic 


Ipai't.        It    lirliils  coll- 


sidi  ralily  I'diii'  Icairm'-  IV'Mii  (  liaiiilil  v,'  wIhit  it  riiii- 
a  little  iiiitrc  to  tin'  N.  K..  aihl  in  this  IhikI  i>  tin 
j^i'catf't  1  iirii'iit. 

I{r\(iiii|  ('liaiiililv  is   a   ra|iiil  ot    two   leaLfUt's.  alinvf 


w  lu- 


ll to  till'   little  villaL'i'   of  Saute  'I'lieii  -e,  the  lis'er 


IS  iiMlti'   \'  I'le.  a 


ml  lull   o|   lar^c  'tom 


ll     l>    lieees- 


sai'V  tc)  lie  tliele  Well  e'uii  h  1 1,  Si  i  as  111  it  to  strike  the 
liateaiix  uiioii  I'mI;^.  Ahove  .*>aiiite  Thefese,  they  t;'o 
ii|i  liv  |iolini;  to   St.  .lohii    with   eiiipty  hateaiix."     The 


>«  I 


'  Aliiiiii  cmi'  liiiriilnil  iiilli-       l".i', 

•'  l"nrt\  «i\  mill-       I'.ii. 

'Tlicp- i>  ni>\\  ;i1.mU.'iI  SI.  ( »iir^.  -  Ki>. 

•  CImiiiIiU   \v:i-   .1  l.iililii  ll   |iiiiiil    I'll    llii'   Siiiil.     'rill    l"ll.M    >loMi' 


.lru<  liirr,  -hiiiiU  Ml  111-   liMil  el  till'  ni|ii'l-.  ;iii 


Mil  Ml  llir  lii'Mil  III'  iiM\  i::;i 


rpiiii  ilii    Si    I„i\\  nnii'. 


Il  N\M>  liiiili   in  llii'  luMiliiliiiiiMrv  wmi' 


ll  i>   still    ill    M   ^iMlr  llllAClllllll    |>ll-l  l\Mliii|l 


Nil«    -linin    Ullllil  ll\    M   IMIIM 


llnlll   Si     .lellM    III  (    llMlnlll\  l!l>. 


»l    .liilni    i<  M 


I     III!     ll  ml   III'    sIl'MlllllilMl     MM\  iL.'Mliilll   mi     [.mUi'  (   llMIII 


IWII.    IMP    >11UI' 


|ii.iiii.  Mini  liM- Mh\M>>  tin  II    111  ini|"iilMiil   iViinliii-  I- 
111,   rcMiliiiiiiii      A   Hull-  Hiiiili  III  ilie   \illM;re  ili«ni-.ii   niiliiMn  is- 
Miiisiiii  i"  Ki  jii.     Till'  riMi' i>  liriik'.iil  »t    Si. 

.1-  iillMlIll  IllMl   IllMlk  llli'  -ille  "I  till'  Mlllirlll  liiriili- 


iiilili<linirnl   wliiii 
.l.iliti      Till'  iinMii 


rMlimi-  Mil'  111 


llli    III M-  liMiU  111     lllr    |i 


illl     inililMIA    \MilU-        Till 


t    t, 


H\ 


•  i;     I  i| 


=t 


Ml 


t'.l 


IT.  I'liiN  :  Till   i-i  i:  \i  \  N"i\. 


|ii>llil;:<'  i>.  llllrr    It'ilirHf-  '   tVulll   >I.    .I.'llll    to     ( 'liiltlll'lv  . 

Kiwiii  tlirii.r  ti>  till'  I.iIm'.  the  ri\t  r  i^  niucli  laiir«  i'  ;iii'l 
.-tilUr,  ;iii<l  i|'  1  |p  iii«iii;;li  tor  liiii;«'  vi  -«il<. 

'I'lif  liiMil  iiliiii::'  till-  livi  T  i-  \tv\  u-...„|,  ami  almvc 
St.  .lolili  it  WdllM  lie  r\i',  II.  lit  it  cllltisatcil.  It  i-.  a 
|(i\\  tiiiiiitrv  lull  "I  -iiiiii::-.  uli'bli  |iii.-f  tlnTii-ilvi  •.  ill 
i.'ii  at  watii-:  ami  a  pari  i-  rovcicd  aliun-t  tlic  ulinh- 
viar.  TIk  -!■  >|ii  liii;-  make  the  ri\  w  ijitli.iilt  |.>  Intv.f, 
alni  till'  ill'  i-  a!\\av»  |ii'iir. 

At     li\('     Icau'lK-'    aliii\r     St.    .I.ilili,    \\r    inliir     ti>     lllf 

l-lc  aiix  N"i\.  ulii.il  til.'  Ki'.'ii.  Ii  jni'titi.  .1  ill  IT.'.'.'.' 
Till'  riv.r  i-  a  -iiii«li..t  w  iilc  ail  ar.iuml  tlii-  i-laii-i.  aii.| 
lllf  lainl  ainl  \v.i...i«  in  it-  tiiviri.ii>  ai'i'  ov  trtluu  i  .1  at 
ica-t  tu.i  tf.  t  uli.'ii  til.'  uati  r- ar.'  |.i\v.  We  cl.i-.il 
til.'  riv.r  ill  r.'  l._\  a  r.iw  nt'  pilr-  .1.  tni.l.  .1  l.v  tli.' 
iiitr.'ii.'liiii.'iil-  .HI  til.'  i'laini.  'I'lii-  \va-  tin'  -.iilv  ]M.>t 
I'ai'ai'lf  lit'  .'KVi'iiiiLT  til.'  ciliiiiv.  \\\,,u  .hi..'  the  ciiiinv 


wa-   iiia-tt'i'  iif  St.    !• 


r<'l''i  I'-.      I  lii'V    I  luiiii    turn    tlu- 


pla.'.'  ii_v  im  i.tlnr  u  a_\ .  imi'  ..iiil.!  tli.'v  luiiii:  tin  ir  arlil- 
l.'i'y  li_v  laml.      \l.  I'milIi..!.  in  L.'iiiiiu'  i|..u  n  I.>  ( 'aiillnii 


111 


1T.>.  lia.l  III. int. -.1  ..lit  tl 


|.ii-iti.>ii  t.i  tl,.'  ( 'li.'\al 


II  r 


.|.'  I,.'\i>.      It  r.iiilij   a.'i  iiiiiin.i.lati'   tw.inr  tliiii-   tiii.ii- 
>aiHl  III.  II  in  la-i'  t>\'  iii'..!. 

l.Miilili.-  iiii«-.— .  I  \ti';i..|iliiiHr.\    lii-t.i|ii  :il   iiii.  ri-l   fr .miiN  tlmi 

wi  r.' ..riiiii  r ...  I  iirr.ii. .  iliaii  iIi.im- .Ii'm  riln-.l  li\  llir  milli..i'       I'.n. 

'•  Tui  h.  mil.  ~    -  i;i>. 

'  Kl.  \.  II  mil.  -       I'.ii 

'Til.   M.  ;iu\  N.ii\.  liir.iiii.  nil   im|...ii:iiii  |„,iiii  in  ii„.  Aiii.rii-iiii 

It.   \M|lHi.l|l,    mill     li:i-    I  Ml-     -illl.       I...I1     <i..l||lii     I      In     III,      Ulili,},.   :,,    ;| 


ilii.in  i..i«i      'I'll.-   w..ik-  i.i\ 


.r  ii.iirlv  lllf  uli.ili-  i-|:iiMl,  .111.1 


.piii.'  r.-iM.  lalili'  ill  piiiiii  lit  Mr.  ii,i.'iii.    Iin.iiiaiii.  alMnit  x")  an.-.     Kn 


:>  Jir 


!' 


II 


NAVIiiMiMN   III    I.VKi:  (  IIAMI'I.AIN. 


A  It'iiLTHf  iiliovf.  We  tiiul  -I'Vcinl  i'liiml- cnvcicd  uiili 
rutin's.'  lull  ihc  rliaiiiii'l  i-i  iilwavn  l"*'"!  I<'r  li;iii|iiis. 
I. a  Prairie  :\  ItnsliiMi  ami  I'Dintc  an  Mniilin  Koiicaiit, 
nil-  tlir  only  ijiy  |ilaif^  wlnr.'  cainii-.  iniilij  lie  IdiiihiI 
(•oiivfiiiihllv . 

Wlnii  uc  ciit.T  l,al<f  ("liaiii|il;nii  in  a  Iiat<  aii,  Wf 
takr  tin-  ritrlit  to  ij-ain  roiht  an  l'\  i\-' ami  t'nmi   llnrnc 

to    l'«iillt    Skt'MiilnliiM,'    I'rolil     W  llclHC     uc     c  Iuh,    to  tin' 

N'ali'iiiiit  i'laml-.      \Vr  may    tnlliiw    tlir  \v,  s|  -.idc,  luit 

it  i-  viry  ■<iiiiii'ii-<.  ami  wc  Insc  nioii'  than  tun  Ifairnir*. 

A  littlf  altovr  till'    \'ali(inrt    l^laml-  nn   ilii^   »i(lc  is 

tin-  iJiviT  An  SaMc      W'r  mav  lam!  i\  iivw  licif  mi  tlu- 


lii>t  \'alr(Mii't  i-laml.'  ami  in  tl 


ll. 


K     -I  (■( iiii|  t lit'i'i'  ai'i'  si 


\'i'ral  tim-  liai'lMii'>  mi  t  lie  hjh'i 


I    -\<\<-    UrII  -.llclliTiil 


tlir^r  (jitft  T.iil  iick^  imiic  than  tuu  hnmliril  hairaux 
liiiirht  lie  iilactil.  Tin-  rot  nl' ihr  "Iidi'cs  oT  tlii>  i«laml 
art'  -tfcii  iiick'. 

Kmir  haLTuc-i  almvi'.  i^  a  kind  of  I'mky  i  a|>r.'  witli 
a  liltlt'  hay.  ulitic  tun  nv  thici'  haliaiix  miirlit  timl 
slnltir  in  hail  weather. 

<>|i|"i-ite.    is    the    l>|e    an    ('lia]>nii."   a  little   liodk  nl" 


:f  I 


■A-.!!   M:iM<l.  I|..<|>il;il  M:llia,  iVr  Kli. 

'M'niiit  nil  Fir  i>  ill  ('ii:iiii|il:ilM.  (liiituii  ('■>..  N.  V,  en  llii- iioril 
>ii|i'  III   till'  liioiilli  III'  ('|i:i/\     |(i\ii'      -  I'.li 

'Niiw  (  iimliiihiiiil   111. 111.     ll  \\;i^  ~iiiiirliiiii-  «  liltiii  Si|iirNinliiii 
or  Siiiiilliillliill        1 1  i-  ililiMii  rinlllllir  Miili;i\\  1%  WiMil  0'/v/i.«.'./;,.»-,i^«i 

11  ilr.T.  —  ■/>.  .1'"    .1/1^/'/.  >"'• .  ii,  :ilit .   .\     )    '  •'   III-' .  \,  l**".  —  Ki>. 
M'riili  Nliuiil  —  I'.ii 
'  Nrar  I'lirl  Kiiil    -  Ki> 
•SiliiivUr  Ulan. I.  —  Ki>. 


lit) 


\  \\  \>,  \l  I'i\    III     I.  \Ki:  1  II  will    M\. 


land  oil  the  ii]i|u  r  -\>\f  d'  wliidi  \vr  iiiav  verv  coii- 
Viiiiiiitlv  laiiil.  aiul  ln'M  liatcaiix  in  -Ik  Iti  r.  All 
aiMiiii'l  lln-  ii-tnt'ilii-  i-laml  air  onlx  LT'-al  link-, 
wliiili  wi'iiM  li"\\(\(r  atliiril  -lultcr  tVniii  ilir  uiml. 
Tlii-  r,i|.i  I  lia\i'  111!  iiti.'iK'il  I<  Tiuinali  -  tln'  l"ii!,'i-l 
liKMiiiIaiii-  ill  llii-  i|Uarli'r. 

Kr. 'Ill  \\iv  l-\'-  ail  <  'hai"'ii,  \\r  is<>  t"  lli.'  Tnini  ni  tin- 

l-lc-   lie-     (  >lia;ir.\Tlil-.     alnl     ill     li  lie   U  «  a  1 1 1>  T    Wf     iiiav 


■rii«-   III    III,-,-    i-hin 


III    l7-"i''.    tirii.ial    Aiiilin-t 


w  l-liiii:,'   III   alia. 


ill''     \-\<-    aiiN     Ni 


1  '..    liillir     w  nil    a 


(li'IailiiiKliI  "I    ti\r  IT  -i\  ill  iii-aiiil  ii:iii  I"  <  iHaiiil'uli 
llii-   |"'iiil,    !ait    \\a-    -Iiii.k  li\    a  N.   W.    wiihI    wliiili 


hrhl    ll\  1'   iT  -:\  il.lN  -.   Ii\    W  hlrll 


lie  l.i-i  a  i|i>/(ii  liahaiix. 


Thr   ImiI    >r.l-iill    lln  II    In  -ilillihi:   I'nlricl    llilll    Ii>   lillini 


W 


I'  iiia\  (in  aiiiii  iK'ar  a  n 


Mr    \\  llilll   i-  at    ill''  In  ail 


i|   a  lia\    In  ar 


>|i;il    kn.k.    l"   ll 


ir   -iiiitli.      I  111*   n\  •  r 


laki  -  ll>  llM'  Inal    l,al\i    >t.  >ai  lalin  lil.  ainl  -"Iiir  In'-- 
lili    |.,irlii'«  iia\i'  im  r.i-.i.iii;ill_\   taki'ii  tiii-  iihiIc  u>  rcaili 


iki-  ( 'liaiui'laiii. ' 

I'.. 'N. Mill  >|.|il    Um  k.   III.-    1, 


ikf  n  -i  iiii'U  «  a  ri\  i  r.  ami 


tin'  -iirKuiiiiHii^-  iin>iiiilaiii»    iiiaki-  a  \<  i\   tiin'  lia-iii  a- 


Tlii- !• -iiii  i- ill  ihi  iiiw  II  III  \\  ilMMirniii;li    r.--i  \  t 


iiiu  .  N    \' 


:illi|  I'l  111  l!;i\   lAli  li'l-  ilji  lirlilinl  it       Tlii     M.m.U  ;ili    iim\  i  :illi'l  '.lie- 

F..in- lin.ili:  1-       i;n 

•  'I'lir   «  n  <  k-  I'l    llii  -I    Im,:i|.  iii:n    -I  ill  III    «i  t  II   1 1  lull  r  Willi  1  1 .11 

I  III    riM  I  :iii-'.M  liiij    iii:iii«l    ti.   lln-   .li -i  rijilinii    i-   I'n    |!iiiii|iii  i 
l!n  Mill  iiiiiiilii  I'l  ilii-  -in  ;iiii  I-  -i.iiH   null  -  iii'iili  I.!  >|i|ii  liiM  U 

<iiM,    '    ItiiiL'ii.Mii  -  iiriin    Liiiili  illirri   in  till'  -iiiiiiiii  I  I'l    \',',1    v\  In  ii 
nil  111-  ili-:i-lrnii.  I  :iiii|i:iil:ii  tint  Ii  riiiill:ili  i|  ill  -urn  li'li  l     a  S;ii  :ili.i;;i 

ri'olii  lln    \.i|!i  ;,   111   llii-    riM  I  I,,  ||i;ii  III    III,    >,  1,1 1    :i  linilii  :i  ,'1    III, 

l|ii'l-"li,  il   li;i-  111  1  II  ll  1  1  lillv   |i|ii|i..-i  i|  111  liiillij  :i  r.iilrii.nl         lln 


!    f 


i>i:i  i;N(  i:-  i>\-  -t.  i  i;i;i'i:i;ir 


l;l|-  H>  111  M.    1'  ii'il'Th'.        I  lie    \V(>t    -Icli'i-.    \ry\     liu'llll- 
tililhiil-..        All   ill^|iirtiiPli   III'    ||||.   Iii;||i   will    i,^i\c  ;i    licllcr 


ilcii  dl    iIk'    I'oiiiil  IN'    tliaii    :iii\ 


■npl 


Iclll. 


On     ih 


(•;l>l    -i'lr.   I 
rllc;illl|'illL:\ 


it'll'  ai'i'  111  Ihi-^  i<  lihiii  SI  \cral  tiiir  !iii\>  li 


W 


r.inl\'  rcillnw  ilic  ra-t  -hli'  i<\'  llii'  laUr   rillii'i'  in 


iiiir  n|i  III'  iliiw  n.  ami  \\r  ^ImhiM  rmiaik  liial  in  li'uiii; 


il'iNv  n.  w  I'  >lniii 


111   kt'ih   III   iIh'   lilt    Ml'    w  r-t    -ill 


tin-  li-k  I  r  u-ittiiiLf  int"  \li-~i-kiiiii 


ii    I'.av.      T 


I',  iir  run 


II'  haiiK^ 


Laki'    ( 'liaiiijilain    air    'j-nai     iiniiilial'ili'il     I'laiii-, 
III'  -nil  i-  M'l'x   ^-iiml  III  iiijiivaii'.  ami  tlir  timliiT  liiu' 


n-  III    St.    !'  riiliiic    w  t'l'i' 


ami  |irii|irr  I'nr  -liip  liiiilijiiii:'. 
Hi  liiii'  llii'   war.  till'    iii\  ii'i 
iiihaliili'il.      'I'lii-    I'lil.   Imill    a-    wt    inav  -ic    I'luiii    llii' 

Ilia|i,     nil     a     ]ii    II  Ml-llla.     \Va-     a     rrilnlllil     nf    llia-ulllA.     In 

wliidi    wa''    a'I'Iril    a  wall  nl    -Iniii'    williniit    tcriaiinu'. 


iiiiiiiiiii1iiil;'   wall  wa-  iiinr<'    ilian    two  Inl  tliii 


M.  ill'  I  ><iuiiaiiia<|iii 


lew      III 


llii-  \'>>\-t  in    IT.".'.',  w  I 


1(11 


111'  I'l'll  liaik  iVi'iii  ( '.iiillmi  I'l  llii'  i-li'  aii\   N'nix. 

Till'  i'liii^ii-li  lia\<'  I'uill  ijiiili'  a  liiil  llii'i't'.  ii|iiiii  a 
-|iiil  wIhIi'  a  wiminiill  -IimhI.  |i  i-  a  |ii'nlaL;iiii.  aimiil 
i'i^'lii>  or  a  liumlnil  Ini-i'-  ainiiml,  ami  Imill  ciiiii-i'ly 
orwcii.il.  Till'  pii'i'i'-  III' till'  i'i'\i'liii('nl  mi  llic  iMii-iilc 
jn'i'  I  hill'    In  I    -i|iiari'.    Iiiiiinl   in    I'V    luail-  nl    liinlni' 


Wii 


rk.  lilli'i!  with  I'arlli,  aii'l  -iirriHimliil  li\  a  l;iiiii|  I'lw- 


I'linii    -nini'    -inal!    rnrk-  in  llir   \i<inilv,  llicv    liavc 
liiiilt  -i'\  iial  I'ciliiii'iN  nr  iiliii'k  liiMi-i-.  al'liT  til"'  >v-l«'iii 


.\l; 


i-lial   >a\«' 
il  I 


I" 


iMi'k-  Inrni  a    kimi  nl   nrr 


irniiml  III"'  nia'i' 


Till'  hi^lu'-l    iiia\    1m'  ihiiU    I't'i'l  in 


I 


C8 


TIIK  SIInUKS  OF  I.\Ki:  .  IIWII'IMN. 


i>It'v;itiiiii.    mill    tlicv    tall    awav    with   a    >]<<]«'    tn    the 
cniintiv  a'' mnd  with  virv  litlK'  ^I'il  11)11111  tin  in. 

The  interval  truiii  tlu'  lia,\  '  t"  tlu'  river  i-  cld-cd 
liv  lildik  liousis  a  liuiiiliTil  tniscs  a|iarl,  w  itli  a  wninl.M 
iiitri'iuliiiHiit     liitwccii     tliiiii.     Till-    I'tnl    i>     iiiin  li 

lultrl-    1,1.  Mild     I'.ir    llir     I'lllLrli-ll    than     tm-    thr     Klrlli!l 


('1  i|i iiiii'«,  I 


HI    airniiiit    <i|'  ill"'  tiillifiiltv    uhiili    tr, 


Wdiild  liii'l  ill  thrnuiiii:  up  earth  tn  .ovri  an  attack. 


Wii  U'airii<>  aliiiVf  ^t.    r  ndirie,  ainl   on  the  saim 


«i(h'  1' thi'  ri\  el  a  la  l>arlii|e.-  It  ha- a  -amiv  IihIImiu 
ami  t'uiir  tret  nt'  water  at  InWf-i.  m-  at  h  a>t  >e\<ii  in 
the  >|iriiiL:.  Ii-  hrd  i-  all  eiiNeiid  witli  rii»iie>,  :ind 
veiA  thieklv  hmderi d  hv  willi.w -.  Ii  ha-n<i\ri\  plain 
ehaiiiiel  a-  We  can  tind.      'I'iie  liieatlth  uf  the  -treaiii  is 

a   iT'llI  >lliit.       The  hank  IIMIIi  ."-^t.    I''|ede|'ie  is  ;diiillt   liirtV 

teit  ahn\e  the  wal«r  aii<l  veiv  iinilurni.  and  the  ud.ids 
thin  and  \iv\    ii|ien. 

In  LTiiini;- a  leairue  ii].  thi-  ri\er,  "H  the -an 


le  -Hie.  Ue 


meet  a  verv  hiLdi  and  -t 


eep   innlintain.         I  he  eiilH>e   iif 


thi>  ri\er  i-  eiitiielv  all  mil:.'-  ihe-e  nil  iiin  lain-,  and  i|iiit. 
iIll|la^^illle  Im-  an  ariiiv.      It-    ien^rii 


leai'lle-. 

On    tl 


1     I-  -eVeli   i>V  elLlIlt 


i|iii-ite  -h.iir  i,  ii  tiiiiL'iie  lit'  land,  and   th 


nKHIIitain-    .nine    diiwn     tn    the    lake.       l^»iiit 
army  eniild  eni;ini]i  tin  re. 


e    a    laiL'e 


Tl 


!«■  liver  ui  Cidilliin  at  tl 


ii>  plaee  i-  lint  ni'He  than 


'llilh\;iL'l.M  I'.iV     -Kl. 

'  I'miiiiurn  Cm  k.  —  Kn 


n 


^ 


/  ItHI  CMtUI>L«IM  «i.     /•../.r{«»  »        ' 


!•  A  H   T 


•^ 

i.*> 


fi(Cy   «  '*     *m,*^/f^  ifi^  ft^^*^  ^** 


^t,,A*-K'    f4*  m-mi    ,;     W»Bi«.  K»««p.,, 
V. ,., . .  y-    <••../     '  /^u  Moovr  DnnmnM    -0 
'/  rt  «#.4  *•*•/  y^.-  i*^d/  w^>^  t*-4*A  /' 

«...    4.  /^  /4fn  /yMt    AtA/f    /*///»  ^ 

A^mr.,f/k<,  Ii4"  -r       ■/         'MtfutAy   tu 


s 


saltirf. 


"",      I'"       I     11 II  '  nfif  iiiiii|i>  "III  ttiiwuM  .1      1 1  II        inTtHjn  '  * 


iikCliOBaGKAi»tiir4i  %f4»    ... 


Xn^Kni  *.  *n.«»i  tif  .1<4!»  •  i3»«r .ilijiutf .  "     -jJ 


wtmk 


w  n  I 


iff 


i 
11 


'ii? 


5    i 


ill 


i 


u 


V 


// 

.    .      —  ■*  i^  *i  .      ■.   -  rv\\\  M'  ■ 


w 


!^ 


UEKEN'CES  OF  CAUIIJ.oN. 


69 


'IP 


II  j,'uii  nhot  ill  widtli,  jiiid  it  is  the  imrrowcHt  placo 
botwt'cii  St.  Frcilorir  ami  ('aiilloii.  This  post  could 
not  lit'  tiiriifd  to  cover  St.  Krodcric.  IJy  its  rear,  it 
woiihl  hiive  coinmmiiciitinii  witli  that  fort.  It  lius  ii 
cove  or  hay  \vhi<h  makes  up  from  towards  St.  Frederic, 
where  hateaii.\  could  eoiiie  without  liciiit;  seen. 

Some  hatteries  |ilaced  at  tlie  aiiifh-  of  the  o[teiiiii<r  [ 
have  descrihed,  would  swim'|i  the  river  of  ('ariHon  us 
far  as  to  the  iteninsula.  Above,  occurs  tlic  best 
jiosilioii  I'oiiiid  in  the  whole  course  of  this  river  to 
liiH'Veiit  the  passage  of  Lake  (Jhamplain.  iiartre  ves- 
sels can  tc<i  up  as  far  as  C'arilloii,  and  bateaux  come  up 
under  the  FalKs. 

Tiie  Knirlish  have  built  a  road  by  land  from  the  Falls 
to  St.  Fnderic,  over  which  they  could  take  cannon. 
They  have  also  made  a  rtiad  from  ("arillon  to  a  fort 
called  Niimbor  Four,"  on  the  (.'onnecticut.  It  is  thirty- 
tive  leatjues  loiii;,  and  rcipiircs  four  days  to  travel  it. 
The  militia,  returning  to  New  F.i,i;laiid  from  their 
cam|)  near  St.  Frederic  in  17')!',  took  this  road,  and 
duriiiij  the  suniiiu'r  they  drove  by  this  route  the  cattle 
from  thost!  provinces,  sent  for  the  use  of  the  army. 

The  fort  of  Carillon'  is  a  scpiare  oi'  forty-five  toises 
on  a  side  externally,  and  is  built  piece  upon  piece  of 
timber,  fourteen  or  tifteeii  inches  scpiare.  The  jiara- 
putH  are  twelve  feet  thick,  tilled  with  earth  and  broken 

'.Niiw  Chiirlcstown,  Siilliviin  ('i)iiiily,  N.  II.—  Kd, 
'^In  Kiii;li>*li    TicoiuUroya,  ami  in    liuliiiii    Teaontwoijtn. —  Xok  in 
Dri'jinal. 


i 


,  / 


70 


lU.I'KNt'KS  01-  (AUn.I.oN. 


stoiii'  IVoni  till'  tlclnis  of  till'  iiKiiiiitaiii.  Its  cxtorlor 
works  arc  a  lU'iiii-luiii'  liii'lnn-  tin-  iiiiirli'  of  tin'  liill,  a 
fosso  of  five  or  six  toisos  wiili',  with  its  loviTid  way 
and  a  irluris  in  tin'  ivar  of  tin'  fort,  at  tin*  t-nil  of  tin' 
liiiiil".  It  has  also  a  rt'tlmilit,  wliirli  roniniainls  thi' 
watiT. 

This  fort  is  Imilt  iiiion  a  nn'k  vfrv  storp  almost  ail 
aioninl.  Tin'  sidi'  nn)st  I'Xposi'd  is  i-oninumdi'il  li.v  a 
hi'iuiht  whrif  an  introni'hnii'nl  is  Imilt,  Iniii'  hundird 
toisoH  distant.  Around  this  plact'.  npon  the  front  I 
hast'  di'scrihud,  tlirrr  is  no  I'arth  for  opining  trfnchrs, 
bcraiisi'  it  has  all  \>vvn  takt-n  off  to  form  thr  i;la<is. 

I5y  oi'i'npviniT  tin'  hfiu'lit  of  the  intri'm'hnu'nt,  ami 
opi'ninir  tri'nrhi-'s  on  thi'  tlats  h\  tho  riviT,  oni'  iniijht 
attack  with  sin'ioss,  as  thrri'  rarth  lonld  hi'  fonnd  to 
rovi'r ;  and  from  Diannmil  roiiit.'  it  is  \i-v\  i'as\  to 
hatti'r  till'  fort  with  artilli'rv.  This  post,  as  wi'll  as 
Carillon,  di'trnds  tin'  pas>aii-i,'  of  the  hay  and  that  of 
till'  river  of  the  falls,  lint  it  would  iml  hinder  from 
goint;  to  St.  Kredtiie  \t\  land. 

O[iposite  Carillun  is  the  mountain  Serpeiit-a-Son- 
nette,-  from  whenee  also  Carillon  could  he  hatteied  hy 
artillery.  At  the  entranee  of  the  hay  isuditlieult  foot 
path  in  this  mountain  which  eomniunieates  with  Lake 
(jieorif'j  or  St.  Sacrament. 

The  Kni;:lish  have  huilt  a  line  saw  mill  at  the   Kails, 


'  .Moiiiil  liKlciMiiilrmc  (III  llii'  NtTiiioiil  ^idc.    -  Kn. 
^  .MiHiiil  Uiliaiiie.  —  Ku. 


TIIK  |[u\l)  I.KAIMSiJ  Til  I.AKi;  (iKnitCi:.  7| 

iiiid  ii  lilni-k  lioiisi'  witli  luiir  ciiiiiKHi,  iiml  hirifi!  i-noiiuli 
li>r  11  limitlrtMl  iiicn.'  'I'licy  liiivc  iilso  slioilchcd  tlic; 
iKii'liiirc  iniid  at  least  ti  (|iiarti'r  (tl  a  Ifan'iic. 


Tl 


If   !•( 


111(1  is  ii'iiDd,  and  littk-  lialdc  Id  disjuilc,  bciiitr 
(HI  tin-  tnoiiiilaiii  sldjic  •.vliicli  is  wry  j^i'iitic,  and 
Ixmiidi'd  (111  (iii(«  side  liy  tlio  iiiouiitaiii  Scrpciit-iVSoii- 
iicttc,  and  (111  tiio  otln-r  liv  tlii"  river  of  (lie  K 


nils. 


I  Set; 


ir»!  rvacliiiia;  tlic  Kails  after  icaviii-;-  Carilloi 


1,   \\(! 


'■ »'  <('  !i   raviiio,  wlilcii   ((iiiiiiiaiids  almost   eiitirt'iy 

across  lilt-  istliiiiiis.  It  is  very  di'c|i  and  steep  on  tiie 
side  towards  Carillon.  On  tlie  left  there  is  a  liilloek,- 
wliicli  striki's  llie  passaire  liy  tlie  Falls,  and  on  the 
right  the  hank  eonnnaiids  ton  stream,  and  to  the  cove 
of  the  river  of  Carillon. 

This  is  till'  hest  point  to  hold  with  an  army,  as  it 
eoveiN  Carillon  and  the  wliolt!  course  of  the  river,  and 
we  cannot  ite  seen  in  reverse,  as  in  the  iiitrenchmeiits 
that  are  actually  hiiilt.  The  I'liiii'lish  havi'  cut  down 
nearly  all  the  wood  in  this  part,  iiloiin'  the  road  to  tlu- 
portage,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Serpeiit-a-Soniiette  and 
upon  hiaiiiond  point. 


In  i;"oiii:;"  to  Lake  tieorii'c  hv  the   rii-lit   ot'  tl 


le  river 


'  Till' (lUllcl  of  !.;iUi'  (ir(ir;:c  is  llini'   inili 


lU'ji.  Mliil  I  111'  (lix  rill  is 


•.'•.'()  till,     'riic  \(iliimf  of  Wilier  i)iis>iiii:,  i>  i-.iiiiiiiliil  Ml   I, III:!  Ini  pir 

SCI I.  iilul    Ml    lowest    Kill    licl,      ll  is  not  liiililc  lo  cMl-clilcs  of  JiiLTll 

iiiiil  low    wiiliT,  IIS  the  lake  is  t'i'il  liy  >|iiiiiy:s.     l{(-.lrirlioiis  upon  the 
title  IlilVe    llilliello   plevelllecl  the  lull    iliAelopliielil  of  llii^  livtinilllic 


I  low 


■r.  —  < ;„,/,'.■,  Tifi'iiiti 


.1',  I'l,  IT.  -  Ki) 


-"I'lii-  is,  I  lielie\e,  .Moiiiil   liiilepeini 


peinleiiee. 


.\"/(   ill   Orii/iliiil. 


.Moillll  lli(le|ieiu|eliee  is  on  llic  east  side  of  the  lake.  —  K 


Ii 


Vl       STUATKUU'  I  KAllllKS  ul'  I.AKi;  (IKolUlK  uLTI.KT. 

abovo  till'  Kiills,  \\(y  iiiid  (Iu>  nvcr  llcrnoH,  wlilcli  in 
luirrow,  Imt  dcop,  ami  so  (lifHciilf  to  juiss  tliat  it  could 
III'  di'ti'iidi'd.  In  t^oini;  up,  wi-  next  iiu-ot  tlio  iMirrriit 
III"  till'  Ariiri's  Miitaclies. 

Jiuki-  (u'orjjo  is  sfiiicilv  more  tliaii  a  lfai,'m'  and  w 
half  widi',  liy  sixti-oii  in  Kiitrtli.  It  is  siirroiiiuU'd  l»y 
vory  sl.  cp  inoiiiitaiiis,  i's|n'iially  on  tlio  li'tt.  In 
ptinjif  I'roni  Ciiiillun  tu  I'oit  (IcmLrf,  it  is  almost  im- 
passaliif  to  |nT.-on>  I'Nin  on  loot.  Tlif  rii^lit  side 
altlioiijxh  vi'Py  luid,  is.  liowcvir.  passalili'.  'I'lii'  dc- 
taciimi'nl  umlcr  tlu'  orders  of  tlu'  Clii'varu'r  di'  Levis 
jiassod  that  way,  wiu'ii  tlu'V  went  to  invest  Koit 
(it'orire  in  17oT.  We  had  a  camp  ot  ohsi  rvation  at 
the  entrance  npon  tlie  lakecalleil  tin*  Canipof  ('outre 
Coelir.  It  was  not  well  loeati'il,  hecause  it  could  he 
turned  hy  the  .Arhres  Matachos,  and  hythe  lake.  At 
this  place  the  Khulish  iandeil  in  IT.Vs.  It  was  not 
then  occuiiied.  ' 

The  position  would  have  heen  hettei',  had  it  heeii  a 
little  I'urthcr  ailviiiiccd,  at  the  toot  of  Mount  I'elue. 
A  Jiost  upon  tlii-  mountain  would  have  heen  vi'ry 
advanti.ireous,  as  it  couhl  not  have  heen  turned  hy 
land,  hut  it  woiild  have  run  the  risk  of  heintf  [la.ssed 
hythe  lake,  evpceially  hy  laru'c  vessels. 

The  north  point  o?  the  hay  of  (Janaouski,  would  ho 
a  good  phic-e  to  defend  the  passage  of  this  lake.  A 
eamp  there,  would  he  very  sun-  of  not  heing  turned. 


'Siiic'  Known  MS  llowV  Lmuliiifr  —  Ki»- 


ft 


luliT  AT  TIIK  111;  Ml  iiK  I.AKK  (IKiiltliK. 


Till'  liiUe  is  vcrv  iiarri>w  at  thin  |iniiit,  iiinl  liv  (k ciipv- 

iiijrwitli  artilli  !,)■  tlif  (wo  littli'  islaiid.i  wli'uli  aif  iiciii', 

it  Wdiiltl  scaivi'ly  lu'  |u).ssilili'  to  i  riiist'  u|iiiii  liic  lak«'. 

'I'lic    Incalidll  (•!"    Knft    (ifoiiif  wiiiili    we    tiidk    iillil 

•  It'xtiovftl  ill  17."(7,  \\i\H  on  a  kiml  of  imcU.  Tlio  Kiii;- 
lisli  Iia<l  roi'iilit'il  its  siiiiiiuil  to  roiiii  an  iiiti'iiiclicil 
«'ani|i,  i'l'oin  I'cjir  of  biin^  liiriii'd  liy  tlif  Imy,  wliidi 
liiis  a  point  ol'dit't'iise — liic  (^iit'cii's  rock. 

'I'iii'  lOiiiiiisli  luul  Ik'j^iiii  in  IT.V.i.  a  foil  aiioiit  citrlily 
toisfs  s(|iiaii'  on  till'  outside,  'i'lic  liottom  ol'tlic  ram- 
part is  iniHf  llian  titjlitofn  I'lTt  liiick  and  ul'  masonrv. 


Is    ll 


lull 


V  aiKi 


tilli 


uilt 
iti 


pii'ff  upon  piece,  iillil  vci'v  care- 


od    Wltll    eartll    twelve  le 


I  tl 


llcK. 


h. 


i'cinlier  17.V.I,  it  had  one  haslion  finished,  all  easeiiialed 
like  11  redoiilit.  I'loiialdy  tiie  list  aro  planned  in  the 
sHine  way.  l»eio\v,  to  cover  ciiiharkation,  there  was 
another  niiich  smaller  scpiare  tort,  which  tiie  Kntilish 
have  Imilt  since  the  ilcmoliiioii  ul'  the  old  one.  ll  is 
hiiilt  piece  upon  pici'c,  and  at  tlu'  lop  is  a  I'raisi'  sloping; 
a  little  dow  11  with  a  piece  of  tiiiihcr  riiniiiiiijc  around  to 
cover  the  lop  of  tlie  parapet  and  hold  the  liattleinents 
in  tlii'ir  |place.  The  location  of  the  nld  fort  now  de- 
iiiolished,  is  dotted  upon  the  ma|i. 

The  road  of  the  portau'c  is  very  yood  for  all  kinds 
of  waii'oiis.  althoiiii'li  the  <'oiintry  is  (piite  mouiilaiiioiis, 
reiideriiiii-  it  favorahle  for  amimscades  hy  the  parties 
which  we  sent,  and  which  passed  iiy  wayofthe  I'ay.' 


a- 1 


'  Soiiili  Hiiv-   Ki>. 


]() 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


12.8 


lis 


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m  m 


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140 


IL25  nil  1.4 


12.0 


I 


1.6 


HiotDgraphic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MSM 

(716)  172-4503 


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74 


DESCRIPTION  OF  FORT  EDAVARD, 


lilt    ' 


Hit  : 


Towards  tlio  middle  of  the  portage  is  the  hut,  which 
is  a  little  fort  of  upright  timbers  to  serve  as  an  entre- 
pot and  to  favor  convoys.  It  is  capable  of  holding  a 
liundred  men.  At  a  league  and  a  half  from  this  fort, 
the  road  strikes  the  Hudson  or  Orange  River  and  upon 
its  banks  at  a  league  and  a  half  beyond,  wc  find  the 
fort  called  by  us  Lt/daifi,  and  by  the  English  Edward} 

This  fort  is  a  square  of  forty  or  forty-two  toises  on 
the  outside,  with  one  side  upon  the  river  bank.  The 
ditch  which  surrounds  it,  is  about  five  toises  wide  and 

FOKT    EDWARD. 


■     ' 


h)  I 


.^soi'-^i"'''''- 


V  )i 


m: 


A.  Magazine . 
H.  Haiiafk.1. 

C.  S/(ir(/inuf(!. 

D.  JIOKplttU. 


IlEFKnENCES. 


K.  Plaitker  at  the  Watergate. 

V.  Jhitlge. 

G.  Moat  in  front  of  the  Parapets. 


1  This  fort  was  sometimes  called  Fort  Lj-maii,  from  the  offleer  who 
construeted  it.  It  was  named  Fort  Edward  in  honor  of  Edward, 
duke  of  York,  grandson  of  George  II,  then  reigning.  The  village 
and  town  of  Fort  Edward  iire  named  from  this  fort,  the  last  vestige 
of  which  has  long  since  disappeared. —  Ed. 


BLOCK  HOUSES  DESCRIBED. 


(0 


shallow.  The  rampart  is  of  earth  paj'tly  revetted  Avith 
saueissons,  and  partly  with  tiinbor.s  laid  piece  upon 
piece.  The  parapet  is  made  of  coffers  of  wood  filled 
with  earth,  with  a  fraise  around  the  cannon  on  the 
flanks,  and  upon  the  points  of  the  bastions.  The  em- 
brasures are  closed  with  Chevaux-dc-fraise.  A  little 
brook  runs  along  these  works  at  the  lower  part  of  the 
place,  whieh  is  commanded  all  around  at  good  range 
of  cannon  shot.  They  have  there  built  several  block- 
houses to  cover,  and  thus  form  an  intrenched  camp. 
On  the  island  before  the  place '  is  a  poor  intrcnch- 
nient,  quite  commanded  on  every  side,  and  several 
groups  of  barracks. 

The  blockhouses  of  which  we  have  spoken,  are  re- 
doubts of  wood,  consisting  of  two  squares.  The  best 
are  those  of  St.  Frederic.  They  liavc  a  ditch  fifteen 
feet  wide,  and  the  earth  thrown  out  is  made  into  a 
glacis.  A  stockade  is  built  obliquely  along  the  ridge. 
The  first  story  is  loop-holed,  and  serves  for  the  guard. 
In  the  upper  part,  the  angles  of  the  square  correspond 
with  the  middle  of  the  square  faces  below,  which  gives 
the  structure  an  octagonal  form.  There  are  usually 
some  embrasures  for  cannon  in  the  upper  part,  besides 
loop-holes. 

The  country  around  Fort  Edward,  although  hilly, 
appears  proper  for  cultivation.  The  landscape  is  very 
pleasant,  being  upon  high  ground. 


m 


'  Monroe's  Isliiiul. —  Ed. 


■.ft 
'  (I 


I 


70 


DESCRIPTION  OF  FOKT  MILLKU. 


The  river  is  not  navigable  a  league  above  this  fort 
on  account  of  its  swiftness,  and  it  there  conies  out  of 
the  great  mountains.'  It  is  there  only  a  gunshot 
across  and  quite  deep.  At  a  quarter  of  a  league  be- 
low Fort  Edward,  we  cross  the  river  upon  a  wooden 
bridge,  and  the  road  continues  through  a  low  and 
marshy  country  for  a  league.  Two  leagues  still  be- 
yond to  Fort  Miller,  they  turn  down  to  one  side 
where  they  have  cut  down  trees  to  build  the  road. 
The  earth  being  washed  away  by  the  river,  had  to  be 
covered  at  considerable  cost  with  round  pieces  of 
wood,  to  make  it  iirm. 

Fort  Miller  is  a  little  square  for  holding  two  hun- 
dred men,  and  is  built  partly  of  earth  and  partly  of 
timber,  placed  piece  upon  piece.  It  appeared  to  be 
newly  built,  and  was  not  finished  when  M.  Pouchot 
passed  there.  It  is  in  low  ground,  marsh}'  and 
muddy.  They  join  the  river  at  a  gun  shot  distance 
froni  this  fort,  which  is  the  beginning  of  the  road 
above  described. 

It  is  called  twelve  miles  from  Fort  Miller  to  Sara- 
toga or  Saracto.  At  a  league  and  a  lialf  before  reach- 
ing this  fort,  tlie  river  passes  between  two  high  hills, - 
which  form  a  good  post.     The  mountains  to  the  right 


"Glen's  Falls.— Ed. 

2  Bj'  thi.H  tlcfilo  the  iiiiluoky  Bui'goyne  eoimtcd  upon  milking  liis 
retreat,  but  tlie  Americans  having  got  liel'orc  liini,  he  was  forced  to 
sign  on  Uie  ITtli  of  October,  1777,  the  capitulation  of  which  the  public 
is  informed.— ^Vo/«  Iti  Oriijinal. 


!k 


::;:t  I 


SAKATOOA —  STILIiWATEIl. 


77 


and  left  of  this  valley  are  quite  elevated,  and  tiie 
waters  of  the  river  are  liiie. 

Saratoga '  is  at  the  cud  of  a  flat  in  a  beud  of  the 
river.  It  is  built  of  cartli  revetted  with  sauoissons, 
and  will  hold  a  garrison  of  three  hundred  men.  There 
is  a  bank  at  cannon  shot  from  the  foi-t  which  com- 
mands it..    It  is  a  bushy  ridge  of  gravel  and  stones. 

From  Saratoga,  we  continue  to  follow  the  river 
through  a  kind  of  meadow  or  pasture  ground.  We 
meet  two  fails  of  water  upon  this  route  to  Stillwater. 
At  the  first  are  some  saw  mills,  and  tliey  were  build- 
ing some  bateaux.  We  can  come  very  near  to  the 
Falls  by  water,  and  embark  inmiediatcly  below.  It  is 
the  same  at  the  second  fall. 

Stillwater'''  is  a  little  smaller  than  Saratoga,  and 
built  in  the  same  manner,  being  only  a  large  star 
redoubt  of  earth  revetted  with  saueissons,  Avith  a  ditch 
eighteen  feet  wide,  fraised.  This  fort  is  in  a  meadow, 
and  commanded  at  gun  shot  distance  by  a  terrace 
which  surrounds  it,  and  behind  which  could  be  placed 
three  or  four  thousand  men,  which  renders  the  place 
very  bad.     It  is  an  entrepot  of  provisions  and  other 


'  On  tho  East  bank  of  the  Hudson  in  the  present  town  of  Easlon, 
Washini^toii  County. —  Ed. 

'^At  StiUwatera  stockaded  fort  was  erected  on  the  elevated  ground 
at  the  north  end  of  tlie  vilhige,  about  wliere  the  Presbyterian  eluireli 
now  standi;.  And  on  the  tlat  below  this,  a  few  rods  from  the  river, 
were  the  store  houses, —  two  long  buildings  whieh  were  kept  in 
good  repair,  und  coutinued  to  be  used  in  the  public  service  through 
the  revolutionary  war.—  Tr.  N.  Y.  Ag.  i>oc.,  1848,  p.  912. —  Ed. 


11 


il 


il 


K     1 


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78 


ROAD  FROM  FOUT  MIIJ.FR  TO  THE  MOHAWK. 


!'WI 


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I'ii; 


;-: 


I 

It; 


goods  going  lip  from  Albany,  to  he  carried  to  Fort 
George.  Tliey  come  up  from  that  city  hy  water  in 
flat  bottomed  bateaux  resembling  ferry  scows,  hut 
which  have  sails. 

The  tide  conies  up  to  this  place.  The  carriages  from 
this  place  are  by  land,  on  account  of  the  two  falls, 
and  some  sand  bars  which  are  found  along  the  river. 
It  is  otherwise  large  enough,  with  u  good  and  deep 
current. 

The  entrepot  for  wagons  currying  stores  from  Still- 
water to  Fort  George,  is  at  a  place  called  IIalf-^[oon, 
where  in  IT^VJ  four  hundred  wagons  were  collected 
for  the  service  of  the  army,  being  paid  twelve  livres  a 
day,  and  the  men  and  teams  fed,  whether  employed 
or  not. 

From  Fort  Edward  to  Stillwater,  the  valley  is  shut 
in  with  mountains  towards  the  Connecticut.  The 
slopes  although  steep,  are  however  susceptible  of 
tillage.  There  is  a  road  from  Fort  Edward  leading 
to  the  Connecticut  and  to  Boston. 

The  mountains  begin  to  fall  oft"  at  Stillwater,  and 
the  country  is  there  cultivated.  Ilalf-moon  is  a  poor 
redoubt,  at  the  end  of  a  flat  at  the  confluence  of  the 
Mohawk  River  which  here  forms  a  semi-circle,  which 
has  given  name  to  the  place. 

At  the  end  of  the  flat,  which  may  be  a  quarter  of  a 
league,  we  go  up  quite  a  stcej^  hill,  and  two  miles 
beyond  cross  the  Anglers  or  Mohawk  River  in  a  scow, 
half  a  league  above  the  fulls  in  that  river.     Upon  the 


v; 


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:  I  •      I      ■       :' '  •   • ;         1      , .    M I . 

,',         .      ,  ■.>■^■•     ..      ■■■•        1,     . 
• '  j  '  1  j.v  Mi'liuuliir. 

^'■•lu)i'  rl,.-  iiexL   "wi.i   ]  .;L,ni'.:-  wn.i 
■  '•     t'll'.'iUh    the   br.'tlMi;.  v.t  ,il       H;i(l-.>i! 
<  1.  lii  I-,  \-trv  f;i voifi ! • '     !■■;■  m    .v-r.^.i.v 

'■        \  iif  \       i\   -i-  ■■    ...        ■  .   1  .,  •  M  ■  i't 

.1  ■        ii  t'  <i.  ■.:■•..■<■.  , 
I  rii'    t '  vt  r 

!       .   U-yov.-     ::•  '^i;-,            '     •          ..     -. 

.  "\'w  n   «■  ,       '           ,.',.• 

■,    iH'  Of«-  ,,,  , 

■!•    li'Tili'M  i   .  .    ■                                                ,    1  ,, 

:••        H-    tV^iUjU.'.  '•                                         ■'..,; 

1    ■     i'  n'lnch  ib   ..  •  ;,,, 

I'.      Jonning'  a  \i--\  ■  :    '•  i,.   ,  ::    • 

■.-   i.Mv,  c,om«  ufi  *!•  i..  '  ,  ,      \.i 

'  piuo."  'h-y  (."••■  I   •■  ■•  '  ■ 

«^ 

'        ■     II'M    lil'lv.  .1,    M.      ,i,|tcl\   V  !-.|l,  V 

i'  IV'-        ■!''      .t!       Illl'      [VlOKl'lll,      \lli,l„'l.'      >,:       ■  .  ,\      '      .•; 

■  .  -.M  .■'    .■■p-ul-.  .-■Jth'.nl  mvdli.i'M  li_\  ,■■  .;    ■    : 

;!:■.    '..'I'./ivi  iM'it;  Crtti.J;  iUiil  i',ij-ii.    r:i    •  ,    j.,  , 

::i  ■!■■.;.  ■'l)^■'!    llH*  P  'ifCli  M  cr.i./j  ^;.:ir  'r-  ,.     ,,,, 

.■■'•.^■.  •■       jiri'«p!ii  »>  >]iM't«ok. '•<!  ii:!:!  ii  i,i-.' :  •  ..■      ■;■,,. 
■"i-::    !' ii!  UiiKl.  •••i'()--v- y)i>  nV'/r  :i  :i>i^"i  ::•  ■      ,  :.,■;^ 

:' i'"- '-ri  ■•l(.  TUMI- ciiuu,^  r»i  I  'f.  iiM...        •,     ••'.-.•  i  ,  : 


'i-li-n, 


I 


i 


';«V 


COIlDKS  lAM.S —  IIOAI)  To  AMIANV. 


Tit 


side  opinisiti'  the  t'crrv  a  rcdoiiltt  was  In'iriiii  tor  Iniir 
(('n'ci's  lo  covor  this  imssiigc  aii'iiiiist  dui"  part'u's.  'I'lu' 
fall  of  this  river  is  line  sovfiity-livc  llu't  hitili,'  and 
almost  ixTpi'iuliciihir. 

Tho  road  Ibr  tlie  next  two  lea^t,^iK'.s  winds  anionic 
the  hills  to  reach  the  liottoni  of  tho  Hudson  valley, 
and  this  part  is  very  favorahle  for  anihuseades. 

Wlien  we  roaeli  tho  foot  of  tho  hills,  we  then  follow 
the  hank  of  tho  Hudson,  alouii,-  tho  foot  of  little  hills 
whieh  ari'  ([uite  stoop.  They  nro  higher  on  the  other 
side  of  till'  river. 

Just  heyond  the  suhurh  of  Oranoje,  wo  pass  upon  a 
hridge,  over  u  stream-  upon  whieh  nvv  several  mills. 
Alhany,  or  Orann-o,  is  huilt  ui)ou  the  slope  of  a  hill 
whieh  honlors  the  llivor  lEudson,  otherwise  eallod  Al- 
hany or  Orange.  It  is  the  form  of  a  triangle,  the 
hase  of  which  is  a  tine  (piay  along  the  river,  with 
jettoi's,  forming  a  very  line  port.  Ijanpies,  snows  and 
sehoonors,  come  up  from  tho  sea  as  far  as  Alhany,  at 
whieli  place  they  do  a  good  trade. 

At  the  apex  of  the  triangle,  is  a  citadel  revetted 

'  And  not  liny,  as  JI.  IJiiU'oii  wrote—  l/M,  .\,ii.  I,  i,  ji.  s!l..—  y,it,; 
ill  Orii/iiiiil. 

This  ciiMude  at  the  prcscnl  vill:inc  of  CoIidcs,  Alliiiny  Co.,  liils 
liccii  si'icf  urcally  reduced  in  voliinie  \ty  the  withdrawal  of  its  waters 
for  tlie  enlari;ed  Kiie  Cmial.  and  for  liydraulie  power,  in  tlie  extensive 
niannfaetories  llmt  liave  lieen  ereeted  there.  In  lime  of  iiiuli  water, 
tliey,  however,  i)resent  a  spectacle  of  nincli  jrrandcm-.  Tlie  Alhany 
Northern  Hail  Uoad  crosses  the  river  a  short  distance  helow. —  Eo. 

U'atrooM's  creek,  now  chieliyuscd  to  supply  the  Albany  city  water 
works. —  Kv. 


•        I 


^■: 


\l 


I. 


80 


lil'.SCHll-rinN  ()!■■  AUIANV. 


.      ' 


u  n.i 


Im 


with  stone'  It  is  s(|iiiiri',  I'orty  toisrs  on  ii  siiU'  oxtor- 
nallv,  with  u  sinj;ii'  ditrli  twenty  Ibet  wido,  and  without 
a  ,i;la<is.  It  is  coniinaudod  and  nuiy  Uv  approaehcil 
iVoni  till'  south  li_v  sonii'  hoMows  to  witliin  jiistol  shot. 

ThiMc  is  h_v  ihi'siiU'  oftiioeity  a  very  tii"'  hosiiital,' 
Iniilt  ol' wood  hy  (ioiu'ral  liomhui,  and  sullii-u'iit  ti* 
accoinniodato  lit'tron  liinidrt'd  sicU.  Tho  streets  of 
Alhany  are  tine,  wide,  well  arnuiixed  and  well  allijj;iied, 
hut  without  itavenients,  which  renders  tlu'in  very 
muddy.  Tlu'  hoiisi-s  are  rejjfularly  huilt  in  the  Flemish 
styli'.  The  eity  may  contain  livi'  or  six  thousand  souls, 
uu)stly  of  Dutch  or  Flemish  origin. 

On  the  north  side  of  the  city  we  find  a  deep  ravine, 
which  takes  its  ori_u;in  uear  the  citadel.  It  is  fortilied 
aloug  its  border  hy  a  good  fosse  and  u  palisade.  The 
rest  of  the  place  is  surroinided  hy  large  upright  tim- 
bers, about  a  foot  in  diameter,  and  tifteeu  or  sixteen 
feet  high.  Notwithstanding  all  this,  the  plaeo  is  not 
sheltere<l  against  a  surjirise.  From  the  other  side  of 
the  river  a  vei-y  good  road  leads  from  Oruugo  to  tho 
Conuectieut  and  to  Bostou. 

The  Hudson  lliver  is  a  good  quarter  of  a  league 
wide,  and  retains  this  breadth  as  far  down  as  to  the 
Isiuglas   Mountains.'     Its  eurreut   is  gentle,  and    its 


.?■■  I 


'  F(irl  FrciUTic,  Imill  in  wliiit  is  now  Stale  Street,  opposiite  St. 
Peter's  eliureli. —  Kl>. 

'  This  liospiliil  stoDil  il  liUle  north  of  the  Ibrt  near  tlie  |)resent  site 
of  tlie  Liitlieran  eliiireli.  — Ki>. 

'The  lliulilunils.— El). 


NAVIUATION  (IK  Tin;  Ml  I»S()N. 


81 


(li'ptli  i^ootl,  with  l>ut  fiiw  Hlmllowrt.  Porliaps  no  imvi- 
i^ation  Is  inoro  sure,  antho  vohsoIh  tliat_m>  ni>  from  New 
York  to  Alliaiiy,  liavo  usually  l»ut  tliroo  iiu'ii  for  a 
crow.  TliiTf  irt  almost  aiiywlu'ro'  tjood  bottom  for 
aiicliorajj;c'  fillic'r  on  the  oast  or  west  sidi',  and  thi-y 
fuii  <^o  wIkto  tlioy  i>K'asc  aecordiiifjf  to  tho  wind. 

Till'  hanks  on  oacli  Mo  aro  hijfh,  and  form  a  chain 
of  liilirt  covered  witli  poor  soil.  The  dwrllings  are 
Heparati'd  hy  intervals  of  al)oiit  three  (iiiarters  of  a 
leatiiie.  Kxeept  Home  liouses  in  particular  places,  the 
country  has  a  poor  and  desert-like  aspect,  like  the  poor 
countries  in  our  mountains  in  Europe. 

We  lind  some  mouths  of  streams  aloni^  the  course 
of  this  river,  which  appear  to  he  not  navigable,  and 
Home  mean  villages.  They  say  tliat  tlie  interior  of  tho 
country  along  these  streams  is  Itetter  settled,  especially 
along  the  Sopus  river.'  The  country  however,  prom- 
ises nothing  fine,  being  very  mountainous  and  tilled 
with  great  boulders  or  detaclied  rocks. 

At  six  leagues  below  Albany,  we  find  two  islands 
which  form  bars  across  the  river,  so  tliat  loaded  vessels 
can  only  pass  at  full  tide.  There  arc  two  channels; 
the  one  goes  to  tlie  right  of  the  left  hand  island,  and 
then  turns  very  short,  being  the  worst  of  tlic  two  chan- 
nels. The  other  is  between  tlie  right  hand  island  and 
the  west  shore,  where  there  is  a  village.*    Tliey  then 


>  Hondout  Hivcr.  —  Ed. 

'Coxsaokic.    The  imvigation  ncnr  this  place  ami  above  still  coii- 
tinuea  bad  on  uccount  of  the  bars  that  form  in  the  river.    Large  sums 
11 


.f,  :■ 


1 

1 

-    .T 

I 

1 

1 

1        ■        [ 

82 


NAVIGATION  OF  THE  HUDSON. 


go  right  towards  this  village,  turn  towards  the  island, 
and  then  coast  along  it. 

Although  this  navigation  is  ninch  nsed,  vessels  often 
ground  here,  hut  without  injury  to  the  boat.  They 
call  it  the  Devil's  bar.  This  is  the  only  difficulty 
worth  noticing  that  is  met  with  in  this  navigation.  It 
is  curious  to  sec  the  prodigious  quantity  of  sturgeon 
who  are  constantly  springing  from  the  water  in  the 
summer  season. 

At  twelve  leagues  below  this  passage,  we  see  on  the 
right  a  group  of  large  mountains  called  Kaatskills, 
which  extend  far  away  into  the  upper  parts  of  Penn- 
sylvania. They  are  higher  than  in  those  regions,  and 
are  scarcely  second  to  our  Alps  except  that  they  do 
not  retain  their  snows  in  summer.'  They  are  very 
steep,  and  nothing  but  simple  rocks  covered  with 
woods. 

At  fifteen  leagues  beyond,  we  enter  the  mountains 
called  Isinglas,"  which  although  not  so  high  are  almost 
vertical  on  the  river.  They  usually  form  chains  of 
rock,  covered  with  poor  wood,  of  which  considerable 
quantities  are  sold  in  New  York. 


of  money  lii\v(!  lu'cii  spent  in  reniovinu;  tlieni  iind  in  bniUlingdylies  to 
deepen  and  stiaijrliten  tlie  eliannel,  tlie  etleet  of  wliieli  has  generally 
been  to  only  sliift  tlie  liar  to  another  place.  In  a  river  where  the  tide 
and  current  meet,  these  trouliles  must  always  necessarily  occur.  —  Ei). 

'  The  elevation  of  the  Catskill  ^Mountains  is  far  Ic.ss  than  that  stated 
liy  the  author.  High  Peak  is  ;!,Tlo,  and  Hound  Top  ^,804  feet  above 
the  Hudson.  —  Ed. 

'As  we  enter  the  Highlands  from  above,  IJutter  Hill  on  the  right  is 
1,520,  and  Xev:  Bacon  on  the  lett  is  1,085  feet  high.  — Eu. 


THE  HUDSON  BELOW  THE  HIGHLANDS. 


83 


We  wind  among  the  curves  in  these  mountains  about 
four  leagues.  AVc  lind  some  anrhorages  in  lucky 
places  for  sbeltcr,  but  if  these  are  lost,  one  would  be 
in  danger  in  bad  weather.  The  river  still  preserves 
about  its  same  breadtli,  and  the  current  is  so  strong 
that  they  only  go  with  the  tides,  which  are  very  strong, 
both  up  and  down.  They  lay  at  anchor  when  the  tide 
is  against  them,  through  the  whole  conr^'of  thisnavi- 
ffation,  unless  thev  have  a  good  wind  which  can  enable 
them  to  overcome  its  current. 

This  forms  a  division  of  the  country,  which  may  be 
called  the  upper  and  the  lower  regions.  There  are 
here  some  very  good  points  for  cutting  off  communi- 
cation from  tlic  lower  country  and  the  sea.  At  the 
entrance  of  this  gorge  is  a  little  island  which  would 
very  well  bar  the  river,  and  is  not  itself  comnuuided 
from  tlie  land.' 

In  coming  out  of  tlie  mountains,  the  river  forms  on 
the  left  a  little  bay,  which  in  coming  up  might  be 
readily  mistaken  for  the  river  channel  on  account  of 
its  opening  between  the  rocks.-  After  coming  out,  the 
country  to  the  right  for  two  or  three  leagues  presents 
very  high  banks. 

The  country,  after  leaving  the  mountains,  is  very 


>  PoUopel  Island  opposite  New  Windsor.  —  Ei>. 

'  Peeliskill  Creelt.  Tlie  illusion  described  in  tl>e  text  is  verj'  striking, 
and  one  could  scarcely  doubt  at  a  mile  distance,  in  coming  up,  but 
that  the  channel  was  about  to  turn  to  the  right,  iustcad  of  the  left.  — 
Ed. 


1 1  • 


i 


li 


.1,  ; 


!li 


)■  111 ' 


!• 


i:S 


t. 


f 


!  ;;. 


.     I   i' 


U; 


;.'l^ 


84 


SUPEniOK  ADVANTAGES  OF  TIIK  IIIDSON. 


iigrooablo,  and  appears  like  a  tiuo  plain  with  pleasant 
landscapes,  well  cultivated  and  occupied  with  well 
built  liouscs.  The  river  is  usually  a  league  wide  from 
this  outlet  to  Xew  York. 

This  cliain  of  mountains  which  we  have  described, 
extends  east  and  west  along  tlie  wliole  of  the  English 
provinces,  at  about  the  same  distance  from  the  sea, 
preventing  the  other  rivers  of  these  countries  from 
communicating  between  the  coast  and  the  interior  of 
the  continent,  as  we  sliall  see  hereafter. 

The  Hudson  River  is  the  only  one  that  furnishes  a 
profitable  navigation  with  the  interior  of  the  country, 
and  where  the  tides  stop,  we  tind  ourselves  above  the 
sources  of  the  J)claware  and  the  Suscpiehanna.' 

The  route  of  this  river,  Ibrms  without  doubt,  the 
iinest  entrance  to  that  part  of  the  continent  of  America 
called  OnKd/ii,  as  it  can  l)e  used  the  year  through,  to 
communicate  with  Europe,  which  is  not  the  case  with 
the  St.  Lawrence.  By  wa\'  of  the  Mohawk  River,  wc 
find  ourselves  without  much  ditiiculty  in  the  midst  of 
the  lands  and  the  lakes. 

The  province  of  Xew  York  embraces  the  whole 
course  of  the  Hudson  River  and  twenty  miles  on  each 
side,  the  whole  length  of  the  Mohawk,  and  also  Long 
Island.  Xew  York  or  Mencde,  is  a  very  fine  city,  on 
a  kind  of  island  formed  by  a  little  branch  from  the 
Hudson  wliicli  falls  into  an  arm  of  the  sea  which  sepa- 


>An  importanl  oljsci'vatiou  in  judiiing  of  the  duvation  ami  llio 
laiul-slopes  of  the  coiitineiil  of  North  Aiuunca.  —  JS'ute  in  Uriyiiml. 


mr. 


W^'t 


.    1 


'\\'h 


r  ^ 


It 

11 

'  i''' 

',it 


NEW  YORK  CITY  AND  IIAKIIUII. 


85 


rates  it  from  Long  Island  and  the  main  land.  The 
streets  of  this  city  are  very  wide,  all  paved,  and  some 
of  them  ornamented  with  rows  of  trees.  The  houses 
are  in  the  Dutch  style,  many  of  them  of  wood  and  of 
fine  construction.  The  city  is  thrifty  and  quite  com- 
mercial, and  every  one  has  an  easy  air.  There  uro 
about  fifteen  or  eighteen  thousand  souls  ' 

The  principal  harbor  which  is  on  the  side  towards 
Long  Island,  is  always  full  of  merchant  ships  which 
come  and  go  continually,  and  there  are  usually  two 
hundred  and  fifty  or  three  hundred  in  port.  Vessels 
of  more  than  thirty  guns  cannot  anchor  there.  It  is 
a  little  deeper  on  the  Hudson  River  side,  yet  it  is  much 
less  frequented,  because  it  is  not  there  sheltered  from 
the  south  winds.  The  bars  that  we  meet  near  Sandy 
Hook,  doubtless  would  prevent  vessels  of  the  greatest 
force  from  coming  up  the  river. 

At  New  York  they  have  coast  pilots,  for  conducting 
vessels  from  Sandy  Hook  to  the  city,  for  whicli  the 
charges  arc  very  high.  Along  the  quays  of  this  city, 
they  have  constructed  piers  to  receive  the  vessels 
which  come  up  directly  to  the  shore,  and  unload  by 
planks  or  flying  bridges. 

This  city  is  not  fortified,^  and  has  only  a  citadel  at 


'  This  cstinmte  is  vcrj*  nearly  corr(!('t  as  referring  to  1708.  In  1750, 
tlie  population  of  the  island  was  i;5,040,  anil  in  1771,  21,802.  The 
two  steel  plate  views  of  the  city,  which  wo  lieregive,  were  made  from 
sketches  dated  the  same  year  that  these  memoirs  were  written.  —  Eu. 

'  We  should  remember  that  the  author  is  speaking  of  the  state  of 
the  country  as  it  was  in  the  late  war.  —  Note  in  Original. 


0^1 


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:H 

r 

i. 


i!' 


86 


THE  CITADEL  :    CAPACITY  FOK  DEFENCE. 


the  point  of  the  two  passages.  This  is  square,  ai\(l 
about  sixty  toiscs  on  the  outside,  revetted  in  good 
masonry,  without  ditch  or  covered  way.  It  is  well 
fortified  with  cannon.  At  tlio  front,  which  is  on  the 
point  of  hind,  they  have  built  upon  some  notches  in 
the  rocks,  a  wall  twelve  feet  thick,  which  forms  an 
intrcnchment  and  a  kind  of  false-brayo  to  the  citadel, 
where  they  have  ninety  jtieces  of  cannon  in  battery,  of 
from  twelve  to  twenty-four  pound  balls.  The  plat- 
forms arc  all  of  large  ilat  stones.  These  pieces  arc 
mounted  on  marine  carriages,  and  sweej)  not  only  the 
bay,  but  a  small  island  used  as  a  hospital  for  the  Quar- 
antine.^ 

Vessels  can  go  up  the  river  by  bearing  a  little  to  the 
west  side,  and  they  can  land  above  the  city,  which  is 
only  defended  against  the  country  by  some  upright 
timbers  like  those  of  Orange.  The  place  is  capable  of 
being  well  fortified,  having  oidy  one  front  on  the  land 
side,  which  is  very  favorable  for  defense.  This  place 
gives  naturally  cross  fires  on  the  low  grounds  in  its 
front,  and  its  sides  being  elevated  commands  the  river 
at  an  elevation  of  thirty  or  forty  feet. 

Ships  of  war  can  only  come  up  to  Sandy  Ilook,^  ten 


A  fort  bad  existed  at  tho  lower  point  of  tiie  island  for  more  than 
a  century  before  this  period.  Its  mime  was  usually  <'lianjred  to  that 
of  the  reigning  sovercisrn,  and  it  was  then  called  Fort  George.  — Ei). 

'  Governor's  Island. — Ed. 

'Admiral  Howe  in  1778  found  that  be  could  come  and  anchor  much 
further  up.  —  Note  in  Original. 


KNTllANCE  OF  THE  IIAIUIOK. 


87 


or  twelve  leagues  below  ^N'ew  York.  Tlie  anchorage 
there  is  very  good,  and  sheltered  from  the  south  winds 
by  the  hills  which  form  the  (;ape.  There  occurs  at 
that  place  a  great  reef,  which  runs  out  into  the  open 
sea  from  Long  Island,  and  obliges  vessels  in  coming 
up  to  gain  this  anchorage,  and  the  same  precautions 
arc  necessary  in  going  out. 

In  coming  from  the  sea,  they  bring  the  Cape  in  line 
with  these  hills,  when  they  come  towards  the  Sandy 
point  which  they  approach  to  within  gun  shot,  always 
with  sounding-lead  in  hand.  As  soon  as  they  have 
passed  this  point,  they  find  good  bottom. 

When  they  wish  to  go  up  the  river  to  reach  Statcn 
Island,  they  have  also  several  turns  to  make.  Thoy 
must  pass  near  the  Jersey  shore  a  little  way,  then 
follow  N.  E.  of  the  Island,  and  then  keep  in  the  mid- 
dle of  the  river  to  the  upper  part  of  the  arm  of  the  sea 
where  the  citadel  stands,  where  they  enter  this  arm, 
which  is  the  port.  In  coming  from  Khode  Island  to 
New  York  by  this  arm,  we  find  a"  narrow  strait  called 
Ilcltgat,  which  must  be  passed  at  full  tide,  on  account 
of  the  currents  and  whirlpools  which  form  there,  and 
cast  the  vessels  upon  the  rocks.  ].i  i.-:  three  leagues 
above  New  York. 

Above  Staten  Island,  we  come  to  a  small  island 
with  a  country  seat  upon  it.  This  would  be  a  very 
proper  place  for  a  depot.' 


'  Bcdlow's  Island,  now  covered  by  Fort  Wood. —  Ed. 


:    ^]? 


:l 


ik3 


88 


NEW  KNdr.AND:  TirKtU  MIMTIA  SYSTMM, 


ni 

m 


iiti 


Tlio  country  to  the  oast  of  Now  York,  in  tjoiiiif  to 
Conncotiout,  is  full  of  little  hills,  and  is  well  culti- 
vatod.  r  will  not  _i,'o  into  details  concerning  those 
parts,  and  will  only  say,  that  they  are  all  usually  divided 
into  ct)nntios  or  shires,  that  the  liousos  are  very  scat- 
tered, and  that  there  is  to  each  three  hundred  arponts 
of  land.  Tiioy  limit  the  one  to  the  other  in  every 
sense.  The  cities,  or  cliiof  places  of  each  county, 
arc  groups  of  houses  with  nothing  of  particular  note. 

When  the  government  of  each  province  raises  its 
militia,  they  are  not  held  more  than  six  months  at  a 
time.  They  only  issue  papers  to  the  otHcers  for  this 
time,  which  does  not  give  thoni  much  importance 
among  thcni,  and  after  a  man  who  has  hocn  an  otKcer 
in  onecampaign,  he  will  return  as  a  soldier  in  the  next, 
and  then  again  an  otHcer,  iScc. 

All  the  inhahitants  are  classed  into  companies  of  a 
hundred  men.  When  they  form  hattalions,  they  are 
made  iip  of  a  certain  numher  of  men  from  eacli  of 
these  companies.  Each  inhahitant  may  put  a  sultsti- 
tute  in  liis  iilace,  whom  he  pays  for  the  six  months 
campaign,  from  May  to  the  1st  of  Novcmher.  iSomo 
have  given  as  high  as  eighty  piastres  to  their  substi- 
tutes, and  several  assured  M.  Pouchot,  that  they  had 
received  as  mucli  as  twelve  or  fifteen  hundred  livres. 
The  militia  are  mosth*  composed  of  people  liircd  in 
this  way. 

One  may  judge  of  the  ])opulation  of  these  countries 
from  the  following  details.     During  the  war  against 


^'- 


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,M1  UfJ',   '  I   '    'I 

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I  •!   'IS    111!,.  !•   :i?"    t\s  . 
'    !  /ri:i  ,'ue  iiii'^fily  ( •  :■■  > 

V. 

•  ^mc  I'.iov  jiiilcr'^'  '>t"  Hii.'  ;.  ■!-"i!u 
Ml   i  'le  Ji.iHdwii,.'    (kv.ii!  •       '  '■ 


■•■■■  t^'  lli'.'ir    ni'  li- 
j.--  jiit!   irriMl  ill 

I'  '  ■•■•      '.:l':trH.~, 


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M)N(i   rwi.ANlj:  NI'.W  .JKIl,«HY. 


8U 


Cuiinda,  tlwy  mined  twelve  inoii  from  ciu-h  company, 
New  En>rluiid  aii.j  (  >miecticMit  fiirtiiHlu'd  7,00(»,  New 
York  2,:J0(«,  New  Jerrtoy  .'5,000  and  tlio  ..tlicr  coIouieH 
in  {ii  'jinrtion. 

Loiijir  Island  In  two,  tlirof,  and  four  and  iivo  lea^'iuM 
widi',  and  tiiiity  lonjr.  Halt' of  the  island,  iMpecially 
timt  towards  New  York,  is  level,  very  thrifty  and  Wi'll 
Hettled  ;  and  althon^ifh  the  Hoil  is  a  <,n'avelly  sand,  it  is 
fertile.  The  remainder  is  more  hilly  and  not  as  fer- 
tile. They  sow  some  wheat,  hut  inueh  more  Indian 
corn.  They  raise  many  tine  cattle  and  furnish  lar^e 
(|uantities  of  salti'il  meats  for  the  Ameriean  Islands. 
There  are  as  many  inhabitants  in  this  island  alone,  as 
in  all  ('anada.' 

They  do  not  sow  mueli  vdieat  in  the  provinces  of 
New  England  and  Conneetleut,  hut  they  raise  a  pro- 
digious quantity  of  cattle,  with  which  they  trade  ex- 
tensively with  the  islands. 

New  Jersey  is  a  magazine  of  grains.  This  pro- 
vince is  almost  entirely  level,  tilled  with  little  tidal 
streams,  which  greatly  facilitate  the  importation  and 

'  Tills  is  a  mistiikt'.  >[.  Poiicliot  states  in  a  MS.  note  that  tlioro  arc 
about  ;i(),'")0  souls  on  Lon^  Island,  while  in  t'linaila  we  reckoned  in 
the  last  war  niore  than  !l(>,(l(l().  — A"^'  ///  Oviijiiud. 

From  Hoiiehette  and  other  authorities,  we  iirepare  the  following 
HUinniary  of  the  population  of  Canada  at  dill'erent  periods: 

InUI(IO,:{,4l8;— in  KlTd,  S,41,5;— in  UiHS,  ]l,24Ui— in  1700,  :.'O,0(HI; 
—  in  liOd,  20,000;— in  1714,  20,004;— in  KoO,  or),(lOO;— in  17H4, 
11I!,0()0.  A  capitation  list  of  Canada  in  1754,  triive  (Juelicc  8,000, 
Montreal  4.000,  Threi'  Rivers  and  the  Fouj;cs  800,  the  rural  distl-icts 
42,200,  and  all  Canada  .■)r),(MIO.—  ^V.  Y.  Cut.  JIM.,  .\,  271 .  Long  Island 
had  a  population  of  23,783  in  1750  and  27,731  iu  1771.—  Ed. 
12 


\'%    i 


li 


90 


THE  CONNECTICUT  :  THE  DELAWARE. 


cxpoi'tiition  of  eomiuodities.  Tlioy  also  raise  many 
cattle.  There  arc  mines  >'  iron  and  copper,  and 
foundries  of  artillery  for  the  use  of  their  merchant 
vessels.  There  are  no  large  rivers  in  this  province, 
but  many  line  harbors,  surrounded  by  woods,  where 
they  say  the  largest  vessels  can  anchor. 

As  regards  the  Connecticut  river,  although  deep 
enough  and  with  a  gentle  current,  it  is  still  of  but 
little  use.  The  tides  do  not  extend  far  up  into  the 
land.'  Besides  this  there  are  four  or  live  falls  or 
rapids,  where  it  is  necessary  to  nnike  i)ortages. 

The  Delaware  serves  for  navigation  to  the  interior 
of  Pennsylvania,  yet  is  scarcely  less  dithcult  than  the 
Connocticul,  and  it  has  no  communication  with  any 
frontier  of  Canada.  The  same  is  true  of  the  Schuyl- 
kill river,  which  is  shallow  and  has  many  rapids. 

In  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  large  vessels  go 
up  the  Delaware  bay  to  within  iivc  leagues  of  Phila- 
delphia. 

The  Loup  mition  came  down  from  near  the  sources 
of  these  two  rivers  to  attack  the  English  settlements 
of  tliis  province,  and  they  did  much  mischief,  being 
very  scattered  along  the  whole  frontiers  of  the  inhab- 
ited parts. 


'  The  tides  ascend  the  river  to  Iltirtford,  about  fitly  nxiles. —  Ed. 


'ir 


[91] 


CHAPTER  II. 

Of  Tin;  IlivKR  St.  Lawuknck,  from  MoNTRKAr.  to 

OSAVKOO. 

Altliouu'li  tho  River  St.  Lawrence  is  vory  well  known, 
its  navigation  from  Montreal  where  the  rapids  begin, 
to  Lake  Ontario  has  heretofore  been  but  superticially 
described.  "We  will  now  give  a  minute  detail  of  this 
passage,  and  of  some  of  the  diihculties  that  arc 
encountered. 

We  will  observe  in  the  beginning,  that  tlie  river  is 
only  navigable  from  about  the  loth  of  April,  when  the 
ice  breaks  up.  It  is  usually  the  full  moon  of  March 
that  decides  the  season,  according  as  it  is  earlier  or 
latei". 

The  rivers  begin  to  freeze  in  Canada  about  the  1st 
of  December,  sometimes  sooner  wlicn  the  winds  are 
N.  W.,  but  the  ice  is  usually  not  good  before  Epiphany. 

During  the  general  freezing,  we  may  go  from  Que- 
bec to  Montreal  and  the  Cedars  with  all  kinds  of 
freight  even  artillery,  upon  the  ice  of  the  river,  ex- 
cepting in  the  rapids  where  it  never  freezes.  But  in 
these  parts  they  have  built  excellent  roads  upon  the 
land. 

This  freighting  dorie  in  winter,  would  gain  lifteeu 
days  of  time  for  the  navigation  of  the  upper  country, 


.w^'^ 

i'^ 

^'^^ 

I'ii  * 

'\l  ■' 

^■1 

f 


: 


1 

i 

1'  i 

^l  ■ 

1 

i;. 

1 

:  i, 


i  ] 


92 


NAVIGATIOX  Ur  TO  MONTREAL. 


bocanso  Lake  St.  Francis '  breaks  up  before  tbe  river, 
and  as  soon  as  this  lake  is  free,  we  may  sonietimcs  in 
forty-eight  hours  make  tbo  voyage  to  Frontcnac.  This 
is  on  aceount  of  tlie  ditferenec  of  climate. 

From  (Juebec  to  Montreal  we  do  not  find  much  dif- 
ficulty in  the  navigation,  except  at  the  liapids  of 
Kichelieu,  where  the  tides  cease  to  be  felt.  They  may 
be  ascended  with  a  good  wind.* 

The  winds  are  more  frequently  from  the  S.  W.  than 
the  N.  E.  in  Canada,  which  renders  tbe  navigation 
longer  in  going  up  in  some  places  than  in  returning. 
We  may  anchor  anywhere  in  the  river,  for  we  often 
meet  islands  where  we  can  find  shelter  from  the  winds. 

Frigates  can  go  up  as  far  as  Sorel,  and  large  mer- 
chant ships  as  far  as  the  rapids  of  St.  Marie,  a  quarter 
of  a  league  below  Montreal.  They  can  anchor  between 
Ste  lleleine  Island  and  the  north  shore. 

Vessels  are  sometimes  fifteen  days  and  even  a  month 
waiting  for  a  X.  K.  wind  strong  enough  to  help  them 
up  the  rapid.  The  common  navigation  between  Que- 
bec and  Montreal  is  by  schooners. 

Montreal,  from  its  position,  would  be  susceptible  of 
a  good  fortification,  on  account  of  a  stream  and  low 
grounds  between  the  city  and  the  mountain.  It  is, 
however,  commanded  at  good  cannon  shot  by  a  hill. 


•This  hike  is  properly  only  an  enhirjiement  of  the  river.  —  yok-  in 
Orii/inal. 

2  By  the  aid  of  steam  tugs,  ships  can  now  readily  aseend  with  a 
head  wind.  —  Eu. 


i:li 


a- 


MONTKEAL  :  LA  CJIINK, 


93 


which  is  at  the  foot  of  tlie  moimtaiii.  But  this  place, 
being  the  centre  of  the  coh)iiy  has  no  need  of  any 
defense  tlian  the  isLand  itself. 

This  place  is  surrounded  by  a  wall  without  terraces, 
three  or  four  feet  thick  at  the  bottom,  and  reduced  to 
eighteen  inches  at  the  top.  The  plan  signifies  nothing, 
and  its  only  benefit  is  to  slielter  against  a  surprise. 

The  island  of  Montreal  is  susceptible  of  defence, 
because  we  cannot  land  everywhere  on  account  of  the 
rapids  and  currents  which  occur  around  it.  Its  position 
is  admirable  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  its  scenery  in 
the  environs,  which  are  very  wide  plains.  It  is  of  the 
liighcst  importance,  because  it  is  a  necessary  entrepot, 
where  the  navigation  changes  from  the  St.  Lawrence  to 
the  Outaouais,  or  the  great  river. 

The  second  rapid  which  we  find,  is  that  of  the  Sault 
St.  Louis,  two  leagues  above  Montreal.  It  continues 
a  league,  and  the  voyageurs  regard  it  as  the  worst  in 
the  whole  river  up  to  La  Presentation.'  They  go  up 
with  empty  bateaux  on  the  north  side,  and  pass  with 
difficulty  through  a  channel  made  near  a  mill,  which 
they  call  La  Chine,  belonging  to  the  Sulpicians.  This 
leads  to  a  place  higher  up,  where  they  have  made  a 
general  entrepot  with  magazines,  and  where  they  leave 
the  goods  that  have  to  be  sent  by  land  from  Montreal 
to  the  village  of  La  Chine. 


'The  lockiigo  up  to  l^iike  St.  Louis,  by  the  cnlnrgod  Luchine  canal 
ia  44  feet  9  inclios  by  live  loelvs,  anil  tlie  distance  is  a  little  over  seven 
miles  across  a  beml  of  tlie  river.  —  Ed. 


;|-  :|i 


■i  i 


■IF 


ill 

ill 


-  ■  I 

'    r 


( 


M;i 


■  !  i' 


94 


LA  chine:  lake  ST.  LOUIS. 


The  road  of  this  portage  is  very  poor  on  account  of 
the  miul,  especially  in  the  spring,  when  the  wagons 
are  more  numerous.  This  I'oad  would  he  ver^'  good 
if  they  should  make  ditches  to  drain  ott  the  water. 
This  neglect  has  occasioned  a  large  expense  in  wagon- 
ing, and  leads  to  much  delay  and  cmharrassment. 

If  the  country  were  hctter  settled,  we  could  make  a 
canal  from  La  Chine  to  Montreal,  along  the  little 
stream  which  enters  hetween  the  hill  and  the  city,  and 
which  would  lead  to  hclow  the  rai>id  of  St.  Marie,  and 
avoid  the  portage  of  three  leagues. 

The  hateaux  used  for  the  navigation  of  the  ujjper 
part  of  this  river,  carry  six  thousand  pounds,  and  are 
of  a  peculiar  form  to  enahle  them  to  resist  the  eftbrts 
made  to  take  them  up  the  rapids.  Those  that  the 
English  builtatthe  latter  place,  were  larger  and  lighter, 
but  could  not  endure  this  navigation  after  the  first 
voyages.  They  were  always  tilled  with  water  by  the 
efforts  made  to  keep  them  up,  and  those  of  the  French 
did  much  better  service.  The  English  did  not  furnish 
their  bateaux  with  sails,  which  are  very  essential  on 
good  occasions,  but  they  provided  good  ash  oars  while 
the  French  used  those  of  pine,  which  were  poor,  badly 
made,  and  used  up  in  great  numbers. 

Bateaux  leavmg  La  Chine,  follow  the  north  side  to 
within  a  league  of  the  church  at  Point  Claire.  They 
always  go  up  by  poling  on  account  of  the  currents, 
which  are  strong,  especially  around  the  points  of  laud. 

If  they  wish  to  pass  by  Chateaugay,  they  cross  over 


u 


%■} 


m 


ISLE  PEIIRAUT  :  THE  TllOU. 


95 


at  tlie  point.  Iftliey  wish  to  pass  to  the  point  of  the 
Isle  rciTiiiit,  they  gain  the  chureli  of  I'oint  Chiire. 
From  the  Isle  Perraut  they  cross  to  the  Cascades. 
The  first  that  they  meet,  is  where  the  river  makes  a 
little  fall  across  its  whole  breadth. 

Near  the  land  on  the  west  side  marked  1  on  the 
map,  there  is  a  gutter  in  the  rocks  which  forms  this 
fall  through  which  the  bateaux  pass  in  ascending. 
Some  men  on  the  rocks  hold  the  bateaux  by  hand, 
being  waist  deep  in  the  water.  From  thence  they 
are  taken  by  towing  and  poling,  a  gun  shot  further 
up,  where  there  is  another  rapid,  but  not  so  bad  as 
the  former. 

In  going  down,  we  may  leap  the  falls,  when  wo 
know  the  two  passages  on  the  east,  opposite  the 
island.  Commonly,  however,  they  go  down  through 
the  gutter  where  the  bateaux  go  up. 

The  third  rapid  is  the  Trou,  where  they  lialf  un- 
load the  bateaux,  and  carry  the  goods  a  hundred  and 
fifty  paces  above  this  point  of  rocks.  In  going  up, 
they  pass  the  bateaux  quite  against  the  point  of 
land  marked  3.  It  is  necessary  to  hold  the  bateau 
by  a  rope  drawn  by  several  men,  while  others  jump 
shoulder  deep  into  the  water  to  make  it  advance  in 
turning  this  point. 

The  river  is  encumbered  at  this  place  by  large 
rocks  under  the  water,  which  falls  against  them  boil- 
ing like  an  abyss. 

One  of  these  especially,  forms  a  great  cavity  by  the 


.'■■Hl 


i 


|--rl 


r 

h :  • 


II 


':! 


m 


TUE  CEDAKS. 


side  of  which  iv  thread  of  water  is  thrown  up  by  com- 
pression into  a  ridge,  down  which  they  pass  in  de- 
scending. If  they  miss  this  passage,  they  fall  into 
these  gulfs,  and  can  scarcely  escape ; — which  has  given 
it  the  name  of  the  IVou.^  These  different  rapids  are 
called  the  Cascades, 

At  a  league  below  the  village  of  Cedars,  is  a  point 
of  land  where  the  river  boils  extremely.  It  is  neces- 
sary to  make  the  bateaux  in  going  up,  jiass  very  near 
the  land.  They  have  there  made  a  channel,  to  escape 
these  great  currents,  but  it  is  not  finished,  and  is 
often  without  sufficient  water,  and  hinders  more  than 
it  does  good.  The  jiassage  marked  4,  is  named  the 
J3uisso»,'^  and  is  more  tedious  to  the  canoe  men  on 
account  of  the  shallow  water.  From  this  they  pole 
up  the  bateaux  to  below  the  Cedars  whore  they  laud 
the  goods  to  carry  them  half  a  league  by  laud  above 
this  village,  while  they  draw  up  the  bateaux  by  tow- 
ing. Some  men  go  into  the  water  to  hold  them, 
especially  around  a  mill  belonging  to  M,  de  Longueil. 
There  are  some  very  bad  shallows  here,  because  the 
river  is  not  deep,  and  runs  upon  great  boulders  or 
rocks,  which  reiuler  the  passage  dangerous  and  diffi- 
cult in  descending. 

Above  the  mill  is  another  shallow,  but  not  so  bad 
as  the  former.  If,  at  the  place  where  the  mill  stands, 
they  had  made  a  little  canal  inside  of  the  islet  upon 

•A  trough  or  hole. —  Eu. 
"TheTliicket.— Ed. 


THE  CEDARS  :  COTEAU  DU  LAC. 


97 


whictli  it  is  placed,  it  would  liavc  saved  tlie  voyagcurs 
much  trouble. 

The  spot  where  the  clniroh  of  the  Cedars  stands, 
would  be  very  favorable  for  a  fortified  post  at  the 
head  of  the  rapids.  The  Ini)f1  *here  forms  a  natural 
fortification,  and  we  find  plenty  of  land  easy  to  dig.' 

A  cauip  placed  at  this  point,  would  well  cover  this 
approach  of  the  colony.  The  enemy  absolutely  could 
not  descend  the  river  under  this  post,  and  they  would 
be  obliged  to  make  a  passage  by  land  througli  the 
woods  at  least  four  leagues  on  the  side  of  Vaudreuil. 
It  is  not  to  be  supposed  they  would  venture  to  do  this 
and  leave  this  post  in  their  rear. 

From  the  point  of  rcembarkation,  they  go  up  by 
poling  to  the  portage  of  Coteau  du  Lac,  marked  5. 
This  is  a  point  of  land  where  the  water  is  so  broken 
atid  boils  so  strongly-,  that  we  uro  there  obliged  to 
unload  the  bateaux.  The  portage  is  sixty  paces.  It 
is  necessary  to  get  into  the  water  to  make  the  bateaux 
ascend,  and  to  turn  this  point. 

Above  this  they  cross  with  oars  to  gain  another 
point  called  Point  du  Diable,  which  they  pass  by  tow- 
ing. If,  unfortunately,  the  bateau  lurclies*  at  this 
point,  the  current  carries  it  into  the  great  cauldrons, 


'  Tlie  Enjjlish  have  siiipc  built  a  fort  at  the  Cedars,  wlicrc  Major 
Sliert)unic  coiilil  not  long  resist  an  attack  in  17T0,  alter  the  raising  of 
the  siege  of  Qiieliee  liy  the  Americans,  who  were  ut\erwarils  mastera 
of  this  fort. —  yote  in  Oriyiiial. 

■^Theyeallit  lurching  [  eniharder  J  when  the  currents  strike  the 
boat  ()l)Ii([uely,  when  it  is  impossible  to  retain  it,  and  it  must  be  left 
to  r\ui  the  rapids. —  2^'ute  in.  Oriyimil. 

13 


98 


TUE  CEDAKS:  COTEAU  DU  LAC. 


\in 


and  it  is  inevitably  lost.  This  has  happened  to  voy- 
agourawlio  have  attempted  to  pass  this  place  by  poling. 

The  island  marked  6,  above  this  dangerous  place,  is 
extremely  advantageous  for  defending  the  rapids, 
either  right  or  lel't,  and  in  going  up  or  down.  It  can 
be  landed  upon  either  from  above  or  below,  and  is 
altogether  one  of  the  best  places  to  defend  in  tho 
colony.  The  enemy  could  not  use  the  river,  nor 
could  they  carry  their  bateaux  from  thence  through 
the  woods  to  the  foot  of  the  Cedars.  This  island  is 
well  wooded,  and  sulHoiently  large. 

The  bateaux  go  by  poling  along  Coteau  du  Lac, 
using  oars  in  some  places.  The  current  is  very  strong, 
and  the  banks  encumbered  with  trees  that  have  fallen 
into  the  water.  The  island  marked  7,  is  remarkable, 
because  in  going  down  the  Coteau  du  Lac  it  is  neces- 
sary to  find  a  current  which  is  directly  opposite  this 
island,  where  the  passage  occurs  for  going  down  to 
the  Cedars;  otherwise  they  would  fall  into  the  great 
cauldrons,  where  they  must  perish  without  rcmcd}'. 

The  army  of  General  Amherst,  in  going  down  to 
Montreal,  from  the  want  of  proper  guides,  lost  in  this 
passage  eighty  common  bateaux  and  four  bateaux  called 
carcassieres,  carrying  each  one  twelve  pound  cannon. 
If  he  had  but  four  men  in  each  bateau  in  going  down, 
at  least  three  hundred  and  thirty-six  men  must  have 
perished.' 


'  Tlic  Hcnuliiirnois  Canul,  on  the  south  side,  in  a  disfnnce  of  twelve 
miles,  surmounts  uu  elevation  of  eighty-four  feet,  between  Luke  8t. 


LAKE  ST.  FRANCIS:  CUKNEAUX. 


99 


Lake  St.  Francis  is  seven  leagues  long,  and  three  or 
four  wide.'  At  the  entrance  of  the  lake  we  find  Bateau 
bay,  on  the  north  side,  which  is  the  side  they  always 
follow.  From  thence  they  go  with  oars  or  sails.  Two 
leagues  i'urthcr  up  wo  find  Point  au  ]iano,  which  is  a 
usual  camping  place.  The  land  there  is  very  good, 
and  there  are  there  some  good  houses. 

If  we  do  not  stop  at  this  place,  we  must  cross  the 
lake  to  find  a  camping  ground,  because  the  bays  are 
deep,  and  the  country  all  covered  with  water.  Point 
Mouillee,  marked  8,  is  tlio  end  of  a  meadow  which 
extends  into  the  lake.  The  country  is  covered  with 
water,  and  they  sometimes  halt  there. 

Further  on  we  find  Pointe  a  la  Morandierc,  marked 
9.  It  is  a  tongue  of  land  where  we  may  encamp,  but 
only  with  a  few  people,  the  spot  being  small.  The 
woods  on  this  north  side  are  cedars  and  pines,  of  which 
the  roots  are  nearly  all  the  time  under  water.  The 
whole  interior  of  the  land  here  is  greatly  encumbered 
by  dead  and  fallen  trees. 

From  Pointe  a  la  Morandierc,  they  always  navigate 
through  rushes.  We  must  always  follow  the  north 
shore  without  getting  too  near  the  land,  in  order  to  find 
the  best  channel  of  the  river.  We  pass  through  the 
rushes  between  some  fine  islantls  called  the  Chcncaux, 
and  at  the  beginning  of  these  islands  cross  to  the  south 


Louis  ami  Luke  St.  Francis  by  nine  locivs.     It  comes  out  into  Lalvc 
St.  Francis  above  tlie  bateau  rapids. —  Ed. 
'  About  twenty-seven  miles  long,  and  from  one  to  five  wide.  —  Ed. 


100 


8T.  IlEQIS  :  MILLE  ROCHES. 


•■i "  I 


if  wo  wish  to  visit  the  mission  of  St.  Kogis  hitely  foiiiidod 
by  the  Jesuits '  and  very  small  in  numbers.  The  lands 
in  the  vicinity  are  tine  for  cultivation,  and  it  is  a  very 
good  country  for  hunting. 

Opposite  Ht.  Regis,  on  the  side  usually  followed,  the 
land  is  quite  high,  and  in  going  up  wo  find  a  very 
abrupt  and  double  point,  called  Poink  Malignc,"  marked 
10,  where  it  is  necessary  to  put  on  a  towing  line. 
Beyond  this  we  roach  the  llille  Jioclies,  marked  11. 
This  is  a  fall  of  the  waters  of  the  Long  Saut  by  a  nar- 
row channel,  and  from  thence  passes  to  the  north. 
The  river,  which  nuikos  a  great  bend  at  this  place,  is 
much  encumbered  by  great  rocks.  Tliey  have  made 
a  chaimel  so  as  not  to  be  obliged  to  go  around  them.'' 

At  the  entrance  of  Jlille  Roches,*  we  find  the  lower 
point  of  an  island,"  which  we  pass  on  the  north  side 
in  going  up,  but  on  the  south  in  descending  the  Long 
Saut.  We  may  land  on  this  island  by  the  lower  side, 
and  if  8up[)lied  with  marksmen  might  easily  prevent 
bateaux  from  descending. 


'  Founded  by  Antoinc  Gordon,  a  Jesuit,  with  a  party  from  Cau^li- 
nawagn.  Tlic  details  are  given  in  the  Hint,  of  AY.  Jjiierence  and  Frank- 
lin Counties.  —  Ed. 

'Just  al)ovo  tlie  present  village  of  Cornwall.  —  Ed. 

'The  Cornwall  Canal,  beginning  just  below  that  town,  and  follow- 
ing up  the  north  bank  to  Dickinson's  landing,  opposite  the  Long  Saut 
Island,  now  enables  vessels  to  surmount  the  Long  Saut  rapid.  This 
canal  is  about  eleven  miles  long,  and  rises  forty-eight  feet,  by  the  help 
of  six  locks.  —  Ed. 

'The  north  channel  opposite  Sheik's  Island,  close  under  the  north 
shore,  a  canal  for  steamers  and  small  vessels  is  now  built  there.  —  Ed. 

'  Sheik's  Island  on  modern  maps.  — Ed. 


NAVIOATION  OF  THE  LONG  SAUT. 


101 


From  Mille  Roohcs  wo  go  to  Monlincl^  iimrkod  12. 
\Vc  tliero  turn  two  Hmiill  islivudH  (wlicro  the  water  is 
very  Htill),  and  enter  an  arm  of  the  river  wliieli  is  very 
rough.  Besides  using  poles,  tlicy  are  obliged  to  get 
into  tlie  water  shoulder  deep  to  make  the  bateaux 
advanee.  They  have  there  made  aeliaimel  lor  passing. 
We  then  gain  a  little  island  on  the  right,  and  come  to 
the  loot  of  the  Long  Saut. 

The  Long  Saut  is  a  full  quarter  of  a  league  in  length 
on  the  north,  and  three  leagues  in  length  descending 
on  tlic  south.  The  waters  boil  like  the  sea  in  a  tem- 
pest. Although  the  current  is  very  rapid  in  the  north 
passage,  they  nevertheless  bring  up  the  bateaux  by 
towing  with  four  or  six  men  to  a  line,  and  two  in  the 
bateau  to  guide  it.  Fortuiuitely  the  currents  always 
bear  towards  the  shore.  There  are  some  rocks  in  the 
channel  which  renders  this  passage  difficult.  They 
might  be  taken  out,  and  a  road  made  along  tlie  side 
to  greatly  lessen  the  labor  of  towing.  They  usually  en- 
camp at  the  head  of  the  Long  Saut.  This  country  is  full 
of  very  line  wood,  and  would  be  very  proper  to  cultivate. 

The  river  above  the  Long  Saut  has  a  very  strong 
current,  especially  around  the  points  of  land  which  we 
often  meet,  and  where  we  must  always  use  the  poles 
vigorously.  No.  13  is  Pointe  Ste  Marie,  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  of  these.    No.  14,  is  the  Mc  au  Chat,' 


•  Now  Dixon's  Mills.  —  Ed. 

'  Still  called  by  this  nnmc.    It  is  the  towu  of  Louisville.  —  Ed. 


11 
V  I 

F  '    I 

M 


)« 


102 


rolNTE  AV  CAllDINAL:  IIAPIDE  PLAT. 


noti'd  for  beiiij?  the  pliui'  wlioro  wo  croHs  iiiulor  thia 
isliiiid  to  tlio  Hoiith,  ill  jufoiiij^  down  tlic  liOiijjf  Suut.' 

On  tlio  island  below,*  tliere  is  a  jioint  from  whence 
both  tlie  north  and  Houth  channels  might  be  raked  by 
artillery,  and  a  camp  might  l>e  formed. 

No.  15,  is  I'ointe  an  Oirdiiial,  eiiuaily  noted  for  its 
utrong  current,  besides  which  trees  have  fallen  Croni 
the  bank,  very  much  hindering  the  navigation. 

No.  lii,  is  the  Uapklc  Plat,  the  currents  being  of 
great  strength,  but  not  dangerous  either  in  going  up 
or  (h)wn.''  We  tind  tliere  a  great  eddy,  which  we 
take  to  the  foot,  and  then  go  up  by  poling,  so  as  not 
to  lurch.* 

No.  17,  is  Poinic  mix  Iro'pioisi'.''  It  is  not  very 
rough,  and  is  chietly  noted  for  being  a  place  where 
they  almost  always  stop,  cither  in  going  up  or  down. 


'Just  below  Isli'  nil  Chat,  there  is  now  a  short  iiieee  ot"  canal  with 
n  lock  of  Ihri'e  I'eel  six  inches,  to  surmount  a  rapid  aromul  Ferren'a 
Point.  —  Ed. 

'  Chrysler's  Island.  .Inst  helow  this,  on  the  north  siih'  u  small  tort 
was  eri'cted  in  the  war  of  1812-1.5,  to  connnand  the  ehannel.  It  was 
called  Fort  Ingles.—  Ed. 

•■'  The  Hapide  Plat  canal  is  four  miles  h)n(j,  with  a  lock  of  eleven 
feet  si.x  inches. —  Ed. 

*  The  Junction  canal  alon;;  the  north  shore  begins  hclow  Point 
Iro(iuois,  i.s  about  seven  miles  long,  and  has  two  locks,  together 
amounting  to  fourteen  feet  nine  inches.  The  river  is  navigable  from 
the  head  of  this  canal  to  Lake  Ontario.  The  total  rise  from  tide  wa- 
ter to  Kingston  at  the  outlet  of  the  lake  is  2^4  feet. —  Ed. 

*  Still  known  by  this  name  on  the  maps,  but  locally  iironounced 
"  Point  Hockaway."  It  is  in  the  town  ot  Waddington,  St.  Lawrence 
Co.,  just  above  Ogdeu's Island.— Eu. 


. :,» 


U'i 


ISI,K  ATX  (lAl.OXa:   ISLE  PlgUET.  108 

Tlio  (iiilotH  iiro  two  vory  ntron^  clu'i-kH,  uiid  the* 
riviT  across  its  wliolc  breadth  dosciiinls  in  boiliiitj 
wavi's. 

Tlii'y  follow  tlio  shore  of  tho  first  rapid,  and  whoii 
tlicy  c'onio  near  a  kind  of  jctto  of  rock  tlioy  put  out 
tho  towinif  lines.  CJreat  care  must  be  taken  to  hold 
tho  forward  end  of  tlio  bateau  towards  the  shore  if 
you  do  not  wish  it  taken  by  tho  current.  The  second, 
above,  is  not  so  lon^.  At  a  <;un  shot  above  is  a 
bay  called  Aiu.  Peri'/ics,  bccausi'  here  the  poles  are 
left. 

There  are  no  more  rapids,  and  henceforth  they  need 
only  oars  and  sails.  In  goinuj  down  the  Galots,  tl:  y 
follow  the  middle  of  the  current. 

No.  18,  opposite  this  bay  is  the  Isk  aiw  Galois  whicli 
nuiy  be  seven  hundred  toises  around.  It  can  siearcely 
be  lauded  upon,  except  above,  aloujf  adislait,,o  of  150 
toises  on  account  of  the  currents  meeting  i  flow.  This 
island  liavinj^  a  good  range  on  the  north  i  lannels,  was 
cntrenclied  in  17o9. 

No.  19,  by  the  side  of  the  latter  is  tlic  island  called 
Piquet,  because  tliis  missionary  took  refuge  tliero  with 
tho  Indians  settled  at  La  Presentation.  Witli  a  camp 
and  artillery  on  this  island  and  with  the  Galot  islands 
occupied,  it  would  not  l)e  possible  to  descend  tho 
river. 

This  post  is  the  best  to  stop  an  enemy,  if  we  liad 
men  enough  to  guard  these  islands.  The  Isle  Piquet, 
is  a  league   around,  and  cannot  be  lauded  upon   ex- 


.1      •».! 


104 


ISLE  A  LA  CUISSK:    POTNTK  A  LA  COIINE. 


.;; 


i' 


copt  in  some  places  tliat  arc  easy  to  dofond.  They 
may  coino  to  it  iVotn  above  or  l)cIo\v  and  it  is  well 
wooded. 

We  may  go  np  or  down  on  the  south  side  of  the 
river  very  coiiveniontl\'.  Tliis  cliannel  was  unknown 
until  1759.  The  English  encamped  a  detachment  of 
their  army  there  in  1700,  Avhen  they  besieged  Fort 
Levis.  There  are  some  little  islands  between  Isle 
ri(pict  and  those  already  mentioned,  but  they  are  not 
of  much  consecpience. 

No.  20,  is  tlie  Isle  a  la  Cuisse,  a  quarter  of  a  league 
in  circuit,  elevated  in  the  middle,  capable  of  holding  a 
camp  of  twelve  liundred  men,  and  of  being  entrenched. 
It  sweeps  well,  at  half  gun  shot  the  north  sl)orc,  and 
with  Fort  Levis  would  defend  the  passage  of  the 
whole  river.  It  was  from  these,  that  the  enemy  di- 
rected their  chief  attention  against  the  fort.  They 
lilaced  fourteen  cannon  in  battery  and  six  mortars, 
which  commanded,  l)y  more  than  twenty-four  feet 
elevation,  the  Isle  of  Orakointon,  on  which  Fort  Levis 
was  built. 

No.  21,  the  Isle  31ar/(kl(ime,  is  a  little  larger  than  the 
preceding,  and  also  commands  Fort  Levis  and  enfi- 
lades the  whole  island.  The  enemy  placed  eight 
cannon,  eight  mortars  and  two  howitzers  upon  it. 

No.  23,  Folnlc  a  la  Come,  would  be  susceptible 
of  a  good  entrenchment  to  cover  this  frontier  by 
also  occupying  the  Isle  k  la  Cuisse  and  that  of  Fort 
Levis. 


OllACONENTON  ISLE, 


105 


No.  22,  is  FohUe  a  I'  Ycro;jne,^  upon  wliicli  was  the 
priiieipiil  camp  of  the  Englisli,  and  the  head  quarters 
of  General   Anilierst. 

Ora/iointon,'^  is  a  little  low  island  nearly  level  with 
the  water,  of  wiiich  Fort  Levis  covered  two-thirds. 
This  fort  was  a  redoubt  of  108  toises  in  circuit.  On  the 
front  where  tlie  landin;j^  was,  there  was  built  a  horn- 
work  of  42  toises  on  the  outside.  The  landing  was 
perfectly  enfiladed  by  the  Isle  h  la  Magdelaine.  The 
two  larger  sides  were  quite  uneciual,  that  on  the  north 
being  the  longest.  They  were  terminated  by  a  little 
tiank  of  about  live  toises.  Behind,  it  was  composed 
of  tiiree  faces  like  the  three  external  sides  of  a  hexa- 
gon. 

The  rampart  was  twenty-seven  feet  wide  at  the  base, 
reduced  to  eighteen  at  the  top,  revetted  with  saucis- 
sons.  The  exterior  height  of  the  rampart  was  seven 
feet,  and  tlie  interior  eleven.'' 

AVe  have  added  above  this,  wooden  colters  Ibrming 
a  parapet  nine  feet  wide  at  the  base  and  seven  liigh. 
The  height  within  was  six  feet.  There  was  a  fraisc 
between  the  paiapet  and  the  rampart.  The  ditch  was 
five  toises  wide  and  two  deei),  of  winch  one  foot  was 
under  water.  Upon  the  side  of  the  horn-work  was  a 
ditch  bordered  by  an  oblique    palisade  attached    to 


'  Point  Ivcrogm",  as  writtoii  in  a  preceding  iiage. —  Ki). 
'Oraronenton,  as  elsewlu're  wriUcii. —  Ki). 

^  The  aeconipanying  steel  plate  engraved  for  tliis  work  from  Mante's 
llislorv,  gives  an  aeeunite  view  ol'tlie  work  here  described. —  Ed. 

14 


''I 


'  ii; 


t.'i 


h   i! 


h^ 


,1       |!l 


!:  IW'I    ^, 


i: 


il 


lot; 


I'OKT  LKVIS. 


bc'd-piooos  l)_v  wooden  pins,  of  little  strength,  because 
tlu'3-  were  not  iinnly  bedded.' 

We  have  built  around  the  island  on  the  north  side, 
an  e[paulnient  nine  loet  at  the  base  and  iive  or  six  feet 
high,  and  on  the  X.  E.  point  a  redoubt,  piece  upon 
piece  of  timber  eighteen  inches  square,  pierced  for 
five  guns. 

The  south  side,  where  the  landing  was,  we  had 
closed  by  a  palisade  up  to  the  foot  of  the  glacis, 
where  were  formed  wooden  boat  slides  for  the  use  of 
the  fort. 

At  the  S.  AV.  point  was  an  epaulement  as  a  parapet 
of  the  covered  way.  Around  tlie  whole  island  we 
had  placed  an  abattis  of  the  branches  and  tops  of  trees, 
which  extended  out  iifteen  feet  into  the  water.  AVo 
had  left  a  passage  to  land  on  the  north  side,  of  forty 
toises,  and  all  from  the  i'oii  to  the  end  of  the  island. 

This  fort  is  easily  commanded  by  a  point  of  land  on 
the  south  side  called  0'«/(rt^(/ra^o/;/,'"  distant  4")0  toises 
from  the  island,  where  the  enemy  placed  four  catinon, 
four  niLrt.'  "s  and  two  howitzers,  which  enfiladed  the 
island  fijiu  south  west  to  northeast.  On  the  same 
shore  and  opposite  the  isle  of  Orakointon,  there  is  a 
little  river''  of  the  same  name  as  that  of  the  point  we 


'Tlic  whole  work  could  only  last  a  liltk'  wliili',  and  we  believe  that 
even  in  the  late  war,  tlu'  English  had  ahaniloncd  it,  as  it  was  useless 
to  them. —  Xotc  in  Orir/iiinl. 

"  Now  "  Indian  Point  "  in  Lislmn. —  Ei>. 

'Tihliitt's  ereelv  in  Lisbon. —  Ed. 


I:  fthili 


iil: 


ijl 


LA  I'KIISENTATION. 


107 


have  just  incntioiiod.  It  has  coiisidorahlo  width  and 
depth  for  a  h'ag'ue  and  a  lialf.  If  a  camp  and  a  re- 
doubt were  phiccd  there,  they  would  very  well  defend 
the  80uth  eliannel  of  tlic  river. 

The  islands  we  have  mentioned,  and  Pointe  A  la 
Come,'  are  the  only  posts  ca^jable  of  defence  at  the 
head  of  the  ra[)ids.  The  (Uirrent  at  I'oint  Gaiia- 
taragoin  is  strony;,  and  follows  that  sliore. 

The  river  has  a  good  current  opposite  the  Isle 
Orakointon,  and  forms  at  tlie  lower  i)art  of  the  island 
a  great  eddy  on  the  south  side,  which  affords  good 
ground  for  ancluniigo.  Vessels  could  v.'inter  there 
ver}'  conveniently,  Init  they  wonid  need  a  fresh  wind 
from  tlie  X.  E.  to  enable  them  to  overcome  the  cur- 
rent, which  begins  at  Point  ( Janataragoin. 

Vessels  can  actually  go  down  as  far  as  in  front  of 
the  Isle  Piquet,  but  the  anchorage  is  good  for  nothing, 
and  the  currents,  both  to  the  right  and  left,  arc  very 
strong. 

La  Presentation,  or  Chouegatchie,'-  is  an  Iroquois 
establishment  formed  by  M.  V  Abbe  J'ic<juet,  a  Sulpi- 
cian.  Tlie^-  had  there  built  a  square  fort,  of  which 
the  bastions  were  formed  by  houses,  and  the  curtains 
great  upright  timbers  iifteen  or  sixteen  feet  high. 
The  missionaries,  the  commandant,  the  little  garrison 
and  the  store  keeper,  for  the  mission   service  estab- 

•Wiuilmill  Point,  OH  tlic  norlli  slioi'c.     Fori  Wellington  is  a  sliort 
ilistancL'  iiliovo  tliis  tort.—  Ki). 
2  Oswcgatchic.     Now  Ogdensburgli.—  Ed. 


>:! 


i  ^1 


■Hi 


•J1 
If 


■3 

-'i 
i  '■ 
i; 


il 


1^ 


..    -.  ! 


^\ 


u 


108 


LA  PRESENTATION. 


lislicil  l)y  the  king,  oci-npied  the  four  quarters  of  lliis 
etructuro.  In  17")9,  this  mission,  wliioli  was  quite 
numerous,  retired  to  the  Isle  Pioquet,  unci  the  fort  was 
dismantled  so  that  it  should  not  afford  shelter  to  the 
enemy.  The  mission  was  very  prosperous,  heeauso 
the  lands  there  are  excellent  for  tillage. 

They  can  go  very  far  into  the  country  by  the  Chonc- 
gatehie  Kiver.  The  ii\terior  of  this  country  is  very 
little  known  to  our  Canadians,  and  the  Indians  only 
visit  it  for  hunting. 

There  is  a  reef  of  rocks  in  tlu"  river  almost  ojiposite 
the  Indian  village,  whore  the  Abbe  I'icquet  had  built  a 
saw  mill.  Vessels  can  anchor  in  front  of  the  village, 
but  they  arc  not  secure  on  account  of  the  winds,  and 
the  river  is  subject  to  freshets  that  bring  down  trees. 

This  river  has  a  fine  navigation  of  twenty  leagues,' 
but  the  remainder  can  oidy  be  passed  in  canoes  with 
portages.  It  approaches  the  h"ight  of  land,  and  our 
parties  sometimes  took  this  route  in  going  to  the  Eng- 
lish frontiers. 

Back  of  Fort  do  La  Presentation  is  a  bluff  very  suita- 
ble io  build  a  city  or  village.  The  location  is  very 
advantageous.'- 

The  Kiver  !St.  Lawrence  is  line,  and  its  shores 
beautiful  in  these  parts,  until  two  leagues  above  J'ointe 


>  That  branch  known  as  Ulark  Lake,  into  whii'li  tlows  the  Indian 
Kiver,  formerly  much  useilbythe  natives  in  going  hy  wayt)t'thi'  Ulack 
Hiver.—  Kd. 

'  Till'  village  of  Ogdensbiirgh  is  laid  out  upon  this  blutl'.—  Ed. 


t 


'11 


POINTE  AU  UAIIIL. 


109 


an  J^aril,  as  woll  for  cultivation,  as  for  liuntiiig  and 
tisli  which  arc  very  abundant. 

The  I'ivor  is  hero  not  over  u  good  ([uartcr  of  a 
league  wide,  audits  channel  is  very  straight  for  eleven 
leagues  from  above  the  Galots  to  Toniata.  It  is  not 
encumbered  with  islands,  and  it  has  a  considerable 
depth  of  watei'. 

At  three  leagues  above  La  Presentation,  on  the 
north  side,  is  a  point  of  land  called  l^oiiitc  an  liar'd. 
It  commands  the  river  well,  and  would  protect  the 
vessels  which  might  be  stationed  there  to  defend  it. 
A  camp  might  be  there  very  advantageously  placed,  as 
aleague  and  a  half  furtlier  up,  the  shores  are  steep  rocks, 
and  an  enemy  could  not  establish  themselves  there  in 
force.     These  baidvs  continue  to  the  Bay  of  Corbeau. 

Near  point  No.  24,  is  abay  called  Ancc  a  la  Conatmc- 
tlon^  from  the  vessels  which  were  built  there  in  1750. 
It  was  very  convenient  for  building,  the  water  in  front 
being  deep  and  timber  near.  They  might  hero  make 
a  good  entrenchment  to  cover  the  workmen. 

A  league  and  a  luilf  above  Pointe  au  Baril,  is  a  little 
island  nuirked  "25,  which  nuiy  be  oOO  toises  around. 
It  is  a  rock  upon  which  a  fort  might  be  l)uilt.  It  pre- 
sents a  view  of  the  river  as  far  as  Toniata,  and  would 
sweep  it  very  well  with  artillery.  It  has  a  good 
anchorage  at  tlie  lower  part.  We  sent  the  vessels  to 
this  station  to  observe  the  river. 


'v.v,'i 


i 


:!  %''m 


Probably  the  present  site  of  Brockville.—  Ed. 


I  f 


u 


110 


TONIATA  :  PETIT  DETROIT. 


From  the  htii'l  of  this  island,  on  the  south  shore, 
almost  to  the  Bay  of  Niaourc,'  the  hanks  are  low  und 
full  of  creeks  and  niarsliy  hays,  and  are  very  thickly 
wooded. 

At  live  leagues  from  Pointe  uu  Baril,  is  the  Island  of 
Toniata.  The  main  channel  of  the  river  is  hetween 
this  island  and  the  south  shore.  The  north  part  of 
the  river  is  filled  with  rushes,  and  in  summer  it  is  a 
famous  eel  fishery. 

The  Island  of  Toniata-  is  three  leagues  long  hy  a 
half  a  quarter  of  a  league  wide.  Its  soil  is  good  to 
cultivate,  as  is  also  true  of  another  island  situated 
between  it  and  the  north  shore."  It  is  a  league  long, 
and  a  quarter  of  a  league  wide. 

At  the  upper  extremity  is  a  little  passage,  with  hut 
little  watcr,^  and  full  of  rushes,  which  they  call  the 
Petit  Detroit.  This  is  the  route  that  bateaux  always 
take  in  going  up,  to  avoid  the  currents. 

We  should  notice  that  we  ought  to  pay  no  attention 
to  the  little  channels  which  we  meet  among  the  rushes, 
and  which  have  no  outlet  and  would  ground  a  vessel. 


■j" 


I  } 


ii.il 


'  Clmmout  Bay.  —  Ed. 

'  M.  ik'  Frontcnac  gave  this  island  loan  lrof|U()is,  and  tlir  latter  soon 
after  sold  it  for  four  pots  of  brandy  to  a  Canadian  who  would  have  iu 
turn  sold  it  back  for  a  beaver  skin.  —  yote  in  On'r/inul. 

On  modern  maps  it  is  Greiuidkr  or  nurthnixt  Island,  on  the  Canada 
side  of  the  boundary.  The  signilieation  of  Toniata  is  said  to  be 
"  Beyond  the  Point."  —  Ed. 

'Tar  Island  on  Owen's  chart.  — Ed. 

*  The  surroundings  are  here  from  four  to  si.\  feet.  —  Ed. 


TIIK  THOUSAND  ISLANDS. 


Ill 


At  tlio  Petit  Detroit,  they  perforin  tlic  ceremony  of 
baptizing  those  wlio  have  never  before  gone  up  this 
river. 

At  a  league  and  a  half  above,  begins  the  Thousand 
Islands,  which  continue  at  least  three  leagues.  These 
are  an  infinite  number  of  little  rocks  covered  with 
trees,  which  have  channels  quite  large  in  some  places. 
In  others,  vessels  in  passing  through  would  almost 
touch  them.  They  are  very  safe,  almost  always  have 
u  good  depth  all  around,  and  there  is  but  a  slight  cur- 
rent. 

At  the  end  of  three  leagues,  wc  find  larger  islands. 
"VVe  should  take  care  and  not  go  astray.  In  following 
in  bateaux  the  channel  nearest  the  north  side,  we  shall 
notice  several  inlets  ending  in  marshes  which  arc  near 
the  shore. 

It  is  necessary  to  turn  very  short  to  enter  the  Bay 
of  Corbeau,'  which  is  large  and  fine.  "We  pass 
between  the  south  point  which  is  very  straight  and  a 
little  island,  which  we  have  to  pass  very  near.  From 
thence  they  coast  along  the  Isle  an  Citron  Avhich  is  a 
good  league  in  length.     It  is  fine  and  avcII  wooded. 

They  make  a  crossing  of  two  leagues  to  reach  the 
Isle  Cochois,  which  is  three  leagues  long,  and  half  a 
league  wide,  abounding  in  game  and  fish. 

The  view  from  the  foot  of  this  island,  with  the 
neighboring  islands  and  the  north  shore,  forms  a  pros- 


'  On  Owoii's  clmrt  puMislu'd  liy  the  English  llydrogniphical  ottice, 
this  is  nanii'd  Bdininjanlt  limj.  —  En. 


^•il 


f 

1 

1 

,,   I 


I 


H,! 


112 


FOllT  KRONTKNAO. 


pect  most  (lolifjlitfiil  on  account  of  the  beauty  of  the 
cluuincls.  This  part  appears  to  bo  very  proper  for  cul- 
tivation, ami  good  for  bunting  and  fibbing. 

From  tbonco  to  Fort  Frontonac;  is  three  leagues. 
Wo  tincl  a  bay  sufficiently  deep  and  quite  good,  before 
coming  to  Montreal  Point,  whioh  is  the  south  point  of 
the  Hay  of  C'ataracoui. 

Afontrcal  Point  would  make  an  advantageous  camp, 
being  only  accessible  from  tlie  iront,  which  would 
oblige  the  enemy  to  make  a  wide  detour  to  approach 
it.     It  is  a  hill  which  slopes  down  to  the  point. ' 

Cataracoui  or  Frontenac,'*  is  a  square  fort  of  masonry 
without  terraces,  the  walls  being  tiftcen  inches  thick 
and  the  outside  square  and  forty-two  toises  on  n  side. 
The  tlanks  arc  very  small,  and  a  wooden  scaiibld  serves 
for  a  terre-jilcin.  The  fort  is  commanded  on  the  side 
of  the  country,  at  a  half  gun-shot,  and  the  lands  in  the 
vicinity  are  us  curtains  to  one  another,  and  so  com- 
mand them  as  to  prevent  this  from  ever  being  made  a 
good  post  without  great  expense.^ 

The  anchorage,  which  is  directly  opposite  the  fort,  ia 


'Fort  Ilcnrj-  is  now  built  on  this  point.  —  Kn. 

2  Cataracoui  is  tlio  niinie  of  tlic  Fmuti'iuu^  Hay;  tlie  latter,  that  of 
11  fort  liuilt  in  1CT2  !>}•  order  of  the  Count  Frontenae,  aud  theu  aban- 
doned but  resumed  in  1005,  aeeording  to  the  intentions  of  this 
governor  of  N(^w  France.  —  JVote  in  On't/iind. 

The  city  of  Kingston  now  occupies  the  site  of  the  fort  described  in 
the  text.  —  Ed. 

3  This  post  was  only  built  to  hold  the  Iroquois  in  cheek.  —  A'ote  in 
Ori'jinal. 


r' 

it; 


liAV  ()!•'  CATAKACOlil. 


II; 


I'xcelloiit  tor  vi'ssols,  mid  as  wiiitor  (|UiU'tcrs.  Yovy 
iioartlio  oiitraiU'L^  of  llio  hay  on  tlic  nortli  s'uU',  is  a  cove 
Yvvy  propoi-  tor  sliip  luiildinu'.  At  tlic  lu'ad  ol'  tlic  liny 
is  a  Icind  of  iiiarsli,  cxtrc'incly  peopled  liy  a(|iiatic  liirds. 
'I'lic  lands  around  have  l)nt  a  thin  soil,yet yood  to  till, 
and  the  interior  is  vei'y  tine. 

'I'his  hay  has  the  fault  of  not  heiny-onthe  lake,  and 
it  is  didieult  to  know  from  thert'  what  is  passing-.  TIk^ 
coast  exec'iit  the  hay  is  ail  rook,  and  vi'ry  ditlieult  to 
land  upon,  it  is  hetter  to  sot^k  the  hay  of  T.itthi 
Cataraeoni,  uidess  you  wish  to  enter  the  lari;-e  hay. 

I/ittle  Cataracotii  has  the  same  ent ranee  as  the  hu'u'e 
hay,  and  has  a  di'pth  of  only  a  ([iiarti'r  of  a  lea^'ue. 
The  bottom  is  full  ot'  rushes.  This  t'ormor  hay  is  of 
conse([uenee,  hei'ause  the  enemy  miuht  come  and  land 
there  without  heintj  seen  from  Froutenae,  and  from 
thence  easily  come  across,  it  hein^-hut  a  slu)i't  leaii'ue, 
as  was  ext'cuted  by  iJradstret't  in  IToS,  with  foui'  thou- 
sand mi'n,  to  attack  this  fort,  which  had  a  u'ai'rison  of 
only  lilty  men,  and  thirty  voyageurs  who  were  there 
hy  chance. 

A  (piarti'r  of  a  league  from  Jiitlle  Cataraeoni  is  a 
large  hut  shallow  hay  which  tlu'V  call  Shih///  V<''//.  it 
is  here  where  they  come  for  materials  in  building 
Frontt'inic. 

At  a  league  and  a  half  f.irther,  is  anothei'  bay, 
formed  by  the  mouth  of  a  rivei'.'     The  sides  are  high, 


'  Now  MillCivLk,— Ki). 


i' 


1  %i 


*  I 
1 


^'t' 


m 


114 


NORTH  SHOUE  OP  LAKE  ONTAUIO. 


I' 


I 


SS' 


I 


I' 


in 


;  iji'- 


:1  . 

11; 

< ; 

H-' 

r 

!-'! 


■f 


i 


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I 

fj 


and  bordered  by  grout  rookn,  and  bateaux  can  not  rest 
there  in  safety. 

Two  leagues  further,  in  folhnvlng  the  north  shore 
of  Frontenac  we  meet  tlireo  little  islands  called  'J\iiii'i- 
ifxjnon  '  now  deserted  by  the  Indians.  It  is  dillieult  to 
pass  between  these  islands  andtliat  of  Tonti,  on  aceount 
of  large  shoals  that  extend  nearly  across.  We  pass 
between  the  two  little  islands  whieh  are  north  and 
south  to  rcaeii  the  Isle  of  Tonti.-  This  island  is  three 
leagues  long  and  a  league  and  a  half  wide  in  some 
places. 

They  follow  in  bateaux  its  north  side  to  the  end. 
Vessels  pass  to  the  open  side  of  this  island,  in  coming 
down,  and  come  direct  upon  Jjittlo  Cataracoui.  There 
is  an  islet  of  rocks  covered  with  trees  whieh  we  must 
not  too  nearly  approach  on  account  of  the  shoals, 
especially  on  the  ujiper  side. 

I'ateaux  make  the  traverse  to  the  shore  of  t'ae  ]5ay 
of  (Juinte,  which  has  an  oi)eninga  league  wide.  They 
leave  this  bay  on  the  right,  unless  they  wish  to  make 
its  portage,  which  is  lifteen  h-agues  distant  at  the 
head  of  the  bay.  This  passage  would  enable  us  to 
avoid  making  the  circuit  of  the  great  penisula,''  which 
is  not  very  easy.  The  portage  is  about  a  league,  and 
all  the  way  iu  the  sand. 


'Tlio  islands  are  railed  "  The  Urotlu'/s,"  on  V\\\>\.  Owen's  eliarl  of 
the  L;ike.— Kl). 
H)lli('r\visc  called  Ainlierst  Island.—  Kl>. 
M'rineeKdward's.— lOi). 


t 


NOIITII  SIIOUE  OF  LAKE  ONTAIIIO. 


116 


Wc  follow  llio  Hhoro  of  tlio  pcniiisuhi  two  l('iii:;uoH 
and  a  liiilf,  ami  thou  mako  the  traverse  of  a  buy,'  which 
18  throo  k^agiics  wide  at  the  mouth,  and  five  deep. 
Wo  do  not  know  whotlicr  there  \a  good  anchorage. 
The  north  point  is  a  rock.  All  thin  pcniiiHuhi  is  filled 
with  line  woods. 

At  a  (pnxrter  of  a  league  from  the  south  point,  it 
forms  a  narrow  strait.  We  then  pass  near  the  Isle  d' 
Ecoui,^  behind  which  is  a  good  anchorage.  On  the 
side  of  the  open  lake  there  are  two  baidis  between 
wind  and  water  called  Lcs  Gai'lmis. 

The  whole  north  shore  of  Lake  Ontario  is  formed 
of  points  of  from  n  quarter  to  half  a  league,  all  of 
which  have  quite  large  shoals,  which  it  is  difficult  to 
double  when  there  is  but  little  wind.  They  are  llat 
rocks. 

At  two  leagues  from  the  Ecouis,  is  a  sinuosity  two 
leagues  wide  and  about  a  league;  dce[),  ol"  which  the 
north  part  is  sandy,  but  not  witli  sullicient  depth  for 
the  anchorage  of  vessels.  The  rest  is  Hat  rock,  or 
galets. 

At  its  S.  W.  cud  is  Point  aux  Gravois,-'  where  they 
anchor.  For  two  leagues  the  shore  runs  N.  E.  and 
S.  W.  They  always  coast  along  I'oint  aux  Gravois 
which  is  Hat  rock. 

In  the  turn  of  this  point  to  the  S.  W.,  and  in  the 


'  Prince  Edwanl'.s  Uiiy.—  Eu. 
■'Inner  Dniko  Isliiml.—  Eu. 
3  Gull  Point.— Ed. 


1     r  ■■'! 


'f 


N 


ii' 


l>i^ 


Nilii 


■,;{ 


*r 


in; 


NoiiTri  simiiF.  or  i.akk  untaiho. 


Wt'Mt  )iiirr  (>!'  Ilic  lirsl  Iiciid  it  liii.-;  :i  liottoiii  of  siiiid, 
wlii'i'i'  llicy  aiiclioi'.  'I'Ik!  second  liciid  has  ji  Hal  rncU 
lioltnm. 

Kitpiii  tliciu't'  \YC  iiMss  to  I'oiiitc  dii  I)(';t()iir.  wliicli 
I'Xtciid-  I'ai'tlu'-^t  into  III.'  laUc'  lis  liolloiii  is  Ihii 
roi'k,  and  it  is  ilillicult  to  doiilijc  it  wiifii  tlu'  wind  is 
11  littlo  stroiii;,  Tlio  wavo.s  ai'ti  wry  Imd  on  arcoiiiiL 
ol'  tln'  .shallow  Itottoiii. 

W'c  iiu'ct  iii'iir  litis  point,  sonio  ^'I'cat  luMids  ol'  iiall' 
a  Ican'iU'  in  di'iptli.  and  iIu'It  is  one  lu'l'orc  coniiim'  to 
ilic  i>ay  ol'  Dimes,  oi'  wliiih  the  Kottoin  I'or  hall'  a 
loaifiK.'  is  of  sand,  imt  the  west  side  is  roek,  as  is  Ilic 
ease  with  all  the  otluT  jioiiils,  whose  l)ays  liave  a  hol- 
toni  ol'  Hat  roi'k. 

Tlu'  Way  of  Dunes,'-  is  three  leai^'iies  wide.  The 
wind  has  tluri'  I'oiliied  hills  of  sanil  as  at  Dunkirk, 
wliieli  separate  the  lake  from  a  nuirsli''  whieli  is  lliree 
lea>;'iies  deep,  and  full  of  water  fowls. 

The  coast  of  the  lake  as  far  as  to  the  i'oint  of 
(^uinto,' is  evi'ry  wliero  rock.  In  tlie  eddies  formed 
ijy  tliesi'  points  are  <andy  hottoms  wlii're  we  may  an- 
clior.  There;  are  also  ^'■ood  anehoi'au'es  around  the 
Isle  of  Qniiito.'^  This  islaml  may  he  tlirou  (piarters  of 
a  leairiit'  across. 


'  I'rtcr  {'(iiiit  on  wliiili  is  now  a  light  house. —  K\>. 

'ISig.'iiiii.Iy  JJiiy.— Hii. 

'West  Lake—  111). 

♦  IIujTks  or  Nicholas  I'oint.—  J^d. 

'  Nicliolus  Island. —  Kit. 


NOllTII  SIIOIIIO  ()!•  l,AKi:  MNTAUIO. 


Ill 


From  till'  I'oiiit  <A  Qiiliit6,  wo  ciitoi*  ii  Uiiy  '  \vlii(!li 
irt  livo  loii,t,nu'H  wide,  rcacliiiii,' uliiiost  to  l'ri'S(iiio  Fslc; ; 
tlu!  .slioro  at  tlic  lictid  ol'tlii'  Ijiiy  is  all  sand. 

At  about  two  loaLTiics  from  Prusinu"  Ishi,  we  coint' 
lo  tlif  |K)rtan'(!  to  tiio  head  of  tlio  Hay  ot'Quiiito.  Wd 
sliuiilcl  [la-s  1)11  tJK'  oiitsidi!  of  this  I'lvsqiic  I-lc  liccaiiHo 
ill  jiassiiii;  witliiii,  we  ucf  amoiiii'  I  lie  riishcs,-  iuid 
iVoiii  tliciHc  iinist  iiiako  a  portagi.' of  tlircc  Imiiilicd 
liaccs  over  tln'  sand  to  rt'naiii  tlu'  iiikc. 

Tlic  l'rcs(|U('  Irdi'  of  <iiiiiitu,  was  an  island  wliidi 
has  ht't'ii  joiiu'd  to  the  main  land  iiy  llu'  sand  and 
j^ravol  thrown  up  liy  the  sonth-wcsi  windv  oi-  waslu'd 
into  the  liay  on  that  side."'  In  this  vicinity  we  fiml 
very  n'ood  land.  The  flats  up  to  the  mountain  which 
are  not  very  high,  :ire  very  line  meadows  watered  hy 
two  stix'ams  marked  on  the  map.  'fhis  country  would 
lie  delightful  to  live  in.'  'I'lid'c  is  a  ';Teat  alnmdance 
oi'  i;'ame  and  iish.  and  it  is  eonstanll_\  fivipienled  Ity 
the  Mis.sisaki'  Indians. 

From  the  rres(jue  Isle  to  the  Ifiver  de  (Janarasku,'' 
the  land  aloui?  the  sliore  is  UKU'e  suitabk'  foreultiva- 
tion  than  anv  that  we  tiiid  towards  l''i(Uitenae.     (iana- 


m 


'WiHir'slJiiy.— El). 

'Now  Ncwi'iisllc   Iliirbi)!'.     t'lntrhloii  i>  «  sliilioii   dii  tlic  (iiaiid 
Trunk  road,  near  lliis  iil:icc. —  Ed. 

"Now  known  as  Slioul  IJay.  —  Ed. 

'Aloni?  tliis  shore  now  runs  tlicdnunl  Trunk  railway,  with  llic 
villau:cs  of  (.'oUiornc,  (iraliton,  C'oburi^  ami  Port  lloiio.  — Ed. 

''.loncs's  (Jrcck  at  I'ort  lloiic.  —  111). 


>?! 


118 


NORTH  SHORE  OF  LAKE  ONTARIO. 


i  '< 

I, 


■I 


(:■■ 


raske  and  Salmon  Rivor  arc  only  remarkable  lor  being 
well  stocked  with  iish. 

The  Petits  Ecors  arc  banks  cut  down  forty  or  fifty 
feet,  almost  from  a  peak.  Tiiey  form  little  cajjcs  and 
bays  at  the  bottom  of  which  arc  the  mouths  of  rivers 
or  marshes,  and  we  can  only  land  at  the  bottom  of  the 
bays. 

After  liaviiii:;  doubled  th.e  Petits  Ecors,  we  come  to 
a  large  bay  wliicli  is  two  leagues  wide  at  the  opening, 
and  the  river  which  comes  in  at  its  head  is  of  conside- 
rable size.  Its  mouth  is  concealed  in  the  rushes  even 
to  the  lake,  which  is  very  unusual,  because  almost 
always  these  mouths  arc  gravelly,  and  have  but  a  little 
channel  leading  into  the  lake.  They  here  take  pro- 
digious quantities  of  fish,  which  at  certain  seasons  go 
from  the  lake  into  these  rivers. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  Grand  Ecors,  there  appears 
the  mouth  of  a  considerable  river.'  These  "Ecors" 
are  banks  cut  down  almost  from  a  [loiut,  and  eighty 
or  a  hundred  feet  liiiih,  and  continue  for  live  leagues.- 
At  the  end  of  this  distance  is  a  point  of  sand,  wooded, 
and  forming  a  peninsula,  and  in  the  rear  a  large  bay 
partly  covered  v.ith  rushes.  Vessels  can  here  anchor 
and  pass  tlie  winter. 

At  the  point  of  the  jicninsula,  there  is  a  good 
anchorage,  and  at  the  bottom  of  the  bay  a  river  very 
proper  for  building  mills,  as  there  is  line  pine  timber 


'  Hivtr  Hoiiirc.     I'l'i-l  Union  is  nt  its  luoutli.  —  Ko. 
■'  Known  as  tiic  "  llui'.Oits  of  Scarboro."  —  Eu. 


■fif'    . 


ii !« 


NOIITII  eilOUE  OF  LAKK  ONTAKIO. 


IIU 


ill  the  neigliborliood.  Thoy  make  ji  portage  wlieii 
tliey  go  ill  a  oanoe  I'rom  the  bottom  of  this  bay  to  the 
Ecors. 

Tlic  fort  of  Toronto  is  at  the  end  of  the  bay,  upon 
the  side  whieli  is  (|iiitc  eU>vatod  and  covered  .ith  flat 
rook.  Vessels  cannot  api)roach  within  cannon  sliot. 
This  fort  or  post  was  a  square  of  about  tliirty  toises 
on  ji  side,  externally  with  Hanks  of  fifteen  teet.  The 
curtains  formed  the  buildings  of  the  fort.  It  was  very 
well  built,  piece  upon  piece,  but  was  only  nsel'ul  for 
trade.' 

A  Iciigne  west  of  the  fort,  is  the  mouth  of  the 
Toronto  river,"  which  is  of  considerable  size.  This 
river  communicates  with  Lake  Huron,  by  a  portage  of 
fifteen  leagues,  and  is  frequented  by  the  Indians  wlio 
come  I'rom  tlie  north. 

The  other  streams  which  occur  towards  the  head  of 
the  lake,  appear  also  of  consiilcrabic  size,  and  are 
advantageous  chiefly  for  hunting  and  lishing. 

Tlu'  head  of  the  laki'  forms  a  bar  of  gravel  of  two 
leagues  which  separates  the  great  lake  from  a  little 
one''  which  is  niostlv   covered    with    rushes.     At  its 


'  Tlio  fort  at  TiU'oiilo  was  imili  Id  inlcncpl  ilic  Inili:iii  Uviilc  from 
Oswt'ijo.  It  '.vas  lirst  callcil  l>iiiilK'>  afli  r  the  I'liiuli  iiiinisttT  of  the 
Mniiiii'.  —  .'A  //("//'( •<  «"/' ''  ( 'iiiiiidii,  to.  —  El). 

'The  liivcr  lluinliir.  —  Ed. 

'Biiiliiii-'tiin  IJay.  A  place  near  tlic  licait  of  limliiiLiiim  liay  was 
I'linmily  naiiU'd'"Co(>U'>  I'aiadi  -e,"  ^■ll|K'(^nill^■  wliicli  lj((ii(lKlt(' gives 
tin;  fullowilif;  expla'ialdiy  mile: 

"  This  spot  owes  ils  name  to  the  rhapsodic  c\prcs>ioii  of  iin  eiilliu- 
sia^lie  si>orti-maii,  who  liciiij;  here  >lationcd  in  Iwceii  lJiniiiij;loii  H;iy 


i 


120 


Tlir,  IIKAI)  OK  LAKi;  uNTAUIo. 


'  I  !i:| 


lt'5! 


hr 


1 


^■i!: 


oxtromily  is  ii  rivor  wliicli  llioro  liasa  (all.  This  place 
is  curious  on  account  ol'  tlu'  (juantity  of  water  I'owl 
that  pass  ihci'e,  sui'h  as  duclcs.  teals,  bustards,  o-eeso 
and  swans.  We  can  shoot  tlicm  very  easily  in  their 
passage  of  the  rocks  at  this  fall.' 

This  river  ^'oes  iar  into  the  land,  and  ooniniunicatort 
with  two  rivei's  liy  jiortau'es,  of  which  one  falls  into 
Lake  Krie,  and  the  other  altera  course  of  sixty  leagues, 
tiills  into  Lake  St.  Clair  above  Di'lroit.  This  country 
is  very  line,  and  very  good  for  hunting.  The  river,  of 
whose  nanu'  M.  I'ouchot  has  never  been  informed,  is 
without  rapiils,  and  (piiti'  na\'igable  through  its  whole 
course.-  The  Indians  or  Canadians  sent  in  winter 
from  Xiagara  to  Detroit,  went  by  this  routi',  and  com- 
monly took  ten  days  in  passing  from  one  place  to  the 
other.  They  call  it  a  hundre(l  h'agues  by  this  I'oute 
from  Niagara  to  Detroit.      Several  river>  occur  between 

Mild  a  iiiMisli  to  llic  \v(  stwaril,  liiinnl  llir  spdi't  so  cxci'llciit.  as  the 
;;ainc  i>a^>c'd  in  licavy  lli>;lil>  I'lnin  llic  one  to  tlic  oilier,  tlial  lie  iliirMi- 
lii  il  tlic  spol,  othci-wisc  mrnitcnsliii'j-,  w  illi  ils  iircsciit  (1<  liiiIiiinaiiiHl- 
liilioii.  .Major  C'oolcs  licloii^cd  to  tlic  l!i'ili>li  army. —  /In'ti.ih 
Doiniiihii'K  in  .\',rl/i  Ahnn'r.i  t\s:\-i)  i,  "IS. 

'I'lic  city  of  liainilloii  at  tin-  Inad  ol'  ilir  liay,  was  laid  out  in  isl;!. 
Til  jstil  it  had  a  |ioiiiilation  <ii'  I'.l.tilHI.  'I'lic  Dc-Jardiiis  (anal  all'ords 
It  iiavi:.;alioii  ol'  I'oiir  iiiili  >  lo  Diiiidas.  — •  Ij). 

'  Near  the  in'iscnt  site  of  l>uiidas.  —  I'.i). 

■^Thci'c  is  no  .sircain  ol"  any  note  that  ciilcrs  the  lake  al  this  poiiil. 
(iraiid  irivcr,  a  iriliiilary  of  l.aUc  V'.uv,  li-rs  far  to  the  noithward  ol' 
Lalii'  (»iilari<i,  and  wa-  iiaxiLialilr  Iw  i  nly-liv  c  niilrs  liy  scliooncis  and 
liiuch  larllii  r  liy  lar;:c  hatcanx.  The  'Ihaino  liivcr,  roiiiicrly  lallcd 
Hivii'rr  ;'i  la  'rranchc.  (iii|iliis  near  Detroit.  It  is  one  linndrcd  and 
lilt V  mile-  loii.i'.  and  in  a  >lalc  of  iiatnic  was  iiavi.L;alilc  lor\issi'ls 
lil'ton  niilcs.  and  liy  lialianx  nearly  to  its  soiirei'. 


i| 


I  I 


LAKE  ONTARIO  WEST  OP  NIAGARA. 


121 


the  head  of  the  lake  and  Niagara,  which  is  a  distance' 
of  tifteeii  leagues.  They  almost  all  issue  from  ranges 
of  land  which  they  call  cdU's,  which  come  down  to 
meet  the  river  from  the  head  of  the  lake.  The  inter- 
val hetween  these  cutrs  is  a  line  and  well  wooded 
plain.  There  are  jiincs  towards  the  Great  Alarsh  and 
the  Marsh  of  Three  Outlets,  which  were  used  at  Fort 
Niagara. 

This  kind  of  timher  is  rare  in  these  parts,  where 
there  are  usually  found  oak  of  ditt'erent  kinds,  walnut, 
chesnut,  and  yellow  wood,-  which  is  very  proper  for 
building  and  wainscoting.  They  also  find  the  black 
walnut  —  which  is  very  tine  for  furniture — beech,  syca- 
more and  maple.  From  the  latter  they  draw  a  sugar 
which  is  very  good,  and  less  corrosive  than  the  white. 

In  the  parts  uorth  of  Toronto,  we  more  freipiently 
iind  pine  and  cedar,  on  account  of  its  vicinity  to  moun- 
tains. They  arc  not  as  high  as  the  Vauges,  but  covered 
with  tine  timher  and  good  soil.  They  arc  not  cold 
like  those  near  Carillon. 

Before  17r)4,  our  voyageurs  almost  never  in  their 
journeys  followed  the  north  shore  of  the  lake,  where 
they  had,  however,  more  shelter  than  on  the  south, 
for  a  considerable  number  of  bateaux.  The  route  is 
a  little  longer  in  going  to  Niagara,  yet  they  would 


'  Tlii'sc  siri'iiins  art'  (Icsijiiiuti'd :  Four,  Kiiflit,  Ten,  Ki;;litci'ii, 
Twi'iity,  Thirty  and  Forty  Mile  Crci'ks,  atrordiiifr  to  tiieir  distauci's 
IVom  Niairara.  —  Ki). 

-  Wliiti'wood  or  tidip  tree.  —  Eu. 
13 


h 


I 


t: 


122 


SOUTH  SnOKK  OF  LAKE  ONTARIO. 


prot'or   now   to    follow   this   nortlicrn   route,   even  if 
Oswogo  (lid  not  exist. 

AVe  will  reserve  our  description  of  Niagara  to  the 
chapter  upon  the  Ohio  River,  for  tiie  purpose  of  follow- 
ing the  south  shore  of  the  lake.  The  coast  from 
Niagara  to  the  great  Riviere  aux  Ikeufs,  runs  east  and 
west  ahout  twenty-four  leagues.  It  is  straight,  and  the 
hank  is  generally  ahout  thirty  or  forty  feet  high.  The 
streams  that  we  meet  do  not  go  far  into  the  land. 

The  Little  Marsh  distant  from  Niagara  a  league  and 
a  half,  is  a  little  bay  into  which  two  or  three  hundred 
bateaux  can  enter.  The  Englisli  landed  there  in  175'J. 
The  rivers  Aux  Ecluses '  aiul  Peux  Sorties,-  distant 
five  and  six  leagues  from  this  place,  are  only  noted  for 
the  pines  which  grow  there.  Wo  see  above  the  river 
Aux  Bteufs''  on  the  lands  above  the  shores  a  little 
uiountain  which  appears  round,  called  La  Butk  a 
Gcif/non.  It  is  a  land  mark  to  know  that  we  are  ou 
the  lake  at  fifteen  leagues  from  Niagara.  When  they 
come  opposite  this,  the  vessels  bear  as  much  as  they 
can  to  the  open  lake  so  as  not  to  puss  the  mouth  of 
the  Niagara  River,  wliich  cannot  be  seen  until  this  is 
passed.  Vessels  would  be  embarrassed  if  they  could 
not  enter  it,  as  the  N.  E.  winds  are  usually  very  fresh, 
and  they  could  find  no  shelter  between  Niagara  and 
the  head  of  the  lake,  winch  would  oblige  them  to  seek 


'  EijxhU'en  Mill'  Crrck.  —  Ed. 
HSoUU'ii  IlilK'nrk.— El). 
s  Oak  Orchard  Crock.  —  Ed. 


SOUTH  SnOllE  OF  LAKE  ONTARIO. 


V2'6 


the  nortli  shore.  In  this  navigation,  the  gales  of  wind 
from  the  west,  and  especially  from  the  north-west,  are 
often  severe,  and  drive  npon  the  south  sliore. 

The  shores  form  a  very  uniform  bank  along  the 
whole  course,  and  we  tind  no  otlicr  landmark  to 
recognize  except  this  hill. 

The  navigation  from  Frontenac  to  Niagara  with  ves- 
sels is  usually  of  four,  six  or  eight  days,  unless  favored 
by  a  north-east  wind,  which  usually  prevails  at  the 
moon's  change.  To  go  from  Niagara  to  Frontenac, 
we  are  seldom  out  more  tlian  one  night,  as  the  winds 
are  usually  from  the  south-west,  and  are  fresh. 

The  mouth  of  the  Riviere  aux  ]?aMifs  is  a  good  place 
to  land,  but  in  coming  from  Niagara  it  is  l)ettertopass 
this  point  in  the  open  lake,  on  account  of  a  long  and 
bad  bar  to  the  west  of  it.  From  Niagara  to  this  river 
we  tind  few,  if  indeed  any,  shelters  for  bateaux  in  con- 
siderable number.  From  this  river,  the  shores  of  the 
lake  arc  lower.  Tiiey  turn  to  the  south-east,  and  form 
a  series  of  very  shallow  bays  of  about  a  league  across. 

A  little  before  coming  to  Fortdes  Sables,  we  find 
the  mouth  of  the  River  Caseonchiagon,'  which  forms  a 
bay  of  suiHciont  size  and  depth,  but  there  is  a  bad  bar 
at  its  entrance. 

This  river  has  a  much  longer  course  into  the  interior 
than  any  other  on  this  coast.  It  has  three  falls  with 
banks  on  the  sides  almost  as  tine  as  those  of  Niagara. 


'  Ocnc8ce  River,    t'lmrlolti'  Liiiuling  is  ii  villnge  at  tiiis  place.  —  En. 


'}  t 

■v,lii 

Ill 

if 

i: 

y  1 

124 


SOUTH  SHORE  OF  LAKE  ONTAUIO. 


■ 

1 

' 

ii 

i 

1 

! 

1 

I 

■1 

d 

i 

1  r'l 

'i 

r  •■ 

i 

1^ ' 


hi  I 

hi 


y 


They  enter  to  the  head  of  the  Baye  des  Sables,'  to 
begin  the  navigation  of  the  Casconchiagon.  There  is 
a  portage  of  three  leagues,  whioli  is  the  most  eon- 
venient  route.  We  will  give  the  details  of  this  navi- 
gation in  a  separate  chapter  so  as  not  to  interrupt  our 
description  of  the  lake  shore. 

The  Fort  des  Sables  is  only  some  high  l)anks  of 
sand,  which  are  formed  around  the  bay  of  this  name. 
It  is  three  leagues  in  depth,  with  a  good  depth  of 
water.  Beyond  this  bay  the  land  as  far  as  to  the  foot 
of  the  Rideau  des  Cotes,  is  very  low  and  marshy  and 
the  wood  thick. 

The  Cayuga  Bay*  is  very  fine  and  deep.  The  Bon- 
cats''  is  a  little  bay  full  of  little  islands,  or  rather  ot 
great  sand  hills  covered  with  wood.  The  shores  are 
steep  almost  to  the  water's  edge,  and  if  this  part  was 
sounded  we  should  probably  find  very  good  anchor- 
ages for  vessels  between  these  islands.  The  land 
adjacent  is  elevated  and  sandy,  and  the  curtains  of  the 
shores  come  down  near  to  the  lake. 

The  lake  shore  is  stony  and  strewn  with  rocks  from 
this  bay  to  Oswego,  of  which  we  siiall  speak  in  a 
future  chapter. 

The  land  from  Oswego  always  sloping  towards  the 
lake  is  still  more  elevated,  and  the  shores  are  usually 


"I 


'  Iroudcquoit  lliiy.  —  Eu. 
» Greiii  Sodus  Bay.  —  Ed. 
'  Port  Bay.  —  Ed. 


h 


EAST  END  OF  1-AKE  ONTARIO. 


1: 


nothing  but  rooks  as  far  as  Poiiitc  an  Cabaret.'  This 
is  a  long  point  of  rocks  vertical  from  the  watei",  from 
thirty  to  forty  feet  high,  and  forming  the  most  advanced 
point. 

Half  a  league  east  of  Oswego  is  a  little  bay  with 
sandy  bottom,  where  M,  de  Montcalm  landed  and 
encamped  when  he  besieged  Oswego  in  1756.  The 
English  have  since  made  a  clearing,  and  built  redoubts 
which  look  upon  this  bay. 

In  this  navigation  wo  may  enter  with  bateaux  into 
the  Kiviere  a  hi  IManchc  —  in  Indian  Temurti-Ncfioni, 
and  into  that  of  the  Grosse  Ecore,  or  Cas^ionta-Chcf/onar. 
These  rivers  do  not  extend  far  into  the  land. 

The  Kiviere  j\  La  Famine,^  in  Indian  KcyoiKmouar/iu', 
enters  very  far  into  the  interior  and  goes  quite  near  to 
the  portage  of  the  height  of  land.  By  this  route,  our 
parties  commonly  went  to  that  frontier,  and  along  the 
lake  and  the  river  of  the  Oneidas,  so  as  not  to  be  dis- 
covered. 

'In  tlic  prcsi'iit  town  of  Scriliii. —  Ki). 

'  Thus  called  since  M.  ile  la  Harre,  irovernor  of  Caniula,  lost  liis 
whole  army  in  l(iS4npon  its  hanks  hy  laininc,  in  going  to  make  war 
against  the  Irocniois.  —  yotc  in  Oriijiiutl. 

Tin'  army  of  I>e  la  Harre  nmnhered  lin"  hundred  French  and  three 
linnilred  Indians  that  came  up  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  six  Inmdred 
from  Niagara,  of  whom  one-third  were  French,  making  in  all  eigh- 
teen hundred  men.  Having  encamiied  for  some  time  on  the  lake 
shore  with  a  sv.-ump  in  the  rear,  many  were  taken  sick  and  he 
retunied  to  Frontenac  and  Montreal  greatly  reduced  in  numbers,  and 
willing  to  sue  for  peace  from  the  trihes  he  went  to  exterminate.  The 
site  of  this  disaster  was  in  Jell'erson  County,  N.  Y.,  iiiul  the  locality 
best  answering  the  description  is  at  the  mouth  of  Sandy  Creek  in 
Ellisburgh.  —  En. 


i 


'4 


r  .  I  ,'■ 


K 


i  I  fiilj 


\t' 


i 


.  * 
r  'I 


,'V 


H^ 


126 


EAST  END  OF  LAKE  ONTARIO. 


From  roiiite  an  Cabaret  to  tlic  Rivifere  A  M.  Ic 
Comte,^  the  shore  I'orius  a  great  Hcniieirelc  o*^  Hand, 
with  sand  hills  covered  with  trees.  Behind  these  aro 
marshy  meadows  as  far  as  to  the  shore,  and  through 
these  the  rivers  wind. 

Between  the  Kiver  An  Sahles  and  that  of  La 
Famine,  is  a  little  stream  called  in  Indian  OnKifjaiiron. 
The  Kiver  Au  Sahles,^  in  Indian  Etcataragarenri  is 
remarkable  in  this,  that  at  the  head  of  tlic  south 
branch,''  called  Tccunonouaronesi,  is  the  place  where  the 
traditions  of  the  Iroquois  fix  the  spot  where  they  issued 
from  the  ground,  or  rather,  according  to  their  ideas, 
where  they  were  born.  Between  the  river  Aux  Sables 
and  that  of  M.  do  la  Comte,  is  the  little  river  of  OuUn- 
essoucla.  The  river  of  M.  de  la  Comte  has  a  good 
shelter  for  bateaux  on  account  of  an  eddy  of  sand 
formed  at  the  mouth  of  the  river. 

They  can  navigate  all  these  rivers  in  canoes  and 
their  environs  are  good  for  hunting.^ 


'Stony  Cri'i'k  in  IIi  nilcrson.  —  Kd. 
'Smuly  Creek.—  Ki). 

•■*  The  source  of  Uie  south  linnieh  of  Smuly  Ci-cck  is  in  swamps  in 
Pinekney,  Lewis  Comity,  N.  Y.  Anotiier  I'ork  of  tiie  soulli  l)rim('h 
heads  in  a  swiimp  near  the  vilhigo  of  Coptnliagen,  in  llie  town  of 
Dennuirk.  —  Ed. 

*Tiiere  is  some  imcertainty  as  to  the  identity  of  the  streams  men- 
tioned in  tiie  text.  Tlie  prlneipal  streams  that  How  into  the  lake  arc 
Nine  Mile  Creek,  Sjirinj,'  Brook  Creek,  Catfish  Creek,  Buttertiy  Creek, 
Little  Salmon  Kiver,  (Jrindstone  Creek,  Salmon  l{iver,  Little  Sandy 
Creek,  Sandy  Creek,  ice.  Of  these  the  Salmon  Hiver  is  mueli  the 
lar;,a'st,  and  is  prolialily  the  dnme.  h'rore  of  the  Freneli.  The  geo- 
grapliy  of  the  east  I'ud  of  the  lake,  between  Stony  I'oint  and  tlie 


i 


l\l 


'!  *- 


-     ! 


HAV  OF  NIAOUKK. 


12< 


TIk'  Bay  of  Niaoure  or  Noyuouiiir6  is  five  loagucH  in 
do^jtli,  ami  Hovem!  .stroanirt  of  coiihidorablo  size  dis- 
charjjji!  into  it.  Wo  tliore  find  good  ancliorago  for  vos- 
scIh,  the  host  being  between  the  islands  and  that  ronnd 
peninsula'  where  M.  de  Montcalm  oanic  to  encamp 
with  Ilia  army  before  going  to  Oswego. 

It  appears  that  this  is  the  best  place  to  make  an 
establishment  on  the  cast  end  of  thclake.  This  place 
only  connects  with  the  main  land  by  a  bridge  of  gravel. 
The  lake  has  so  little  depth  that  nothing  can  approach 
larger  than  bateaux.  It  would  be  easy  to  fortity,  and 
protect  vessels  at  anchor.  The  lands  around  the  bay 
are  admirable  for  cultivation,  and  the  fishing  and  hunt- 
ing are  excellent.^ 

There  are  two  large  rivers'*  by  which  we  can  go 


■i 


cnlrnncc  of  the  Buy  of  Niaonrc,  (Cliiiuinont  Hiiy),  as  tiiulcrstood  liy 
till'  Frcndi,  was  iiltogelhcr  incorroct.  In  fact,  so  lali'  as  17i(2,  atlcr 
the  great  i)inTlia«e  luaile  l)y  Macomb  ami  associates,  tlieir  only  know- 
ledge of  tlie  rivers  of  tiial  pliici  was  derived  from  Sautliier's  map  of 
177!),  with  manuscript  additions  made  up  at  guess  work,  from  tlic 
nceouut.s  of  hunters.  For  exanii)le,  tlii^  IJlack  Hiver,  [La  Fannne] 
was  marked  as  running  in  nearly  a  right  line  from  the  High  Falls  to 
the  lake,  and  a  sale  was  made  in  Paris,  sui)posed  to  include  six  hun- 
dred thousand  acres  helween  tlie  river  and  the  44°  of  north  latitude. 
I{iil  upon  surveying  tlie  tract,  there  were  found  but  a  little  over  two 
hundred  thousand  acres  in  tliis  tract.    See  I/M.  Ltirin  Co.  — Ed. 

'  Point  Peninsula,  on  the  nortli  side  of  (.'haumont  Hay.  —  Ei). 

'The  fisheries  of  Cluunnont  Bay  have  proved  an  item  of  great  im- 
portance to  the  country.  In  sonu'  years  the  product  has  been  estima- 
ted as  high  as  ten  thousand  barrels.  —  Ed. 

■'Black  Hiver  is  the  o.dy  stre-im  of  any  iu)te  that  comes  into  this 
bay.  It  was  a  great  tlioroughfare  for  scal[iing  j)arties  during  this 
war. —  Ed. 


18^  V 


n 


;  1- 


128 


UKAD  OF  THE  LAWRENCE. 


oasily  upon  tlio  routes  of  tlio  English  and  to  Oh- 
wogo,  and  nuu'h  hotter  observe  thorn  thiui  by  going 
from  Froiitoiiac.  Tlioro  is  a  good  unrhorago  in- 
side of  the  (.iah)t  Islaml,  and  all  the  convonioncos 
for  a  post,  and  to  favor  the  navigation  of  tlie  hike. 
From  thonoo  we  ooidd  always  find  onrsolvos  rendy 
to  go  to  the  Oswego  river  whenever  the  occasion  de- 
manded it. 

The  vessels  which  come  from  the  south  side  of  the 
lake  and  wish  to  enter  the  river,  pass  between  the  main 
land  and  Long  Island,  which  they  call  the  Cheimhlf  la 
(Jaktle.  It  is  necessary  to  pass  In'yond  this  island  to 
go  to  Frontenac,  or  between  the  Isle  A  la  Forut  and 
the  Isle  Tonti.' 


r 


I 


|S(|,„.;     I 


Ifi'i' 


'Tlio  mitliDi-  iimkcs  no  inciitioii  dI"  llic  niivi'jiilion  of  tlic  chuniirl 
soulli  of  Lonj;  Isliiiul.  Tlicrc  cxisls  iil  llic  liciid  of  Cnrlluii  or  Uiick 
Isliiiul  the  ruins  of  a  fort  piirlly  cxciivatctl  in  the  rock  wliicli  foin- 
lilclcly  comniantli'd  tliis  cimniicl.  It  was  Imill  at  jircal  expense  by 
tlie  Knglish  in  llie  revolutionary  war,  and  inij;lil  readily  be  made  ten- 
able at  the  present  lime.  The  ditch  and 
well,  eul  in  tlu'  rock  are  as  perfect  as 
when  made.  The  history  of  this  work  is 
somewhat  obscure,  as  it  was  never  the 
scene  of  hostile  operations,  and  llierefore 
is  scarcely  menlioned  by  historians,  e.\- 
cept  as  the  rendezvous  of  sea Ipinj;  parlies, 
or  as  a  depot  for  prisoners  of  war.     The 

entire  absence  of  any  noliie  of  ils  exislence  by  M.  Pouchol,  is  almost 
our  oidy  aulhorily  for  the  statement  that  il  was  built  in  the  revolu- 
tionary  war. 

This  post  was  occupied  by  a  Hrilish  force  imtil  the  commence- 
ment of  the  war  of  ISl'.J-l.'),  w  lien  its  feeble  pirrison  of  invalids  was 
cai>tured  without  resistance  by  a  stiuad  of  volunteers  from  the  Ameri- 
eun  shore.  —  El). 


rOIlT   t.\UI.T()N. 


P- 


ISLANDS  AT  THE  IIKAU  OF  TIIK  ST.  LAWKKNCE.        12!> 

Tho  bntoaux  which  leave  Froiitoiiac  to  go  to 
O.swego,  paHH  between  the  IhIo  A  hi  P\)ret  and  Long 
iHland,  instead  of  coasting  with  diilieulty  around  hy 
the  open  lake,  heeause  tlie  waves  arc  always  liigh  and 
when  tlie  wind  rises  tliere  is  no  shelter.  They  cross 
from  thence  to  the  Isle  au  Chevrcuil,'  and,  to  tho 
poih'  of  the  Bay  of  Niauure.  There  is  a  good  hay  in 
tlie  lower  part  of  tli  Isle  au  Chcvreuil.'' 

The  point  of  Long  Island  upon  the  lake  are  flat 
rocks  or  galets.  All  these  islands  are  very  tino  to 
cultivate. 

There  is  an  eddy  at  tlio  lower  part  of  the  Isle  aux 
Galots  near  the  land,  where  one  could  find  a  shelter 
in  rough  weather.  There  is  a  reef  near  the  east  point, 
which  must  be  pasecd  in  tho  open  lake,  u.-id  then  como 
back  to  the  island.  The  anchorage  for  vessels  is 
very  good. 


» Gri'iuulicr  Isliind,  in  the  lake  8.  W.  from  Capo  Vinrcnt.— Ed. 
'Basin   lliirlxir,  wIhto  tlie  tleet  of  (Jen.  Wilivinson  reiule/.vonseil 
wlieii  aljoul  to  descend  the  St.  Luwrence  in  tlie  full  of  1S13.—  Eu. 


M    I 


17 


f)iJ';i: 


VI. 


) ': 


;i !  • 


\s 


a 


[  lao  J 


CIIAITKIJ   III. 

Ok   TIIK    ('(IMMINICATKIN    IIY   WaY    (iJ'   TIIK    OsWKCIO    UlVKIl 

It)  riiK  KMii.isir  PossKssioNS.' 

Oswogo  acc'onliii"^  to  the  latest  coiistructioii,''  is 
Ituiit  upon  the  site  where  Fort  Ontario  stood,'  and 
the  Kn_<,Mish  liave  niuneil  it  the  same.  It  is  a  jienta- 
ifoii,  of  wiiieh  the  outside  is  ahout  eighty  toises.  It 
is  jiartl^  of  earth,  revetted  with  saueissons  on  the  side 
towards  the  lake.  The  rest  is  eonstrueted  of  pieees  of 
wood  ahout  tlirec  feet  square.  Tlie  parapets  nuiy  he 
twelve  feet  thiek,  and  the  terre-plein  is  a  platform, 
made  of  large  heams  tifteen  inches  sfpnire.  The 
under  part  of  these  i)latforms,  form  huildings  or  ease- 
nu'nts.     The  diteh  is  at  least  five  toises  wide,  and  it 


;fv 


'An  ItliuTiiry  |>ulilisli((l  in  the  .V.  Y.  Col.  IIM.,  x,  flT4,  jrivcs  tho 
(l(l!iil>  ()(  this  rimic  willi  irrriil  niinulcncss. —  Ki). 

■'  This  iKist  wiiH  tit  tirsi  only  a  tnidini;  honsi-,  which  the  Iro(|Ui>is 
hail  allowed  the  Knv;lisli  to  Imild  in  1T1:1.  It  was  chan.ired  to  a  I'ort 
ill  17','T,  liy  the  ailroitiiess  of  the  latter,  who  were  eoiislantly  eiilargiiif; 
it.  It  haviiii.'  Iieeii  hiiilt  ii|)oii  French  territory,  the  .Maniiiisde  Heau- 
liarnois,  jioveriior  ol'  Canada,  jn-otested  a^'ainst  this  manifest  usiir|iu- 
tion — .V"'(  /"  Orii/iitiil. 

^The  fort  east  of  the  river  at  Oswcl'o  was  hnill  in  the  winter  of 
lT."il-">,  aliont  ITt>  yards  from  the  old  one.  It  was  HttO  feel  in  eireiiin- 
fereiiee,  Imilt  of  lojjs  twenty  to  thirty  inches  thick.  The  wall  was 
fourteen  feet  hiirli,  and  surrounded  liy  a  diteh  fourteen  feet  liroad  and 
ten  deeii.  It  (diilained  barracks  tor  three  hundred  men,  and  was  in- 
tended  to  mount  .si.Mcuu  g\.ii\n.—  (hiilkiii'in'K  Mmjusiia,  x.wi,  0.— Ku. 


n 


1 1 


Si 


K.WKIATION  111'  TIIK  OSWKOO  UIVKIl. 


i:il 


lias  a  glacis.     We  ditl  not   iiotlcu  any  out    work.     It 
WUH  iioaily  tiiiisluMl  in  IIM. 

Tliu  Kiij^liuli  liavi-  built  around  the  tort,  at  lon^jj^un 
Bliot,  four  wvy  coinplt'to  Idot-k  Iioumcs,  one  of  which 
lookn  upon  tho  sidi'  ot'  wliidi  wo  have  spokrii,  and 
anotlicr  upon  the  nvui'.  This  fort  could  l)u  tui'ncd  at 
cannon  wliot.  On  the  side  above  the  river,  there  in  a 
kind  of  curtain  which  connnaii<ls  tlic  fort,  where  it 
would  be  very  easy  to  open  trenches.  The  ground 
Hinks  down  towards  the  fort. 

Tlie  entrance  of  the  « )swej!;o  Uivt-r  is  narrow,  on 
neco\nit  of  the  rocks  uik'i  r  wmer  which  c^  cur  in  the 
middle.  A  little  above,  at  tlie  point  of  two  -fravclly 
banks,  the  pass  is  narrow  and  ver-  difficult.  The 
Kn<^lish  have,  notwitlistaniinj;  tlli^.  got  in  '  sels  oi' 
twenty-two  guns. 

At  the  end  of  this  pass  are  two  eddies,  mIiicIi  fonn 
as  it  were  two  ports,  into  which  tli  .  ;  it  their  bateai..- 
as  a  shelter  against  freshets.  T  ,cy  Ih.ve  even  made 
for  that  whicli  is  under  the  fort,  a  jetty  of  wood  and 
stone,  the  better  to  check  tlie  waters  and  retain  them. 

The  rapids  i)egiu  at  half  u  league  from  the  fort  at 
the  first  bend  of  the  river,  and  ar  \  ery  easily  forded. 
They  go  up  in  empty  l)ateaux  l)y  poling  witli  four 
men  for  the  large,  and  two  for  the  snudi  ones. 

These  large  bateaux  with  their  load,  carry  twenty 
men,  and  the  small  when  empty,  seven  to  ten.  Be- 
sides these  bateaux,  .  !<]nglish  have  shallops  such  as 
used  in  whale  fishing,  which   are  very  light  to  row. 


'I 


1:1 


132 


NAVIGATION  OF  THE  OSWEOO  UIVEU, 


I 


t\ 


*  I 


but  do  not  amount  to  much  for  the  navigation  of  thcso 
rivers,  especially  wlion  the  waters  are  low,  when  tlicy 
are  often  obliged  to  get  into  the  water  to  push  them 
along,  which  they  cannot  endure. 

The  bottom  of  tlie  river  is  full  of  little  rocks  whicli 
it  is  necessary  to  turn  around,  and  in  this  respect  it 
resembles  the  rapids  of  Chambly,  but  the  river  is  not 
so  wide.     The  land  on  both  sides  is  high. 

There  is  a  foot  path  which  follows  the  left  of  the 
river  from  the  site  of  old  Oswego,  a  distance  of  three 
leagues.  The  woods  arc  thick,  and  the  country 
abounds  in  knolls,  and  ravines  proper  for  and)uscade. 

At  the  end  of  these  three  leagues,  the  river  is  navi- 
gable, but  at  almost  every  league  they  find  shallow  spots 
where  the  bateaux  can  scarcely  i>ass.  They  are  then 
obliged  to  fall  in  line,  and  to  pole  vigorously.  They 
get  into  the  water,  if  the  bateau  lurches. 

Above  the  rciimbarkation  the  river  becomes  wider, 
and  the  water  quite  deep.  The  country  is  level  and 
covered  with  fine  tindier.  There  is  quite  a  current 
at  the  bends,  which  are  about  a  mile  apart,  but  in  the 
same  general  course.  The  general  direction  of  the 
river  is  always  E.  N.  E.,  and  there  are  several  islands 
in  the  channel.  That,  where  M.  de  Villiers  attacked 
liradstreet,  is  five  leagues  above  Oswego.' 


'  In  1750,  n  short  time  lii't'ore  Oswcfro  wns  invcstrd  In-  llic  Krcncli, 
Col.  Ilriidslri'i't  liad  liccii  sent  tliitlicr  to  coiivry  some  i>r()visions  and 
stores.  Oil  his  ret\irii  he  was  aintmscaded  on  tlie  Oswe;;o  river,  hy  a 
party  of  Freneli  and  Indians,  and  alioiit  seventy  hateaii.x  men  were 
liilled.     The  Klifilish  hailed  on   the  opposite  shore,  and  then  took 


I    l! 


NAVIOATION  OF  Till!;  USWKOO  IIIVEK. 


US 


Above  this  place  tlio  islands  are  more  ooumioii,  and 
we  can  scarcely  get  through  among  them.  They  arc 
found  every  mile.  The  river  at  the  foot  of  the  Falls  is 
full  of  islands.  It  is  necessary  to  hold  the  north  side 
to  prevent  running  aground. 

They  land  at  a  long  gun  shot  I'rom  the  portage,  and 
send  up  thu  bateaux  by  poling  in  the  current  to  the 
foot  of  the  Falls,  where  they  have  a  road  made  with 
round  pieces  of  wood  to  draw  up  the  bateaux.  A^  a 
hundred  paces  above  the  Falls  the  water  is  of  good 
depth. 

The  English  have  built  at  this  portage '  a  star  fort, 
of  timbers  iifteen  feet  high,  and  a  loot  in  diameter. 
This  fort  is  commanded  on  the  N.  K.  at  half  gun  shot. 
It  might  liold  u  hundred  or  a  hundred  and  lifty  men. 
They  have  here  built  soni'i  store  houses  for  the  storage 
of  goods. 

The  river  above  the  portage  is  line  and  wide,  like 
the  Sorel,  and  with  but  little  current.  The  bends  are 
from  a  (juurter  to  half  a  league  apart.  There  are 
three  shallows  at  the  forks  of  tiie  Henet-a  and  Oswoi^o 


I 
■m 


ixisscssion  i>r  ii  small  isliiiiil  wliiTi'  the  river  could  be  fonlcd,  and 
soon  alter  attacked  a  pari  ot'tlic  enemy  that  had  alreaily  criissed,  and 
runted  them  with  much  loss,  as  he  also  did  another  part  that  crossc'! 
at  another  plac4'.  The  French  had  aliout  a  huiiilred  killed  and 
seventy  taken  prisoners.  The  ihicf  loss  of  the  Knvrlisli  oi'curred 
amoni;  the  liatcnux-men  at  the  hejiiniiiii!;  of  the  attack.  The  next 
inornin;;  Urndslreet  was  larp'ly  reiiil'orccd.hnt  the  French  had  disap- 
peared, havini?  returned  to  their  vi.sels,  orto  the  camp  at  the  cast 
end  ol'the  lake  where  they  were  prepariiii;  lor  a  descent  upon  Oswci,'!). 
—  MiiiiU;  (il  ;  h'litii-k;  i,  171.—  Ki). 

'  Now  tliL'  villiige  ol'  Fulton,  Oswcf^o  Co.,  N.  Y.~  Ki). 


:  -;'  I 


134 


NAVKiATIUN  Ol'  ONKIUA  lUVEU. 


River.'  That  wliidi  is  lialf  a  loaguo  IVoin  tlio  foiillu- 
t'lii'o  is  the  largest. 

It  is  to  he  ohservod,  that  the  whole  river  lias  hut 
little  depth,  and  the  hottoin  is  lull  of  tlat  stones 
covered  with  a  very  sliitpery  mud,  whieh  ohliges  theui 
to  iron  the  poles  and  oars  used  in  this  naviiijation. 

The  Kiverof  the  Five  Nations,  or  the  Seneca  Jiiver, 
is  fine,  and  a  little  larger  than  the  Oswego,  its  depth 
is  good,  and  the  navigation  is  reliable  to  the  end. 
This  river  coniniunieatcs  with  nnmy  lakes,  and  with 
the  diiterent  Iroquois  nations,  as  we  see  by  the  map. 
The  land  in  the  vicinity  is  very  tine,  and  full  of  beau- 
tiful timber. 

We  tind  at  the  conHuenee,  a  fort  of  four  bastions  of 
about  forty  toises  on  the  outside,  nnide  piece  upon 
piece.  There  are  three  large  store  houses  in  this  fort. 
It  is  located  on  th<'  east  side  of  the  river.  The 
country  around  is  very  tlat. 

At  three  Icagiies  above  this  continence,  there  are 
two  shallows  which  arc  not  very  ditHcult.  Three 
(piartcrs  of  a  league  before  coming  to  the  Oneida  Lake, 
there  is  a  bar  of  Hat  rock,  which  leaves  only  a  passage 
in  the  middle  of  the  river.  It  is  necessary  in  passing 
to  get  into  the  water  waist  deep.  The  Knglisli  have 
thrown  great  trees  across  the  river  to  turn  the  water 


'  The  Junction  ol'  the  Oneida  mid  Scni'ca  rivers,  is  since  l»nin\ii  as 
Tliree  Hivcr  I'oinI,  in  llie  presi'til  li>\vn  of  Cliiy,  OMcpndiijrii  ('i>.  In 
llie  enrlv  years  cilSettlemenl.  tind  wlien  llie  iialiirid  naviir:ilii)ii  ol'  llie 
c(iiiMli>  was  |iriiw'i|ially  used  li\  the  eniiixranls,  it  was  an  ini|i(irtant 
|ii)ilil,  Iml  il  liM-  lori'jr  siiiee  ceased  Id  l)e  ol'any  C()nse((iience,—  Kl). 


I  i 


lij 


NAVIOATION  OK  ONKIUA  LAKK. 


135 


into  this  passaii'C,  which  is  tho  worst  sliallow  in  tlio 
river.' 

At  tho  cutriiiici!  of  tlio  hiki-  tiuTc  occurs  still 
another  shoal,  but  it  eaii  he  easily  passed  with  a  little 
care.  There  is  a  fort  at  the  entrance  of  the  lake, 
which  serves  as  an  entrepot.  It  is  entrenched  hy 
earth  revetted  with  saucissons,  poorly  fraised,  and  with 
a  ditch  a  dozen  paces  wide." 

The  English  had  built  two  large  flat  bateau.v,  to 
transport  across  this  lake.  The  New  Jersey  nulitia, 
on  their  return  from  Canachi  in  1700,  having  crowded 
upon  one  of  these  boats  to  be  carried  across,  were 
taken  by  a  gale  of  wind  upon  this  lake,  which  is 
Hoinotiines  very  rough  on  account  of  its  shalU)w  water. 
The  boat  was  stove,  and  more  than  two  hundred  per- 
sons perished. 

The  Oneida  Lake''  is  eight  leagues  long,  two  and  a 
lialf  leagues  wide  at  the  widest  jiart,  and  on  an  ave- 
rage a  league  to  a  league  and  a  half.  The  two  sides 
appear  to  have  no  banks,  and  the  country  is  low  and 
bordered  with  rushes. 

The  Indians  only  navigate  this  lake  with  elm  bark 
canoes.  It  freezes  every  winter,  and  breaks  up  in 
March,  when  the  moon  is  full.     The   ice  does  not  go 


'  Tlif  Oiic'ulu  Kivcr  I'linns  now  a  purl  < if  tlic  ciiiinl  system  of  \\w 
sluti' of  'Sfw  York.  It  liiis  two  stcniiilioiil  locks  I'JO  liy  UOIi'fl,  iiiiil 
ol'llirrc  iinil  llini'  iiiul  ii  liuirtci'l  lil\.—  Kd. 

'Fort  Hirwcrtoii. —  Ki). 

"This  lake  is  111  \W{  above  Lake  Oiilario.—  Kl). 


13G 


ONKIDA  LAKE:    FORTS. 


out,  wliifh  hinders  the  navii^atioii  a  little.  We  see 
above  this  lake  at  three  or  four  leiiifuos  to  the  ri<;ht, 
some  mountains  whieh  are  (luite  hitfh  but  rouniled. 
They  are  the  Cayuga  mountains.' 

There  is  a  sand  bar  at  the  mouth  of  Wood  Crc  'k, 
where  a  bateau  never  passes  without  touehin<j;,  and  to 
get  over  it  is  necessary  to  go  straight  towards  tlie  fort, 
and  then  turn  into  the  river  liolding  more  to  the  right 
than  the  left. 

Upon  the  west  shore  the  English  have  built  a  largo 
redoubt- all  covered  with  the  woods,  piece  upon  piece, 
and  above  this  there  is  built  an  ancient  work.  This  is  a 
grand  entrepot  of  every  thing  that  passes  on  this  river. 

The  boats  ct)me  to  load  in  the  first  bend  of  the  river, 
where  there  are  built  some  great  nuigazinea  for  storage. 
This  fort  is  situated  on  a  peninsula  formed  by  the  bend 
of  the  river. 

At  the  end  of  the  lake  on  the  west  is  a  river''  upon 
which  the  Oneida  village  is  locati'd,  upon  that  which 
is  found  near  the  end  of  the  side  where  we  enter  the 
lake,  occur  the  Onondaga  villages.  That  called  Qts- 
so)iniia  was  formerly  ravaged  b}-  M.  tie  Vaudreuil.'     It 


'  TIk'  hinli  lanils  in  Madison  Co.,  now  luivc  t\o  piirticular  nmnc. — Ei). 
'Tiic  site  of  this  fort  is  now  occniiied  liy  the  lied  of  Wood  Crccli. — 
Ei). 
'OnddaCnrli.— El). 

*Tlif  lirsl  of  tills  fiiinlly  who  had  hern  ;;ovinior  of  Canada,  and 
whose  ntnncl'ous  ili'sccndaiils  have  not  <(ascd  to  render  sij^nal  services 
to  llie  state.  —  yoli  in  OriijiiuiL 

Details  of  this  e.xpedition  are  ,i;iven  In  A'.  )'.  t'oi  JIi«l.,\\,ii'>\,<t .«(/. 
-  El) 


NAVKiATION  OF  WOOD  CUKEK. 


187 


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1 . 1 


NAVIGATION  OP  WOOD  CRKEK. 


187 


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137 


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11  •>  ■<•  Mil.' 


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ONKIDA  LAKE:    FOKTS. 


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NAVKUTION  OF  WOOD  CREEK. 


187 


was  tlioii  uiion  tlio  banks  of  a  brook,  and  it  is  tbe  vil- 
lii<j«  Ironi  wbouco  thoy  drew  tbi'ir  name  of  Oiioiidatfas. 

The  river,  called  "Wood  Creek,  is  only  thirty  toises 
wide  at  its  mouth,  and  tlio  water  is  very  dark,  and  not 
good  to  drink.  The  stream  is  very  winding,  and  deep 
enough  for  four  or  tivc  leagues,  with  very  little  cur- 
rent, and  a  bottom  of  sand  and  mire. 

The  bends  are  not  more  than  a  gunsiiot  api  rl,  and 
the  further  up  we  go,  the  sliorter  they  become.  The 
river  is  so  narrow  that  a  tree  would  reaeli  across  it, 
and  they  could  cross  it  in  this  numner.  In  175t>,  the 
English  niiide  in  this  way  an  abatis  a  mile  in  length, 
to  cover  themselves  from  the  Frencli,  who  had  taken 
Oswego.  The  trees  were  cleared  out  with  great  difK- 
culty,  althoiigli  tliey  had  oidy  to  open  them  so  as  to 
pass  bateaux  in  single  tile,  when  they  would  almost 
touch  on  both  sides,  and  had  to  often  drag  in  the  mire 
for  want  of  water. 

The  river  is  the  most  suitable  place  to  cut  the  Eng- 
lish communication  with  the  lakes,  by  abatis,  which 
they  could  make  to  close  the  channel  of  the  river.  A 
land  road  wouhl  be  very  long  and  difficult  to  make, 
because  the  country  is  intersected  by  marshy  bottom 
lands. 

At  three  leagues  from  the  source  of  Wood  Creek, 
there  is  a  little  fort  of  u[)right  timbers,  to  cover  the 
sluices  which  they  have  built  to  hold  the  water,  and 
to  iiivor  the  passage  of  loaded  bateaux.  While  they 
are  retaining  the  water,  they  are  obliged  to  get  into 

la 


a 


WW' 

n:' 

1 

1 

': 

1 


11 


i;i8 


I'OUTAllK  AT  FOUT  8TANWIX. 


I 


\l! 


il 


H-i 


f\ 


tlio  Htrcain,  niul  drag  the  Imteiiux  uloiiurovortlie  gravel, 
wliere  there  is  noinetiniert  not  more  than  wlx  iiichcH  of 
watiT. 

Tlieso  shiiees  are  not  so  well  guarded  but  that  they 
might  he  Itroken  at  the  name  time  that  the  ahatirt  wuh 
nnide.  When  we  eome  to  the  Hummit  of  the  land, 
the  country  U  full  of  swuinprt  and  the  woods  thick  and 
covered  with  pines. 

Several  rivers  which  tlow  in  different  directiouH,  take 
their  rise  in  these  elevated  lands.  A  ijuarter  of  a  league 
from  this,  hegins  the  river  J)es  Agniers  or  the  Mohawk, 
whieh  is  larger  and  much  deeper  than  the  jireeeding. 
Its  least  straits  are  knee  deep  even  near  its  source. 
The  lands  adjacent  are  good  to  cultivate. 

Fort  iStanwix  is  huilt  at  a  gun  shot  from  the  river, 
upon  a  slope  of  land  which  falls  towards  the  river 
hank.  The  slope  at  the  fort  is  slight.  Wo  ohserve 
this,  because  the  surface  in  coming  from  the  woods  into 
the  clearing  commands  the  fort  a  very  little. 

This  fort  is  a  Kt|uaro  of  about  ninety  toises  on  the 
outside,  and  is  built  of  earth,  revetted  within  and 
without  by  great  timbers,  in  the  same  fashion  as  that 
of  Oswego. 

In  Septcnibcr,  17G0,  it  was  not  entirely  tinislied.  It 
is  the  grand  entrei)ot  of  the  English  for  all  that  passes 
from  their  colonies  to  the  lakes,  and  where  they  usually 
assemble  their  armies,  and  all  the  bateaux  employed 
in  the  navigation  of  tlicse  countries. 

They  arc  obliged   to  make  the  portage  of  half  a 


FOIIT  STANWIX  :  TIIK  MOHAWK. 


18U 


l('a,mm  upon  (Imys  to  fliiiii^o  rivcrn.  TIiohi;  drayH  luivo 
two  piiirrt  of  wheels,  very  liglil,  joined  toi^etluT  l»y  a 
roiieli,  proportioiiod  in  lontjth  to  the  hutoaiix.  Tliey 
ean  be  lontliMl  hy  eij^lit  men  and  even  Iohh.  Tlmy  plaeo 
il<e  forward  ond  of  tlie  bateau  npon  the  forward  axlo, 
aihl  thi'ii  the  liind  end.  Two  ordinary  horses  ean  draw 
this  wajjcou  very  easily  at  a  jjood  trot.  We  may  jiidf^o 
from  this,  of  the  lightness  of  these  bateaux,  whieh  are 
nuule  of  pine,  and  ean  earry  twenty-five  men;  yet  they 
Hcareely  last  through  a  campaii^n.  The  Kni^lisli  alwayrt 
keep  wagouK  at  this  fort  for  nuikin^  the  porta|j;c. 

From  this  post  the  river  is  nearly  as  wide  as  tho 
Heine  at  Paris.  It  has  an  even  and  sullieiently  strong 
current  alonj;  its  whole  eourse.  Its  bends  may  be 
from  a  cpuirter  to  half  a  league  long.  It  Hows  through 
a  level  and  beautiful  eountry  for  eighteen  or  twenty 
leagues.  Some  shoals  are  met  at  the  l)ends,  but  they 
are  not  very  bad.  There  are  also  some  trees  whieh 
hinder  somewhat  the  navigation,  if  eare  is  not  taken. 
Tho  banks  of  the  river  are  suftieiently  high  and  tho 
soil  good. 

The  Knglish  have  built  a  little  fort  of  timbers  at 
about  half  way  between  tho  settlements  and  Fort 
Stanwi.v  to  plaee  their  convoy,  and  where  they  could 
take  shelter  from  our  parties.  It  is  of  no  account,  and 
they  call  it  SrhUUir.^ 

At  four  or  five  leagues  above  the  scttlomeuts  that 


■i'  I 


I ' ' 


'  Fort  Sflaiykr,  nu  tlie  .silo  of  llic  modem  city  of  Uiica.—  Ed. 


K 

li'. 
I  ^ 


lit 


!l! 


1 


f 


140 


KoKT  iii:iiKiMi:ii:  tiik  i  pi*i;u  vai.i.kv. 


have  1)0011  Hbaiuloiiod,  wo  bo^iii  to  hoc  raiiicon  of  little 
mountains  ninnini;  luist  and  wost,  al)ont  liult'  u  loaj^no 
apart,  wliicli  conu'  down  to  tlio  rivir  and  form  xlioalrt. 
Till'  lii'rtt  sottlomontrt  wo  moot,  aro  ton  or  twolvo  Iiousoh 
doHtroyod  by  M.  Holontro'rt  party.' 

Tlio  ri^lit  of  tlio  rivor  is  oovorod  by  Kort  Harkmar, 
wliii'li  will  bold  two  bnndrod  nn-n,  and  wbore  thoro  in 
ulwayn  ft  garrison.  Tbis  is  a  star  rodonl»t  of  oartb, 
rovotti'd  witb  saucissons,  and  witli  a  ditob  fiftoon  or 
oiglitoon  foot  wido,  palisadod  at  tbo  bottom  and  npon 
tbo  borm  ontsido ;  witb  tbrco  or  four  poor  cnnnon  bear- 
ing ni)on  tbo  rivor. 

It  is  a  u'un  sbot  Iroin  a  bill  bi,u:b  ononifli  to  oomniand 
it. 

Tbo  valley  is  boro  not  «>vor  a  niilo  wido,  and  tbo 
bouses  liave  not  an  air  of  atlluonoe.  Opposite  tbo  fort, 
is  tbe  moutli  of  a  rivor,-  wliiib  oomes  down  from  very 
far  among  tbo  mountains.  It  is  ([uito  rapid  at  its 
moutb,  wbore  it  forms  a  sboal,  wliicb  compels  tbe 
liatoaux,  great  and  small,  to  como  oloso  under  tbe  fort. 

'In  Novcinlicr,  1T5T,  M.  <li'  Hclrslrc  with  IKK)  men,  ('iinuiliiiii  Mu- 
rines mill  Indiiins,  iippnmclicd  the  Mohawk  scltlcnii'iits  liy  way  of  ilic 
niack  l{ivcr,  inul  atlackt'd  Ilic  I'oil  at  Ocriuan  Flats,  on  tlif  south  side 
of  the  Moiiawk  opiMwltc  the  moutli  of  West  Canada  Crt'ck,  which 
surrcndcfcd  without  resistance.  Five  other  small  forts  also  sur- 
rendered at  discretion.  Sixty  houses  with  barns  and  a  mill  were 
liurned,  forty  of  the  settlers  were  killed  and  a  hundri'diind  titty  taken 
liri.soncrs,  and  a  larjifc  nuinlier  of  cattle  and  a  vast  aniount  of  property 
destroyeil.  All  this  dainaKO  was  done  within  lorty-ei;;lit  hi>urs,  and 
the  ))arty  returned  laden  with  plunder. —  IkiitoiiH  llirkiimr  Ca.,  \). 
51. -Ei). 

'West  Canada  Creek.  —  Fu. 


iiiK  larri.K  kai.lh. 


141 


The  HOtth'inciitrt  ill  tliin  (luartof  iiri'  too  liir  ajuul  lo 
protect  (»iu!  anotlior. 

From  tliirt  tort  for  ii  Hpact-  of  I  wo  Icni^iics,  tlm  rivir 
lias  »iuito  a  ntroii^  «-iirrt'iit  witli  HlioalH  at  ovory  boiiil, 
that  are  (itiiti'  ditliciilt  to  pass.  They  are  easy  to  iipM-t 
upon,  which  oonisioiiH  niiu'h  injury  to  the  I'rcii^ht. 

The  ehaiii  of  little  iiioiintaiiis  hecoiiics  hii^lierat  tliirt 
part,  and  we  enter  a  kind  of  ^or^e  of  wliicii  the  siden 
arc  detaelied  roeks,  mingled  with  a  poor  growth  of 
timber.' 

At  two  miles  helow  the  Falls,  tlu'  Knglish  have  a 
Htatioii  where  they  keep  wagons  to  transport  goods  and 
Itatoaiix.  The  road  ol'  the  portage  is  in  tliirt  gorge 
between  the  roeks  upon  marshy  ground,  which  is 
covered  with  round  sticks  of  wood. 

The  river  tlows  a  full  mile  hefwei'ii  these  roeks,  and 
forms  at  the  bottom  a  little  tiiU,  at  the  foot  of  which 
they  very  easily  embark.  The  rock  of  this  fall  is  not 
very  high,  and  the  water  at  its  foot  is  very  still.  It 
forms  a  very  fine  basin  between  high  elitls,  that  rise 
vertical  from  the  water,  and  are  crowned  with  woods. 
The  basin  may  extend  three  hundred  toises  before 
coming  out  from  these  rocks. 

This  it)  the  best  post  that  could  be  found  on  this 
route,  and  a  few  people  stationed  upon  these  rocks 
would  be  able  to  stop  (juito  an  army.  This  place 
appears  to  have  been  made  for  a  natural  boundary. 


f 


I    n 


LiUle  FiiU^  -  Ku. 


i 


m 


142 


VALLKY  OK  TIIK  MOHAWK. 


f, 


Tlio  laiulsciipo  hero  chaiij^cs  entirely,  as  well  as  the 
nature  of  the  soil.  In  eoinini;  out  of  this  mountain 
the  eonntry  widens,  and  the  valley  is  ahout  a  leajrue 
aeross.  The  soil  is  very  tine  and  well  eultivated,  tlio 
dweHin<rs  better  built  and  about  a  <|uarter  of  a  leaifue 
apart  alon^u;  the  river,  in  the  fields  and  anion^fthe  hills. 

Tliis  country  is  shut  in  like  the  preeeding  by  little 
mountains,  whieh  have  an  east  and  west  eourse.  They 
t'ome  down  to  the  river  and  form  shoals  and  little  rajtids 
more  fre<iucntly  than  in  the  npper  part  of  this  river, 
where  it  is  not  inhabited. 

The  river  makes  (piite  a  eurve  in  the  place  ealled 
Cotii/(.i.nri/,^  where  we  liiid  a  little  stream  that  eomes 
fiom  the  mountains,  and  winds  aeross  the  fields  about 
as  wide  as  a  lari;e  diteh.  The  Mohawk  maintains  in 
its  eourse  a  eonsitlerable  width,  and  a  rapid  eurrcnt, 
eycepting  njion  the  slioals  that  we  meet  at  almost 
evory  leai^ue.  There  is  another  river  (piite  lar<?e  near 
tlie  first  Mohawk  villai^e.  which  comes  from  the  west. 
It  docs  not  npjiear  to  be  naviirable,  and  its  course  is 
not  so  long.- 

There  is  here  an  old  and  miserable  wooden  fort, 
upon  the  bank,  and  at  the  continence  of  the  two  rivers. 
"VVo  find  some  Kn<;lish  dwellings  in  this  village, 
mingled  with  those  of  the  Indians. 

At  two  leagues  below  is  the  great  village  of  the 


•CaiiHJolmric.  —  Ki>. 
'Nowmlity-a  t'leik.  —  Kd. 


IIOtrSK  »)K  sin  WIM.IAM  .lOIIN'SiiN. 


14a 


hiohawks,  wliert'  tlioir  is  »jiiilc  a  lari^i'  Ibrt  hiiilt  jiioi'i' 
iipoii  [licci',  railed  Fort  Jlunlt'i'.^  It  is  luiilt  npoii  ((iiiti' 
a  luru;o  river  whit-ii  wiiuls  past  tlu-  tort,  it  coiiu's  Irom 
the  inoiiiitaiiis  Itohiiul  tlio  sourccH  oi"  llio  iJi-lawari'.-' 
Tlii'sc  two  viliaiTi's  iiiav  have  ii  liniulriMl  and  lifly  or 
two  liuiiilri'd  warriors.  TIk'sc  Indians  aro  tlic  most 
devoted  to  the  English,  and  they  are  of  tin'  protestant. 
reliifion. 

From  this  villaire  the  mountains  liet^in  to  close  up, 
and  at  a  leatrue  below  there  is  only  a  kind  of  j^oriu;*', 
hut  it  is  still  inhahited  on  tin;  slopes  of  thi'  hills.  The 
house  of  Colonel  .lohnson,  who  is  eharj^ed  with  every- 
thinj;  rolatini;  to  Indian  atlairs,  is  in  this  gorufe,  at  two 
leaiyues  helow  the  second  Indian  villajfe.'  It  is  at  the 
head  of  a  little  (hit  of  lawn,  which  extends  to  the 
hanks  of  the  rivi'r.  I'pon  the  riirht  side  of  the  house 
is  a  little  stream,  coming  irom  the  hills  and  very  shaK 
low.  This  iionse  is  a  kind  of  chateau,  with  a  j»rojec- 
tion  in  front,  and  crowned  hy  a  ciirh  roof.  It  has 
ipiite  a  laige  front  yard,  with  a  wall  around  it,  and 
two  turrets  of  some  height  on  each  side  of  the  i'litrance 


'This  Wits  11  ^Ik III  (lisiiiiuc  rii-i  (if  Scliiiliiiiii'  (irik,  mill  iiiljiifcni 
111  till'  Molmwk.     'i'lif  ICiic  (.'iiiiiil  imsscs  iliicitl.v  <i\<t  lis  siic.  —  Kn. 


'Sclmli  iiir  Click 


i; 


'Tills  Ik  ■(■  is  still  stniiiliii;;  in  .Vinslci'ikiin.  Iliiii'  inilis  wrsi  nt'llii' 
villiii;!'  mill  II'  ur  tlir  N.  V.  ('.  It.  It.  Ii  was  liiiili  mIihiii  ITIO.mihI  whs 
till'  hiiiiir  III'  Sir  William  .IiiIiiimim  iiiilil  mIhhiI  I  ;ill  ',■,  wlim  hr  riiunvril 
III  llriir   llir    pri'srlll    villiliTi' •'!' .InlillslnVMI.      Till'    slli'iilll   that   riillU'S 

iliiwii  liv  ihi'  siili'  III'  ilii'  inaiisiiiii  iniiii'iil  in  ihc  trxt,  is  tlir  Kayiiili'i'ii- 
srl'iis.  'i'hi'  plari'  wasnlli'ii  llirliliniii'il  as  "  i''iil'l  .liihiisim  "  iir"  Mount 
.IiihiiMiii,"  anil  is  now  ^>\\  iii'il  li\  \.  Yniiiiir,  l')si|.    Cuiniiarr  ilrsii'i|iiiiiii 


glM'H 


In  .V.   )'.  r,J  Ilift.,  \,  (ITl).  —  Ki>. 


i 

t 

1 

j 

144 


SCIIICNKCTADV. 


s^iito  Oil  tlic  side  of  till'  lawn.  Tlio  roar  of  the  house 
is  sot  ill  botwooii  two  swolls  of  tlio  luoiiiitaiiis,  Ujioii 
tlio  Olio  on  tlio  ritflit  is  a  liiookliouso  to  soniowliat  covor 
tlio  oliatoaii.  l>iit  is  itsolf  ooiiiniaiiilotl  by  the  hills  at 
pistol  shot.  This  house  is  isolated,  and  very  ojioii  to 
an  attaek.     If  they  liad  known  this,  our  parties  might 

d  off  Colonel  .fohiiaon.     Almost 


liavo  veiv  easilv  earrie 


opiiosito  his  house  in  the  hills  on  the  other  side,  is  a 
road  that  goes  down  the  valley  of  the  8us(iuoliaiina. 

Till'  river  from  this  |ilaee,  tlows  always  in  a  dei'j) 
ehannel,  and  the  bonds  vary  from  loss  than  a  ijuii  shot 
to  a  (luarter  of  a  h'a<;-iie  or  more  in   lonirth.      In   all 


tl 


leso   ell 


hoeks  ot  the  eurront  there  are  shoals  and  bars 


dillieiilt  to  1 


lass,  and  the  land  alon<f  hero  is  not  u:ood. 
At    a    U'a,u-iie   troin   Sehoiieelady,    or   Corlaek,    the 
eountry  opens  wide,  and  prt'si 


■nts  more  of  an  elevati'd 


iilaui 


atteri'(l    with    hills,    but   without    mountains. 


The  prospect  is  tine,  and  the  land  appears  fertile. 


Tl 


le  rivi'r  as  lar  a,- 


,'lioneetadv  has  little  water,  and 


has  t're(|iient  shoals.      In  front  of  this  pi; 


lee  IS  an  islam! 


Ill  a 


vorv  laiii'o  nieaddW,  formed  bv  the  Mohawk  and 


another  river,  which  almost  surrounds  the  eitv. 


Sell 


eiie( 


tadv  is  wi'il  built,  the  streets  well  laid  out, 


and  the  houses   in  the  Kleinish  stylo.      It  may  contain 
three  thousand  souls.'     Its  position  would  be  adniiia- 

'  'riii>  iinisl  hciin  over  csliiniiic.     In  ilii'  ilimriiry  iilmvi'  i|iiiilc(l,  u 
is  iiiriilioiiiii  ii«  a  \i!liii:'' "if  llinc  liiMiilrnl  liciiiscs.     Anil  is  tiiiisilc- 


;-rilH 


"  I;  i>  •-uiiDiinilcil  liy  ii|iiii;lil  |ii(l\il~,  IliinUcil  Irnin  ilisltincc  lo  ilis- 
lii-.iif.     Kiilc  riii^r  llii>  viliaLTc  li_v  tiit- ixiilc,  mi  liic   Fml    lluiUir  side, 


SCIIENECTADV. 


14/ 


bio,  woro  it  not  for  u  Iiill  in  front  of  tlic  Orange  gate, 
at  sliort  musket  range. 

Tliere  is  tomxl  ([iiito  a  rugged  rise  of  ground  in 
coming  out  of  the  sul)urbs.  The  ri'mainder  of  the 
eircuit  of  the  eity  is  a  jieiiiiisuhi,  raised  ujion  n  terrace 
of  hmd  some  forty  feet  high.  A  stream  tliat  is  not 
fonhibh' extends  around  every  sideexet'jit  tliat  towards 
Orange.  I'lion  the  banks  of  this  river  are  some  very 
tine  gardens. 

T\\v  city  is  only  surrounded  by  cedar  jposts  without 
tianks,  and  couM  not  be  defended  against  a  large 
party. 

They  do  not  navigate  the  river  between  Scheneeta<ly 
and  the  Falls.  It  is  extremely  Ijroken  through  this 
whole  distaiuH'.  From  Schenectady  to  Albany  it  is 
live  leagues,  entii'cly  l)y  land,  and  the  country  is  rough 
and  desert.   We  only  lind  two  or  three  inns  at  n;idway. 

These  hills  are  sand  dunes,  covered  witli  pines. 
The  lanil  descends  to  .Mbany. 

At  Schenectady  they  made  all  bateaux'  used  by  the 
armies  that  went  ujton  liake  Ontario,  if  they  had 
taken  them  from  Albany,  they  would  need  to  be  car- 
ried uiKin  trucks  to  Schenectady. 

tllfrt'  U  II  lint  l((  llir  liilil  u  hicli  riiiiiis  a  spc'iiis  of  cilailcl  in  tlii'  in- 
terior of  tlii'vi"  it>.t'it'.     It  is  ii  scjiiMic,  ll.inUnl  with  lonr  liastidMH 

nr  (Icnii  liii>liniis,  ami  is  i  onstiiicliti  lialldl'  inasdiiiT,  and  half  oft  iin- 
luTs  piled  line  hmt  the  nihil'  aliiiM' the   inasonrv.     It.  Is  eajialile  of 


lioldini;  Umi  or  three  hundred  men.    'I'lieieai' 


e  siiine   |iieees  of  ean- 


iKin  in  liallen  on  the  rani|iarls.  It  is  not  eneinled  U\  a  diteh.  The 
entrance  is  thrmiirh  a  laii;e  swiiii;  irate  uilh  lilts  up  like  a  draw 
liridce,— .V.  >'.  <'„!.  ///.nr,  \,  (iTr,—  Kii. 

lit 


\\r, 


CIIAl'TKli  IV. 

Of     TIIK    ("(iMMl  Nil  ATln.N     I'lliiM      LaKK     OXTAUIO     TO   TUK 
IvNdl.lMI     KllONTIKItS    ItY    WAY    HV    TIIK    ( 'AS(  UNCIII  A(I(IN. 

Till'  V>i\\  of  Cascoiiiliiaiioii,  as  wo  liavo  Ibiiiu  rly 
said,  would  1k'  vory  n'ood  for  tin'  aiicliorai.'"i'  of  vessels. 
but  its  entrance  is  ditliciilt  on  aetdunt  of  a  liar.  If 
tlir  (  oinitrv  were  iidialiiled,  wf  nii^u'lit  still  make  a 
vei'v  eon\  iiiiiiit  |iassaii:e. 

They  usually  iiass  into  the  I'ay  nf  Knri  dcs  Sahles. 
to  ^'■o  to  niaki'  the  iiortai^i'  from  its  head,  and  from 
till  iiei'  i;i)  ii|i  till'  iianks.  to  enli'i'  this  river. 

At  jii'i'M'til  this  navigation  i>  nnly  made  in  hark 
eaiioes.  It  would  he  m'ef->ary  In  lia\r  hateaux  in 
ri'serve  ahnsi'  thr  falU.'  wiu'i'c  lln'  walcr  is  dci'i) 
eiiou::h,  and  tlic  curnnt-  u'ciitle  fnr  tiir  na\iLration  of 
Iiateanx.  'r!ii>  rivei  has  im  pnrtatir-  hut  tlm-c  marked 
on  thr  map.  It  travcixs  the  whole  countiy  of  the 
h'i\<'  Xatiitu.-.  and  eommunii  ale>  w  il  h  the  (»iiiohya 
little  lake,  the  wateisof  whifh  in  [mrt  f;di  into  the 
Ca-i-oni'liiaLToii.  and  in  narl  into  the  Ohio.  It  is 
doubtless  one  of  tlu-  most  elevated  iinints  in  Amerie.i, 


'Tlii<c  lire  llircc  In  iiinnlicr;  the  tirsi  si\ly  liri  iiii;li  iuul  two  iir- 
|)ilil>  wiilc,  llic  lliinl  II  liiinilnd  I'nl  lii;;li  nml  llnrc  ;ir|iriits  wide. 
The  ^iciiikI  is  liMlili  li»,  rciii>iil(i:ilp|c.  .Iniiili.  ilii  1'.  (liiiiliMii  \,  loin. 
v..  Ji.  illlO. —  iSiiti  in  Ori'jiiiiil. 


fH ; 


\i 


m  ^ 

f  ':n 

1 

lii 


•il 


li 


OIL  Sl'UlNOS  :    THE  CASCONCIIIAGON. 


147 


hIiioc  its  watorH  divido,  a  part  flowiii*?  into  the  (Julf  ol' 
St.  Lawiviico,  and  apart  into  tlio  Unit" of  Mexico. 
There  is  near  thin  hike  a  hitmnenous  oil  Hpriiig  of 
t;onHi(lc'ral»U>  size.' 

The  niuhitude  ol'  hdccH,  the  facility  of  navii^ation, 
and  the  few  portaifcs,  all  indicate  tliat  these  are  very 
elevated  plains,  and  indeed  wo  do  not  meet  with  <j;reat 
mountains,  exei'iit  in  [iroportion  as  we  go  from  the 
sources  of  these  rivers. 

The  navigation  of  this  river  would  he  much  more 
consideraldi',  if  these  countries  should  come  to  be  in- 
hahifod  hy  Kuropcans.  One  of  its  hranchcs  as  we 
have  seen,  communicates  with  the  Ohio,  and  anothci- 
witli  the  Canestio,  hy  a  portage  of  a  league.  The 
latter  joins  the  Husquehanna,  of  which  it  is  one  of  the 
branches. 

The  banks  of  the  Casconchiagon,-  and  of  the  Canes- 
tio, are  the  parts  chieily  inhaitited  by  the  Seneeas, 
who  arc  the  most  numerous  of  the  Five  Nations. 
The  whole  country  along  these  rivers  is  hi'autiful  and 
fertile,  as  is  also  in  general  the  whole  the  Inxpiois 
inhabit.  Their  villages  are  near  the  lakes,  wlu're  we 
lind  meadows  forming  landscapes  of  the  most  charm- 
injj  kind,  and   lands  which  would  be  most  admirable 


n:-\ 


'  Arcdnlinirto  tlu'  accoiiiii  (if  .M.  (Ic.Ioiicairi',  llurc  arc  two  ot'tlicsc^ 
I'ouiiltiiiis.  'I'lic  liiiliims  use  llicir  Wiili-rs  lo  sotitiic  all  kiiuls  of  pain. 
•Iiiurii.  cit.  |).  !j;il. —  SdU  ill  On'yiiiiil. 

'  ICxIcmliiin  H  l.'uiulrcil  IfamtcH,  acconliii!,'  t(i  Fallicr  Charlevoix, 
.loiini.  cit.,  |>.  oliO.  —  /A. 


m 


Il« 


iii.-i<ii;v  HI    iiii:  (;i\-.-i;N(i  ikaih-: 


to  culiiviitc 


ll    I-   III    till'  rdllll 


tlV  I'l'     lllf    Five    Nillinlis 

tllilt    \\r  liit).-l    ric(|llrntl_v   lillil   llic  |il:lllt   imIIciI  '/'/'•><;«/.' 

'I'lit'  liii((inii-  iiulii'ii  wli'hli  cDiiiiirrliciiiN  six  iiiiliniis, 

Ili;iV  li;l\t'  illiiiiil    Iwi-    |Imiii-;iii(|    W  ill  TH  irs,    ilfcoiililiy'  to 

llii'  i;iiiU  i1m\  1m>Ii1  jiiihui^'  ilii'iii^iU  I'-.  iKiiiK'Iv  : 


'I'll.'  Olin 
Tl..'  SrIK 
'I'lir  (':iv 
Thf  OlHM 
Til.'  A.-li 

Tlu'  Tu^ 


tin 

'1" 

111 

^.i> 



•!* 

Tl 

111 

ill 

.1  • 

1^ 
rs 
I'll 

.}  ' 

it' 

Ol' 

I'll.- 

Mul 

IIW 

ks 

1, 

n 

W,  i.ui'll 


|C    lll-ilUl 


l-\  dl'  llli-  plillll  ll 


II) 


l";illi(  r  l.iilil;iii.     'I'lii-  iiii- 


<|cill;ll\    W:l-^    III 


VI 'I' 


ii\  inii'il  lliiil  III'  lull 


\    liilii;  «i;i|ili  111'  liiilliil  il 


llijil  llii    (  hllii  -I    uolil  .'/ 


,\    liiiil  il   ill    (':ili:i>l;i.   :illil    :iHrr  'I 

ill  lliiMiiiiMln       lli'^iiH  with  nun  ll  ~iir 

III  '/''I  *  ",'/. -i^''lil\  ill-  "  li'>rllllilill'^  il  lii:ill," 


ir  M'  llir  ll';ill-l:iliir 


ll  I'    Kilrlii  r  lrlli|ir«il    '  :i  im:iii'>  IlliL'll.  "  :iliil  IIimI 


lllf    Iliii|iliii>    wiilil    'jiir,  i,t-"j'i<  II.    hiiil   111!'    -;iliii'   liHiiliilit;;  "/i"''',  ill 
iiiiiiuiii-  -iiiiiilMiii;  I  111'  "lliiL'li-, "  iiinlllii'  "  Ii'j-.'  mihI  ".'/'""• '^I'I''"'-' 


iwii  lliiliL;-  -i'li;ir:ilii 


ill     lilllili^lliil    llli-    ili-iinrt>    ill    1TI><,  ill    M 


IIUlillll  I 


liMIUl 

|i|-iliri',    r;il|i( 


iliialnl  III  lii-    ili-liiu--  llir    l!ii:ri 
I    llli-    jihiiil    Aniiliiiii.i    I'tiiiiiili 


ll,    Mini    111    lllllll  I-  llli- 

'l   11  HIS,      Hint  xillllS      l/lll-HI  III/, 


r,„,i> 


run.  M  S:ill:i-ill.  :i  |i|i\ -ii  i:ill  i  il'  <illi'lii<  ,  liMiJ  ill 
I  ;ii|. -I  111  -iiiiir  III'  llii -I-  jiImiiI-  III  lln  kill:;'- •2:iriliii,  Iml  llii>  Hull 
klliW  lliilliilli;  .'11111111  il  ill  i':ili-  ll  i-  liillinl  ill  lii:ili>  ■  inilH  I  i<-  nl' 
Niillli  AtlirriiM.  uliirli  Mil' nil  mIiiiiiI  III!  -aim-  paial 
\V  111  in  r  rnlin 


1  I  a-  t  'nil  T,  riiilli 
1 1 11    liiii-l  llial  llir  Cliiin-r  U-iv      <iill  -rliu  i~  a-i  iiliiliiiili 


11  Ihr  llliiiiii-  iiiiiiiln  .  a-  «  il 


111   llli     lliilillni-.        ll   al-(i  nil  111-   il 


111  a-  ll  »  a-  iniiM  I 


"I 
Dial  llir 


M. 


\\  a-  llli'  iji 


mill/,    I 


lii'\     lia-li  in  ll    III    inllnl    it.     'I'lii'    iinlia    iiiiiiiiaii\     panl     llii- 


('Mllillliail- 


lii'.;li  a-  '.III  li\  n  -  lln'   liniiinl.  In  l:iUi   In  (  liiiia. 


il  lh< 


fcli    In    li.lir    li\  ll  -.    .11 


ll    lilialh     illln   ili-rliilil    I  lllililv,    IVnlU    I'la-nll- 


LflVl'II 


li\    Ihc   Alilii'    llaMial.    ill   lii- 


iiiHi.  I'/ii/.  .1'  /'■'/.  '/■••'  /■:i"'>-  ''• 


■,ii rii/ii  1 11".  iVr 


\,,^     /„   lllniiii'i 


I      Ml 


I,   r.iiitiii'i 


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INDIANS  ON  THE  OANISIIO. 


149 


We  may  judge  from  this  statement,  the  population 
of  this  nation.  Can  we  believe  that  they  have  been 
much  enfeebled  from  intercourse  with  Europeans?* 
Our  historians  are  unwarranted  in  saying  that  armies 
of  ten  and  twenty  thousand  men  have  marched  to  sub- 
jugate some  one  or  other  of  the  American  nations. 
Within  this  time,  we  have  had  no  knowledge  of  any 
particular  plague  that  has  destroyed  them.-^  They  may 
therefore  have  exaggerated  in  their  accounts.* 

The  banks  of  the  Canestio  River  are  also  inhabited 
by  the  Abenakis.  Wc  call  them  Loups,  and  the  Eng- 
hsh  Mohaigans.  There  is  also  a  village  of  the  Foxes, 
or  Outugamis,  who  have  fled  thither  since  the  last  war 
that  this  nation  had  with  the  French. 

The  Loups  who  inhabit  the  valleys  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, may  put  from  fifteen  to  eighteen  warriors  on 
foot.  The  village  of  Theaogen  alone  has  six  hundred. 
The  little  village  of  Tateyonons,  which  furnishes  but 
sixty  warrioi's,  is  allied  with  the  Iroquois. 

The  Susquehanna  River  is  navigable  almost  from  its 
source.  It  flows  through  a  beautiful  valley  filled  with 
very  fine  timber.  Along  its  course  it  has  a  very  good 
depth  of  water  to  carry  bateaux  as  far  as  to  Fort  Sham- 
okin. 


» There  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  the  Indian  nations  have  diminished 
greatly  during  this  period.  See  the  end  of  tliis  work. — JVbte  in  Original. 

'  May  not  tlie  small  pox  and  brandy  be  regarded  as  two  great  curses 
to  all  the  Indians  of  this  continent? —  lb. 

'  This  may  be,  but  the  diminution  although  not  as  great,  is  not  the 
less  as  certain.  —  lb. 


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160  THK  SUSQUEUANNAU. 

Tho  west  branch  of  this  river  is  rather  a  torrent  than 
a  river.  As  it  is  buried  among  rude  niountuius,  it  is 
very  rapid.  The  Indians,  however,  go  down  in  their 
canoes  at  high  water. 

From  Shamokin  to  .the  Chesapeake  Bay,  the  Sus- 
quehanna has  rapids  which  are  met  with  at  the  chains 
of  mountains  which  run  east  and  west  throughout  the 
English  possessions.  The  worst  of  these  is  that  of 
Canowega.  These  rapids  prevent  the  English  from 
using  this  river  much  for  the  interior  navigation  of 
their  possessions. 

From  Fort  Shamokin  the  navigation  is  the  easiest 
they  have,  to  go  to  the  Five  Nations  and  upon  the 
lakes.  But  the  interposition  of  the  Loup  and  Iroquois 
Indians,  has  hitherto  prevented  them  from  forming 
establishments  in  that  quarter. 

Before  the  last  war  they  had  pressed  up  as  far  as 
near  Theaogen,  which  the  Indians  made  them  abandon, 
and  as  far  up  as  below  the  Juniata  valley,  which  is 
beautiful  and  fertile.  But  they  were  obliged  ro  retire 
from  this  also.' 


*  The  English  have  returned  in  force  since  the  time  wlien  M.  Pou- 
chot  wrote,  to  tlic  banks  of  the  Ohio  and  its  tributaries,  and  have 
compelled  the  Indians  to  let  them  alone.  A  few  years  before  the 
actual  war,  the  court  at  London  formed  a  project  to  send  a  powerful 
colony  into  that  country.  The  celebrated  economist  Young,  wrote 
against  this  project,  which  the  troubles  in  America  prevented  them 
from  carrying  into  effect. — Note  in  Original. 


[151  ] 


CHAPTER  V. 

Of  the  Communication  from  Niaoara  to  the  Belle- 
IliviERE  OR  Ohio  —  in  Enolimii  Almoenv;  and  from 
THE  Ohio  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia. 

Fort  Niagara  is  situated  at  the  cast  point  of  the 
river  of  tliis  name,  which  is  still  only  the  St.  Lawrence.^ 
A  triangle  terminates  this  point,  whose  base  is  at  the 
head  of  a  horu-work  of  a  hundred  and  fourteen  toises 
on  tlie  outside,  built  of  earth,  turfed  within  and  with- 
out, with  a  ditch  eleven  toises  wide  and  nine  deep.  It 
has  a  demi-luno  and  two  little  lunettes,  or  entrenched 
strongholds,  with  a  covered  way  and  glacis  propor- 
tioned to  the  works.     The  ditches  are  not  revetted. 

The  stronghold  and  thedemi-lune  arc  palisaded  upon 
the  bcrm.  The  other  two  sides  have  a  simple 
entrenchment  also  of  earth  sodded  within  and  with- 
out, seven  feet  high  on  the  inside,  and  six  feet  thick  at 
the  top  of  the  parapet,  with  a  fraise  upon  the  berm. 
These  two  sides  of  the  entrenchments  are  upon  a  steep 
bank  forty  feet  high.     The  part  tovards  the  river 


*  This  river  is  properly  only  an  outlet  of  the  grc  lakes  into  the  sea, 
and  the  Niagara  River,  from  Lake  Eric  into  Lake  Ontario.  It  is  there- 
fore useless  to  seek  the  sources  of  this  great  river  in  the  countries 
situated  to  the  north  or  north-west  of  Lake  Superior.  —  Note  in  Origi- 
nal. 


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I'A 


1-.    't 


152 


FORT  NIAGARA. 


would  bo  accessible  but  with  difficulty.  That  towards 
the  lake  is  steeper.  There  are  no  stones  found  around 
Niagara,  and  they  are  brought  from  the  foot  of  the 
Cotes,  or  Platon.'  There  are  there  found  large  de- 
tached blocks  of  sandstone  very  proper  for  all  kinds 
of  masoniy,  but  we  do  not  find  good  stone  for  cutting. 
Before  1759,  we  were  always  obliged  to  bring  lime 
for  the  use  of  the  fort,  from  Frontenac,  but  M.  Pou- 
chot,  commandant  at  Niagara,  found  some  very  good 
limestone  at  the  head  of  the  Cotes.  We  doubt 
whether  the  English  know  it,  for  they  are  obliged  to 
bring  lime  from  Oswego.  They  could  build  a  city 
with  these  blocks. 

There  is  a  bar  in  front  of  the  fort,  which  lies  a  good 
quarter  of  a  league  into  the  lake,  and  nothing  can 
pass  over  it  but  bateaux. 

The  entrance  of  the  river  is  difficult  when  they  do 
not  know  where  to  find  it,  on  account  of  the  bar,  and 
a  considerable  current  from  the  river,  which  throws 
us  into  the  eddies,  and  may  cast  us  upon  the  bar. 
This  passage  is  well  defended  by  artillery  at  the  point 
of  the  fort,  because  vessels  can  only  ascend  against 
this  current  with  difficulty,  and  then  find  themselves 
under  the  batteries  of  the  fort.  They  are  even  obliged 
sometimes  to  throw  a  line  ashore,  to  haul  themselves 
up  to  the  anchorage,  which  is  a  tablet  of  sand  below 
the  middle  of  the  fort.    Vessels  anchored  there  can 


'  The  present  site  of  Lewiston. —  Ed. 


s?.f 


I  II 


NIAUAUA  I'lVER. 


153. 


touch  tho  Hhorc,  nnd  thcro  is  notwitlistandiiig  huIU- 
cioiit  depth  for  a  man-of-war.' 

Tlio  paHsago  by  way  of  tho  Niaj^ara,  is  tho  most 
l'ro((ucnt(!il  on  tho  conthiont  of  Amorlca,  bocausc  thin 
ton^uo  of  land  communicates  witli  tliree  great  lakes, 
and  tho  navigation  loads  all  tho  riidians  to  pass  this 
place,  wherever  thoy  may  wish  to  go.  Niagara  is 
therefore  tho  centre  of  trade  between  the  Indians  and 
Europeans,  and  great  numbers  come  thither  of  thoir 
own  accord  from  all  parts  of  tho  continent. 

Vessels  cannot  winter  in  the  Niagara  River,  becauso 
thoy  ai'o  continually  cut  by  tho  ice  coming  from  Lake 
Erie,  from  the  month  of  December  to  the  beginning 
of  March.  There  might,  however,  bo  nuido  a  port  of 
shelter  on  tho  west  side  at  Mascoutin  Point.' 

The  river  from  its  mouth,  to  a  distance  of  three 
leagues  above,  to  tho  place  named  Le  Platon,  has  a 
chaimol  about  four  hundred  toiseswide:  tho  current 


•  Wo  present  two  maps  of  Fort  Ningiira.  The  larger  one  is  from 
Poiichot'fi  M(!iu()lrs,  with  the  addition  of  llie  last  parallel  of  the  ''Eng- 
lish on  the  lake  shore,  at  the  siege;  of  1759.  The  otlier,  fl-om  an  Eng- 
lish authority  represents  all  the  approaches  of  tho  siege. 

The  present  fort  ooeiipies  the  same  site,  and  very  nearly  the  same 
area  as  originally,  it  is  one  iriile  distant  from  the  modern  village  of 
Yonngslown.  There  is  a  light  honsc  at  the  month  of  the  Niagara. 
On  the  Canada  side,  is  the  present  town  of  Xiagara,  formerly  Port 
George,  and  originally  Newark.  It  was  onee  the  srat  of  government 
of  Upper  Canada.  It  is  in  the  eonnty  of  Lineoln.  and  by  the  last 
censns,  the  town  and  village  had  ajiopulation  of  4,470.  Fort  Missis- 
sauga  is  a  strong  work  on  the  Canada  side  opposite  Fort  Niagara. — 
Eu. 

'  Now  Missiassnga  Point.    Fort  Mississaiiga  now  defends  the  Brit- 
ish side  of  the  river  near  this  place.—  Ed. 
20 


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154 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


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is  gentle,  and  it  has  a  depth  sufficient  to  hear  a  frigate 
P8  far  as  to  the  Platon,  and  to  anchor  any  where  along 
this  distance.  It  has  thi-ee  bends  in  this  course,  each 
of  a  league,  which  gives  a  fine  view  to  Niagara.  The 
river  flows  for  three  leagues  between  two  rocks,  almost 
perpendicular  and  two  or  three  hundred  toises  high, 
with  such  great  force  that  it  cannot  be  navigated 
between  the  Platon,  and  the  basin  under  the  falls. 

Half  a  league  above  the  falls,  the  river  which  is 
about  half  a  league  wide,  has  only  a  strong  current. 
It  from  thence  descends  in  boiling  waves  to  the  falls, 
where  it  plunges  vertically  a  hundred  and  forty  feet, 
upon  a  bank  of  very  hard  rocks.  Its  breadth  is  about 
nine  hundred  toises.  The  rest  of  this  waterfall  makes 
a  very  open  arc,  at  two  thirds  of  which  we  see  a  little 
wooded  island  which  looks  as  if  it  was  even  ready  to 
bo  engulphed.* 

At  the  bottom  of  the  falls,  the  river  forms  a  great 
basin  between  the  rocks,  where  the  water  is  so  still 
that  they  can  cross  it  in  bateaux.  From  the  foot  of 
the  fall,  the  waters  rebound  nearly  forty  feet  high, 
which  makes  them  appear  like  ice. 

Wo  often  liud  on  the  shores  of  this  basin,  fish. 


§k       .:.»5i 


!    ^fl 


•  Father  Charlevoix  assures  us  that  this  island  is  quite  narrow,  and 
an  eighth  of  a  league  in  length.  lie  adds  that  there  are  many  rocks 
scattered  here  and  there,  from  the  shore  and  above,  considerably 
checking  the  upper  current.  We  see  similar  rocks  covered  with  wood 
at  tlie  falls  of  the  Ithiue  at  Lautfen. —  Note  in  Original. 

The  ihland  which  divides  the  fulls,  is  now  called  Goat  Isliuid,  A 
bridge  connects  it  with  the  American  shore. — Ed. 


■m 


PORTAGE  OF  NIAGA  ,A. 


155 


bears,  doer,  geeso,  ducks  and  various  kinds  of  birds 
whiclx  have  been  killed  in  passing  over,  having  been 
drawn  in  by  the  watei",  or  the  current  of  air  formed 
by  the  falls.     The  Indians  collect  these. 

There  is  a  wagon  road  from  Fort  Niagara  to  the 
Platon,  but  they  generally  go  by  water  in  summer. 
In  winter  they  are  always  obliged  to  go  by  land,  on 
account  of  the  ice.  The  road  from  Platon  to  the  fort 
at  the  portage,'  is  about  three  leagues,  which  they 
travel  in  three  hours.  As  it  passes  through  the 
woods,  it  is  sometimes  muddy.  If  it  were  properly 
drained  it  would  be  very  fine. 

They  have  at  the  bottom  of  the  banks  on  the  Pla- 
ton, three  large  buildings  to  serve  as  an  entrepot  for 
goods  that  are  being  transported.  The  shoi'o  where 
they  land  is  at  least  sixty  feet  high,  and  is  very 
difficult,  for  they  have  never  built  any  thing  to  accom- 
modate the  landing. 

The  banks  are  three  curtains,  whoso  height  from 
the  Platon  to  above  the  banks,  is  equal  to  that  of 
Mendon,  and  not  steeper.  There  are  two  roads  for 
going  up ;  one  for  wagons,  which  is  a  quarter  of  a 
league  longer.    It  has  two  very  moderate  slopes.   The 


•  The  fort  at  the  portage  was  subsequently  commanded  by  John 
Joseph  Sehlosscr  a  German  olUcer  in  the  (lOth  IJoguncut,  English, 
and  was  subseciueutly  known  at  "  Fort  Selilosser."  There  is  now  a 
steamboat  landing  near  this  spot,  wliich  is  at  the  foot  of  navigation 
on  the  Niagara  River.  The  steamboat  Caroline,  was  moored  here 
when  attacked  by  a  party  from  Canada,  cut  loose,  tired  and  sent  over 
the  falls,  on  the  night  of  December  20, 1837.—  Ed. 


4m 


■\  'I 

m 
hi 


166 


PORTAGE  OF  NIAGARA. 


Sm- 


other is  a  foot  path,  which  comes  directly  down  the 
banks.  This  is  very  steep,  and  travelers  and  others 
who  carry  packs,  always  pass  that  way.  They  never 
stop  to  rest,  although  it  takes  half  an  hour  to  get  up. 
There  is  a  building  for  storage  at  the  top  of  the 
banks. 

The  memoir  of  M.  Belin  represents  this  place  as  if 
it  were  one  of  the  most  difficult  passes  of  the  Alps, 
although  above  and  below  these  banks  there  are  large 
plains. 

The  fort  at  the  foot  of  the  portage,  is  only  an  en- 
closure of  upright  posts.  They  had  there  built  some 
buildings  for  goods  in  transit,  and  for  the  service  of 
the  fort.  It  is  here  that  they  embark  for  Lake  Erie. 
From  this  place,  the  river  is  not  navigable  more  than 
a  quarter  of  a  league,  and  it  is  still  necessary  to  be 
cautious  not  to  be  drawn  into  the  current  of  the  falls. 
The  land  around  this  fort  is  level  and  very  good. 
This  place  is  capable  of  having  such  a  work  as  is 
needed. 

On  the  west  side  of  the  river,  at  the  height  of  this 
fort,  is  a  fine  little  river  called  Chcnondac,^  whose 
banks  bear  very  fine  timber,  which  is  procured  for 
building  the  bateaux  used  in  this  navigation,  as  well 
as  boards  and  plank  for  the  use  of  the  fort. 

It  requires  care  to  get  in  and  out  of  the  Chenondac. 
After  going  a  league  above  to  cross,  they  descend 


'  Chippewa  Creek.—  Ed. 


KIAaABA  niVER  ABOVE  THE  FALLS. 


157 


along  the  bank  to  its  mouth,  and  likewise  in  returning 
they  have  to  go  up  the  river  and  descend  upon  the 
fort,  passing  between  the  islands  which  are  found  in 
the  river  above  it. 

The  river  is  full  of  islands  in  its  channel,  up  to  near 
the  little  rapid,  as  we  can  see  by  the  map.  The  cur- 
rent is  gentle,  and  they  navigate  by  oars  or  sails. 
Some  of  these  islands  are  handsome  meadows. 

On  the  east  side,  at  three  leagues  from  the  foot  of 
the  portage,  is  the  Riviere  aux  Bois  Blancs.*  This  is 
the  stream  by  which  the  Five  Nations  come  down  to 
the  river.  Its  current  is  very  slow,  and  in  several 
places  the  land  is  cultivated  by  the  Indians.  The 
lands  in  the  environs  are  very  fine.  This  river  is  full 
of  fish. 

The  Little  Rapid  is  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie.  It  is 
a  reef,  where  the  current  is  smooth  but  strong,  for 
half  a  league.*  The  river  is  a  good  quarter  of  a  league 
wide,  and  has  a  rock  bottom.  Its  depth  not  great, 
yet  we  find  passages,  where  if  the  vessels  were  pro- 
perly constructed,  they  could  go  up  with  a  good  wind. 
The  bateaux  ascend  by  poling  or  towinjj. 

The  eastern  shores  of  the  lake  are  higher  than  those 
on  the  west,  and  both  appear  to  be  very  good. 

Lake  Erie  has  never  been  circumnavigated  by  any 
one  capable  of  given  an  exact  account  of  the  bearing 


'Tonawanda  Creek. —  Ed. 

'  The  current  is  six  miles  an  hour  at  this  place.—  Ed. 


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168 


LAKE  ERIE. 


of  its  shores,  the  depth  of  its  bays,  and  the  anchorages 
that  occur,  or  the  posts  that  might  bo  established  to 
derive  advantage  from  its  navigation.  The  form 
which  wc  have  given  on  the  map,  is  according  to  the 
best  known  memories,  from  the  south  part  around.* 


•  Wc  Ictini  from  a  letter  of  the  Mtirsbnl  dc  Bclle-lsle,  dnteil  July  3, 
1758,  that  M.  Pouchot  hail  sent  a  special  map  of  this  lake  to  M.  do 
Montcalm  who  was  to  send  it  to  that  minister.  Wc  have  found  no 
copy  among  M.  Pouoliol's  papers,  and  it  is  doul)tlcss  lost. — A'ote  in 
Original. 

The  following  letter  to  Marshal  dc  Belle-Isle,  copied  by  Mr.  Broad- 
head  from  llie  records  of  the  Department  de  la  Guerre,  and  dated 
April  14, 1758,  further  explains  this  subject. 

"My  Loud  : —  I  have  handed  to  the  Marquis  dc  Vaudreuil,  a  map 
and  memoir,  on  tlic  subject  of  the  Frencli  and  English  frontiers 
which. I  have  drawn  up  on  the  best  informations  I  have  been  .ible  to 
procure,  during  my  sojourn  at  Niagara.  I  have  laid  down  in  my 
voyages,  the  course  of  tlic  river  from  Montreal,  Lal<e  Ontario  as  far  as 
Lake  Eric  ;  therefore  it  has  an  appearance  of  truth  which  correctly 
represents  the  country  and  is  not  contained  in  any  other  maps.  As 
I  have  not  been  on  tlie  Englisli  frontier,  I  laid  that  down  according 
to  their  best  maps,  wliich  I  again  corrected  on  such  reliable  informa- 
tion as  I  have  obtained.  It  is  in  sulHcient  detail  however,  to  show 
the  interest  wc  ought  to  take  to  prevent  tlie  English  interi)osing  ob- 
stacles in  the  Avay  of  the  Iroquois  and  Loups,  who  form  a  barrier. 
That  countrj',  my  Lord,  would  be  well  worth  being  seen  by  experi- 
enced eyes,  which  has  not  yet  been  the  case ;  the  well  known  carry- 
ing place  of  Niagara  is  an  evident  proof  The  most  recent  accounts 
thereof,  describe  it  as  tlie  most  rugged  of  Alps,  whilst  'tis  only  a  rise 
of  ground,  a  little  more  elevated  than  that  of  Bellevue.  Below  and 
above  are  very  fine  plains,  as  can  be  seen  on  my  map. 

The  detail  of  Lake  Erie  which  is  entirely  nnknown;  it  is,  perhaps, 
[as]  navigable  for  large  vessels  as  Lake  Ontario.  Tlie  resources  of 
those  countries  once  known,  would  furnish  opportunities  of  avoiding 
long  routes  and  expenses,  exclusive  of  enabling  us  to  occupy  more 
decided  points  for  the  security  of  the  country. 

If  you  have  the  goodness,  my  Lord,  to  signify  to  me  that  this  essay 
might  please  you,  I  shall  set  about  perfecting  raat  work  in  order  to 
accomi)lish  all  the  objecta  which  will  pc-wibly  be  required  of  it. 


LAKK  EUIE. 


159 


The  entrance  of  the  lake,  as  far  as  to  the  Riviere 
aux  Chevaux,'  forms  a  ^  "cat  bay  lined  with  flat  rock, 
where  no  anchorage  can  be  found.  If  they  could 
keep  open  the  mouth  of  this  river,  they  would  find 
anchorage  for  vessels. 

The  coast  from  thence  to  Presquo  Isle,  has  no  shel- 
ter which  is  known.  At  Presque  Isle,  there  is  a  good 
bay,  but  only  seven  or  eight  feet  of  water. 

Vessels  might  enter  the  River  b,  Seguin,''  and  they 
could  make  as  good  a  port  there  as  at  Sandusky.  It 
is  commonly  said  that  the  head  of  the  lake  is  very 
shallow  and  the  navigation  dangerous.  "What  is  really 
the  fact  is  this,  that  the  storms  there  arise  very  sud- 
denly, and  the  waves  are  so  bad,  that  in  rough  weather 
they  often  kill  the  fish  which  are  found  scattered  along 
the  shore.  But  it  is  to  bo  observed,  that  they  only 
navigate  this  lake  in  bark  canoes,  and  very  seldom  in 
bateaux  except  from  the  Niagara  River  to  Presque  Isle 

I  hope  by  my  zeal,  to  deserve  the  kindness]  you  have  promised  to 
honor  me  with,  my  Lord,  on  the  recommendation  of  Mdede  Meillian. 
Since  our  arrival  in  tliia  country  I  have  had  the  good  fortune  to  be 
always  pretty  usefully  employed.  I  constructed  the  Frontenac  in- 
trencluuents,  completed  Fort  Niagara  and  the  siege  of  ChouagUen.  I 
dare  hope,  my  Lord,  that  you  will  be  graciously  pleased  to  give  atten- 
tion to  the  good  reports  of  me  which  our  generals  are  so  good  as  to 
render. 

I  am,  with  most  profound  Respect, 

My  Lord,  Your  Most  Humble  and  Most  Obed'l  Serv't, 

POUCUOT. 

Capt.  in  the  BCarn  Regiment." —  Ed. 

'  Butl'alo  Creek,  which  now  forms  Buffalo  Harbor. — Ed. 

^  Cuyahoga  River,  at  the  mouth  of  which  is  the  modern  city  of  Cleve- 
land. —  Ed. 


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160 


NAVIGATION  OF  LAKE  ERIE. 


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They  never  go  except  along  the  shores  which  are 
shallow,  although  a  little  distance  out  it  is  deep 
enough.  It  would  have  been  useful  to  have  built  a 
small  vessel  with  which  from  the  month  of  May  to  the 
end  of  September,  when  the  weather  is  always  good,  to 
sound  and  reconnoitre  all  the  shelters  around  the  lake, 
and  then  we  might  build  vessels  proper  for  this  naviga- 
tion, which  would  have  saved  great  labor  and  expense. 

The  River  Chatacoin  is  the  first  that  communicates 
from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Ohio,  and  it  was  by  this,  that 
they  went  in  early  times  when  they  made  a  journey 
in  that  port.  This  navigation  is  always  made  in  a 
canoe,  on  account  of  the  small  amount  of  water  in 
this  river.  It  is  only,  in  fact,  when  there  is  a  freshet, 
that  they  can  pass,  and  then  with  difficulty,  which 
makes  them  prefer  the  navigation  of  the  Riviere  aux 
BoDufs,  of  which  the  entrepot  is  the  fort  of  Presque  Isle. 

This  fort  is  sufficiently  large,  built  piece  upon  piece, 
with  buildings  for  the  storage  of  goods  in  transitu. 
It  is  situated  upon  a  plateau  that  forms  a  peninsula 
which  has  given  it  the  name-  The  country  around  is 
good  and  pleasant.  They  there  keep  wagons  for  the 
portage,  which  is  six  leagues.  Although  in  a  level 
country,  the  road  is  not  very  good  to  the  fort  of  the 
River  aux  Boeufs,  which  is  square,  smaller  than  the 
one  {it  Presque  Isle,  and  also  built  piece  upon  piece.' 


'  Tlie  French  fort  at  An  Bcfiif  was  on  the  site  of  the  village  of 
Waterford,  Erie  Co.,  Pa.,  thirtecu  miles  from  Erie.  A  small  lake  and 
a  stream  flowing  from  it  still  preserve  the  name.  —  Eu. 


THE  SHORES  OF  LAKE  ERIE. 


161 


n 


The  River  aux  Boeufs  is  very  crooked  and  shallow  in 
low  water.  In  rainy  weather  it  swells  greatly,  and  has 
a  rapid  current.  It  is  bounded  by  a  valley  which 
becomes  deeper  as  we  approach  the  Ohio. 

At  its  mouth,  called  in  English  Venango,  the  French 
had  a  very  poor,  mean  fort  called  Fort  Machault,^  which 
is  also  an  entrepot  for  that  which  is  going  down  to 
Fort  Du  Quesne. 

The  two  rivers  marked  on  the  map  beyond  Fresque 
Isle,  which  fall  into  the  lake,  communicate  also  with 
rivers  that  fall  into  the  Ohio,  such  as  the  Beaver  River. 
But  they  are  shallow,  and  besides  are  embarrassed 
with  rapids. 

The  River  k  Seguin  has  a  much  better  communica- 
tion with  the  Ohio.  Vessels  can  go  up  to  within  three 
leagues  of  its  source,  and  with  bateaux  they  come  to 
a  portage  not  over  a  mile  long. 

They  then  enter  a  very  good  river  which  the  English 
call  Muskingum.  According  to  accounts  it  is  the  finest 
country  in  America  to  live  in.  They  there  find  the 
finest  timber,  suitable  for  all  uses,  and  the  finest  lands 
in  the  most  beautiful  plains. 

Sandoske  also  communicates  by  the  River  Sonhioto, 
and  the  River  a  la  Roche,  which  descends  into  the 
Ohio,  with  very  short  portages.  This  is  the  great 
Indian  route  to  come  to  the  Ohio. 


'  Tliis  fort  was  on  the  Alleghany  BXicv  at  the  moutli  of  French 
Creek,  now  the  village  of  Franklin,  Pa.    Venango  is  a  corruption  of 
the  word  lu-nun-gah,  by  which  the  Senecas  knew  the  stream.  —  Ed. 
21 


1  il 


ill 


162 


NAVIGATION  OF  THE  OHIO. 


::.'i'i 


S!  '-'   'iA 


r  i 


If  we  had  established  ourselves  at  the  two  last  places 
above  described,  instead  of  going  to  locate  ourselves 
on  the  Ohio,  we  should  have  intercepted  all  the  com- 
munications of  the  Indians  with  the  English,  and 
would  have  avoided  giving  them  offence,  for  until  then, 
they  had  not  been  in  force  to  establish  themselves 
where  they  might  wish.  The  commerce  of  the  Ohio 
was  less  than  nothing  to  the  French,*  because  this 
country  is  only  inhabited  by  the  Loups  and  some 
Iroquois  who  are  renegades  from  their  own  country 
and  have  gone  to  settle  there. 

The  Ohio  is  navigable  almost  from  its  source  with 
canoes,  without  any  rapid.  From  Kanoagon,  the 
water  is  always  good  for  bateaux  of  moderate  size. 
Its  course  is  crooked,  and  shut  in  by  a  valley  which 
deepens  and  widens  as  we  descend.  It  has  no  rapids, 
but  a  strong  current,  especially  at  high  water  in  the 
spring. 

The  navigation,  however,  requires  attention  in  going 
down,  because  the  eddies  in  the  river  are  frequent,  and 
often  bear  upon  trunks  of  trees,  of  which  its  channel 
is  never  clear.  From  Fort  Du  Quesne,  in  going  down, 
the  navigation  becomes  better,  its  bed  wider,  and  the 
depth  of  water  good. 

The  valley  is  not  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  league 
wide,  until  we  reach  Fort  Du  Quesne.     The  north 


'  But  the  possession  of  the  banks  of  this  river  was  of  the  greatest 
importance  to  preserve  the  communication  between  Canada  and 
Louisiana.  —  Note  in  Original. 


uum 


THE  MONONOAHELA  :    P1TT8BUK01I. 


168 


bank  ia  bordered  by  an  elevated  but  not  mountainous 
country,  while  the  south  is  the  rear  of  the  Apalaches 
or  the  Alligeny  mountains.  There  are  no  navigable 
rivers  coming  out  of  these  mountains  that  communi- 
cate with  the  Ohio,  the  greater  part  being  rather 
torrents  or  brooks  than  rivers. 

The  Manenguelee  carries  bateaux  as  far  up  as  its 
fork  with  the  Oxiogani,  at  the  foot  of  Laurel  Hill,  or 
Mount  Laurel.  Thus  far  the  English  have  never 
sought  to  make  these  routes  except  by  land. 

The  mountains  on  the  side  of  the  sources  of  the 
Ohio,  are  rocks  covered  with  bushes  like  the  Cevennes. 
I  have  marked  upon  the  map,  the  routes  taken  by 
traders.  They  take  over  them  horses  laden  like  our 
pedlars. 

Braddock  made  his  road  before  him  from  day  to 
day,  on  his  march  to  the  Ohio.  But  the  English 
te-made  it  in  1758,  and  finished  it  in  1759,  as  it  is 
marked  upon  the  map.' 

Fort  Du  Quesne  was  upon  a  low  point  of  land  near 
the  river  and  liable  to  inundation.  The  English  have 
built  their  new  fort  called  Pittsbourg,  upon  the  terrace 
in  front  of  the  old  fort.  It  is  a  pentagon  of  about 
eighty  toises  on  the  outside,  built  of  earth,  revetted 
within  and  without  by  large  pieces  of  wood,  in  the 
same  style  as  that  at  Oswego.  It  may  contain  seven 
or  eight  hundred  men. 


•  See  also  the  march  of  Colonel  Bouquet  across  the  Indian  country 
in  1767,  by  Thomas  Hutchins.  —  Note  in  Qrigiml. 


1; 


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164 


ROUTE  ACROSS  PENNSYLVANIA. 


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They  have  built  at  Loyal-Anon,'  a  fort  of  upright 
timbers,  to  hold  two  hundred  men.  They  have  also 
made  in  this  place  a  camp  entrenched  in  earth,  ten 
feet  thick  at  the  top,  revetted  with  sticks  of  wood,  and 
with  a  ditch  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  wide.  This  camp 
was  built  against  a  mountain  at  its  foot,  and  was  com- 
manded on  every  side.  The  other  forts  on  this  route 
to  Virginia  are  enclosures  of  upright  timbers,  to  serve 
as  storehouses,  and  will  hold  garrisons  of  from  twenty- 
five  to  fifty  men. 

The  mountains  and  the  roads  of  this  route  arc  very 
dilticult.  When  the  English  make  their  convoys,  they 
are  obliged  to  use  a  third  or  more  of  the  horses  to 
carry  the  oats  for  feeding  the  loaded  horses. 

The  cities  for  entrepots  for  these  expeditions,  were 
Lancaster^  and  Schippenbourg,  where  they  collected  all 
the  provisions  and  munitions  that  were  to  go  to  the  Ohio. 

It  cannot  be  doubted  but  that  if  the  French  had 
been  somewhat  in  force  in  these  parts,  they  might 
have  prevented  the  enemy  from  establishing  them- 
selves by  the  strategy  of  which  this  mountainous 
countr}'  is  susceptible. 

Addition  to  the  Topographical  Notices  and 
Observations. 

Since  M.  de  la  Verandiere,  the  countries  of  which 

he  had  knowledge  have  been  visited  by  Mr.  Carver. 


•Legonier.  —  Ed. 

'The  English  count  it  338  miles  from  Pittsbourg  to  Lancaster,  and 
66  from  Lancaster  to  Philadelphia.  —  Note  in  Original. 


NOTICE  OF  CARVER  S  TRAVELS 


165 


After  having  wintered  upon  the  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi at  latitude  44°,  he  directed  his  course  towards 
the  north  of  the  American  continent,  and  passed  by 
the  most  elevated  regions  from  whence  divide  the  dif- 
ferent rivers  which  water  that  country ;  some  flowing 
to  the  north  sea,  others  towards  the  west  of  the  strait 
of  Anian.  This  English  traveler  sojourned  in  the 
country  of  the  Sakis,  the  Nadouessis,  &c.,  and  was 
upon  the  banks  of  the  Bourbon  River  of  Lake  Quini- 
pigon,  &c.  Their  existence  is  therefore  no  longer  a 
problem.  There  has  been  expressed  a  desire  that  some 
one  would  translate  into  French  the  account  which 
Carver  published  in  1778,  of  his  travels  during  the  years 
1766, 1767, 1768.  They  would  give  us  new  light  and 
extend  our  geographical  knowledge.  —  Notice  added  by 
the  Original  Editor  of  Pouchot's  Memoirs. 


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[166] 


OBSERVATIONS  UPON  THE  MOUNTAINS  OF 
NORTH  AMERICA. 


Wo  cannot  form  a  more  just  idea  of  the  theory  of 
the  earth,  than  hy  a  profound  knowledge  of  the  struc- 
ture and  course  of  mountains.  The  highest  ranges  of 
mountains  on  our  continent  for  the  most  part  run  east 
and  west,  while  those  of  North  America,  as  the  Cor- 
dilleras and  Apalachian,  on  the  contrary,  have  a  north- 
erly and  southerly  course.  The  academician  savans 
sent  to  Peru  to  measure  the  earth,  have  furnished  M. 
de  Button  some  interesting  details  upon  the  Cordilleras, 
which  he  has  used  to  establish  his  theory.  He  would 
not  have  derived  the  same  aid  from  a  report  of  the 
Apalaches,  which  are  so  to  speak  forgotten  by  him. 
For  this  reason  we  here  transcribe  such  judicious 
observations  as  we  have  found,  concerning  this  latter 
mountain  range,  from  the  papers  of  M.  Pouchot,  who 
has  profited  much  from  the  labors  of  M.  Evans,  with- 
out, however,  citing  him.' 

'He  has  sometimes  only  translated  the  Analysis  of  the  general  map 
of  the  British  colonies,  an  English  work  publislwd  in  1755,  in  4to,  by 
M.  Evans.  —  A^ote  in  Original. 


MOUNTAIN  CHAINS  OF  AMERICA. 


167 


The  N'  tro  Danio  Mountnins  form  a  kind  of  angle 
at  tho  niDUth  of  the  River  St.  Lawrence,  and  miglitbo 
taken  for  fho  coutluiilM  m,  or  ratlier  the  beginning  of 
the  Apalachian  cJiain.  Th<'xe  nionntaiiiH  are  highest 
towardu  tlie  mouth  of  tlie  river,  and  as  wo  advance 
into  tho  continent  they  appear  to  sink  down,  and  tho 
continent  itself  rises,  till  wo  come  to  the  hikes,  where 
wo  find  plains  of  very  grout  elevation.  These  moun- 
tains join  the  eastern  end  of  the  Apalaches,  of  which 
they  form  a  part. 

In  tho  country  occupied  by  tho  English  eolonies,  tho 
structure  of  these  mountains  varies,  and  they  are 
separated  by  the  Hudson  River  into  two  chains,  which 
have  a  general  direction  parallel  witli  the  sea  coast. 
From  the  eastern  part,  till  we  come  to  Massachusetts 
Bay,  their  course  is  nearly  north  and  south,  but  still 
bearing  eastward,  following  the  form  of  tho  coast. 
This  tract  of  eountry  may  be  divided  into  two  sections, 
by  a  line  running  west  from  Boston. 

The  iirst  begins  near  Watertown,  and  forms  tho  hills 
or  IHtle  mountains,  and  continues  until  we  have  passed 
Vester,*  and  from  thence  to  within  about  twenty  miles  of 
the  Hudson  River.  The  second  section  is  the  greater 
part,  and  is  covered  with  little  mountains  which  forma 
long  chain,  extending  towards  the  south  to  the  sound 
which  separates  Long  Island  from  the  Main,  and 
forming  the  slopes,  bluffs  and  detached  rocks  which 


> 


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168 


MOUNTAIN  CHAINS  OF  AMERICA. 


we  observe  when  we  sail  plong  the  coast  of  Connecti- 
cut, and  which  prevent  them  1. 1;  m  making  good  roads 
into  the  interior  of  this  country. 

Although  the  greater  pj»rt  of  Connecticut  might  be 
comprised  in  this  section,  we  still,  however,  find  large 
valleys  of  fine  and  beautiful  country.  Among  these 
chains,  the  greatest  are  those  along  the  Connecticut 
River,  which  are  twenty  miles  apart.  The  course  of 
the  ranges  of  hills  and  mountains  gives  direction  to 
the  rivers  and  streams  of  this  country. 

On  the  east  of  the  first  section  along  the  sea  shore, 
the  lands  are  formed  by  masses  of  ocean  sand  mingled 
with  the  debris  cast  up  by  the  tides  from  the  north- 
east an  i  south-west,  which  forms  almost  the  whole  of 
Cape  Cod,  to  the  east  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  Long 
Island  also  appears  to  have  been  formed  by  sand  from 
the  sea,  mingled  with  the  soil  brought  down  by  streams 
from  the  continent. 

The  land  as  we  advance  westward  is  of  the  same 
description,  but  the  mountains  are  higher  in  propor- 
tion as  we  approach  the  frontiers  of  Canada. 

The  country  to  the  south-west  of  the  Hudson,  is 
divided  more  regularly  by  a  greater  number  of  belts, 
than  the  parts  of  which  we  have  spoken. 

The  first  object  we  meet  in  this  part,  is  a  bank  of 
rocks  of  a  soft  kind  of  talc,  three  and  even  six  miles 
wide,  with  the  summit  raised  above  the  adjacent 
country.  It  extends  south-west  from  the  city  of  New 
York,  by  the  lower  falls  of  the  Delaware,  Schuylkill, 


i  II 


MOUNTAIN  CHAINS  OF  AMERICA. 


169 


Susquehannah,  Gun-Powder,  Patapsco,  Potomac, 
Rapaliannock,  James  River  and  the  Roanoack.  This 
chain  of  rocks,  which  presents  itself  as  a  regular 
curve,  anciently  formed  the  sea  shore  in  this  part  of 
America. 

From  the  sea  to  this  chain,  and  from  the  Navesink 
hills  to  the  south-west,  as  far  as  the  extremities  of 
Georgia,  the  whole  country  forms  the  first  belt,  and 
we  may  designate  it  as  the  Low  country,  being  formed 
of  the  soil  washed  down  from  the  upper  regions,  and 
mingled  with  sea  sand.  These  plains  are  generally 
not  fertilized  by  any  river.  The  soil  is  a  white  sand 
to  a  depth  of  about  twenty  feet,  and  entirely  sterile, 
where  there  is  no  vegetable  mold  to  improve  it.  But 
the  parts  along  the  rivers  are  fertilized  by  the  sediment 
which  they  bring  down,  and  which  get  mingled  with 
the  sand,  as  also  the  mud  from  the  sea,  as  the  shells 
and  other  foreign  bodies  there  demonstrate. 

The  soil  is  of  this  quality  over  a  space  forty  or  fifty 
miles  wide.  Along  the  route  from  Navesink  to  Cape 
Florida,  we  everywhere  discover  a  sterile  country. 
None  of  the  rivers  present  a  fertile  soil  adjacent,  ex- 
cept where  improved  by  the  deposits  brought  down 
from  above.  We  only  observe  marshes  or  low 
gi'ounds,  scarcely  able  to  support  white  cedar.  We 
very  often  meet  with  veins  of  clay  detached  by  the 
sea,  from  these  hills  of  talc,  some  of  which  are  three 
or  four  miles  wide. 

From  this  chain  of  rocks  where  all  the  rivers  form 
22 


ii 


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I'  ti'i^'k 


170 


MOUNTAIN  CHAINS  OF  AMERICA. 


a  fall,  to  the  broken  chain  called  the  South  Mountains, 
there  is  a  tract,  fifty,  sixty  or  seventy  miles  in  extent, 
very  uneven,  and  rising  as  we  penetrate  into  the  in- 
terior of  the  country.  This  second  belt  might  be 
termed  the  Upper  country.  It  consists  of  strips  of 
difierent  kinds  of  soil  and  broken  land  several  miles 
wide  in  extent,  and  thrown  up  in  some  places  into 
little  ridges  and  chains  of  mountains.  The  slope  gives 
a  rapid  current  to  the  waters  of  the  torrents  and 
ravines,  which  wash  the  soil  into  the  rivers,  that  fer- 
tilize the  plains  below.  These  rough  slopes,  and  the 
ravines  render  half  this  country  poorly  adapted  for 
tillage. 

The  South  Mountains  have  not  any  peaks  like  the 
Endless  Mountains,  but  they  are  low,  rocky  swells, 
irregularly  interrupted,  and  in  some  places  isolated. 
Some  have  a  course  a  few  miles  long,  and  others  have 
a  breadth  of  many  miles.  Between  the  South  Moun- 
tains and  the  high  Endless  Mountains,  which  by  way 
of  distinction,  they  call  the  North  Mountains,  and  in 
some  places  the  Kittatini  and  Pequilin,  there  are  some 
very  fine  and  beautiful  valleys  of  eight,  ten  and 
twenty  miles  wide.  It  is  here  that  we  find  the  largest 
part  of  the  best  cultivated  possessions  of  the  English. 
This  belt  crosses  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 
land and  Virginia.  No  general  name  has  been  given 
to  this  country,  but  we  might  call  it  Piedmont,  from 
its  resemblance  to  that  country  in  Europe,  in  the  good- 
ness of  its  soil.   This  is  the  third  belt  of  North  America. 


■    1 
'•  hi 


MOUNTAIN  CHAINS  OF  AMERICA. 


171 


The  mountains  Sans-Fin,  or  Endless  Mountains,  so 
called  from  the  Indian  name  translated  into  English, 
form  a  long  and  veiy  uniform  chain,  about  five  or  six 
hundred  toises  high  above  the  intervening  valleys. 
Their  name  sufficiently  describes  their  extent. 

In  some  places,  as  towards  the  Kaatskill,  and  the 
sources  of  the  Roanoke,  we  might  imagine  that  we 
saw  the  end  of  Mount  Endless,  but  if  we  examine  a 
little  in  these  parts  wo  shall  see  that  they  continue 
in  new  branches  which  are  not  less  extensive.  Their 
back  chain,  which  is  the  Allegany  or  Ohio  River  chain, 
is  parallel  with  the  range  of  talcose  rocks  which 
bound  the  first  belt.  This  chain  is  terminated  by 
vast  peaks  of  soil  and  detached  rocks  towards  the 
sources  of  the  Roanoack,  and  the  New  River.     • 

The  most  easterly  chains,  which  appear  to  run 
south,  turn  imperceptibly  to  the  west  making  the 
valleys  of  the  upper  belt  and  of  Piedmont,  as  we  have 
called  it,  wider  in  Virginia  than  in  parts  further  north. 
The  chains  to  the  south-west,  appear^  to  blend  with 
the  Alleghenies.  In  some  places  they  are  divided, 
forming  new  chains  of  mountains  like  those  of  Ouasi- 
oto. 

All  these  mountain  chains  are  penetrated,  so  to 
speak  by  counter-chains  or  spurs,  which  come  out 
from  the  great  chains  and  scatter  away  as  detached 
peaks,  which  appear  to  indicate  good  passes  into  the 
interior  but  which  have  no  outlets  when  we  try  them. 
It  is  more  sure  to  pass  over  the  rocks,  than  the  parts 


1i 


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172 


MOUNTAIN  CHAINS  OF  AMERICA. 


where  the  soil  and  rocks  are  blended,  because  the 
latter  lead  into  ravines  which  form  precipices.  Scarcely 
a  tenth  part  of  the  soil  in  these  mountains  can  be  cul- 
tivated. This  is  the  fourth  belt  which  borders  the 
Iroquois  country  and  the  region  which  comes  down  to 
the  plains  of  the  Ohio. 

We  conclude  from  these  remarks  of  M.  Pouchot ; 
Ist,  that  all  these  belts  of  which  he  speaks,  are  only 
branches  of  the  Apalaches,  or  rather  different  portions 
that  compose  this  chain  of  mountains,  as  well  in 
length  as  in  breadth.  2d,  that  all  the  country  situated 
east  of  the  Apalaches,  has  been  evidently  covered  by 
the  waters  of  the  sea,  and  that  the  numerous  and 
uneffaceable  vestiges  of  this  change  prove  that  this 
could  not  have  been  very  ancient. 

We  may  here  be  allowed  to  add  that  this  chain  of 
the  Apalachian  Mountains,  and  this  elevated  belt  of 
land  on  the  west,  which  appears  still  to  retain  its 
ancient  limits,  is  a  portion  of  the  principal  belt,  which 
stretches  from  the  south-east  to  north-west,  from  the 
mouth  of  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  to  and  beyond  the  great 
lakes  of  North  America. 


[173] 


REMARKS  UPON  THE  FALLS  OF  lOAGARA. 


The  most  northerly  parts  of  America  being  very 
elevated,  the  rivers  which  flow  from  thence  must 
necessarily  before  discharging  themselves  into  the 
lakes  or  rivers,  and  according  to  the  slope  of  land,  have 
falls  of  greater  or  less  size.  The  most  celebrated  of 
all,  is  without  doubt  that  of  Niagara.  The  Indians 
near  Quebec  regarded  this  as  at  the  western  extremity 
of  the  continent.  When  the  French  came  to  establish 
themselves  there,  they  assured  them,  "that  at  the 
end  of  Lake  Ontario,  there  is  a  fall  which  may  be  a 
league  wide,  where  an  immense  body  of  water  falls 
into  the  lake,  and  that  beyond  this  fall  there  could  be 
seen  no  more  land,  neither  on  one  side  or  the  other, 
but  only  a  sea,  so  immense  that  they  could  see  no  end, 
nor  say  positively  that  any  one  had  seen  it, —  that  the 
sun  went  down  on  the  right  hand  of  this  lake,  &c."' 

The  journeys  which  the  French  undertook  at  an 
early  period  into  the  interior  of  America,  gave  them  a 


1  Marc  r  Escarbot,  llist.  de  la  Nouvelle  B'rauce,  p.  352.— iVote  in 
Original. 


174 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA, 


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mm 


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,?!■ 


knowledge  leas  vague  concerning  this  celebrated  cas- 
cade. They  were  at  first,  however,  very  incorrect, 
and  wo  can  scarcely  depend  upon  the  details  which 
the  Baron  dc  la  Hontan  and  Father  Hennepin  had 
given  us.  The  description  which  we  derive  from 
Father  Charlevoix,  merits  more  dependence.  M.  de 
Buftbn  has  not  hesitated  to  insert  it  in  his  immortal 
work.  Besides  what  M.  Pouchot  has  related  of  this 
fall  in  the  observations  which  follow,  we  liave  found 
nothing  among  his  papers  which  we  could  use. 

The  river  of  the  Portage,  or  of  the  Niagara,  is  pro- 
perly nothing  but  the  outlet  of  Lake  Erie,  which 
discharges  itself  into  Lake  Ontario,  at  six  leagues 
from  the  Falls.  It  is  not  easy  to  measure  with  instru- 
ments the  elevation  of  this  fall,  and  travelers  who 
could  see  it  only  in  profile,  have  therefore  varied  con- 
siderably in  their  accounts.  The  Baron  de  la  Hontan 
asserts  that  they  are  seven  or  eight  hundred  feet 
high,*  and  the  Chevalier  de  Tonti,  a  hundred  toises." 
The  estimate  of  Father  Charlevoix  is  much  more  cor- 
rect. He  gives  a  hundred  and  forty  or  a  hundred 
and  fifty  feet  as  the  height  of  the  Falls  of  Niagara. 

M.  de  Buftbn  had  at  first  supposed  this  fall  was  the 
finest  in  the  whole  world,  and  that  it  owed  this  honor 
to  its  elevation,  but  after  a  little  he  appears  to  retract 
in  giving  preference  to  that  of  Terni  in  Italy.     Al- 


'  Voyage,  p.  107. —  A'ote  in  Original. 

»Dern.  dec.  de  1'  Amer.,  p.  30.    Father  Ilennessin  gave  to  this  fall  a 
hundred  fathoms,  that  is,  six  lumdred  feet. —  lb. 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


176 


though  most  travelers  do  not  give  these  falls  more 
than  two  hundred  feet,  the  illustrious  naturalist  sup- 
poses them  to  be  three  hundred.'  Without  seeking 
to  question  his  evidence,  we  will  only  here  remark, 
that  the  mountain  del  Marmore,  has  a  notch  only 
twenty  feet  wide,  by  which  the  Velino  is  precipitated, 
whose  vertical  fall  forms  the  cascade  above  men- 
tioned. 

It  is  not  the  height,  but  the  breadth  of  a  cascade 
which  renders  it  considerable,  and  that  of  Niagara, 
having  nine  hundred  feet  in  breadth,  evidently  sur- 
passes all  others.  It  cannot  be  compared  perhaps 
with  the  Terni,  which,  in  relative  height,  is  inferior  to 
several  which  we  know  in  the  country  of  the  Grisons, 
Valois  and  Switzerland.  We  are  surprised  that  M.  de 
Buffon  has  not  cited  as  perpendicular  falls  those  which 
occur  in  the  celebrated  valley  of  the  Lanterbran,  where 
nature  has  presented  the  wildest  beauties.  From  the 
top  of  two  mountains  which  terminate  with  a  glacier, 
and  leaving  between  them  a  narrow  and  gloomy  valley, 
there  are  precipitated  some  streams  which  form  cas- 
cades perhaps  the  highest  in  the  world.  That  of 
Staubbach  has  been  accurately  measured,  and  its  ver- 
tical height  is  not  less  than  eight  hundred  and  six  royal 
feet,  or  eleven  hundred  feet  of  Berne.  It  is  true  the 
size  is  not  large,  as  we  may  judge  by  the  brook  which 
forms  it  in  falling,  and  which  is  scarcely  more  than 


'  I, 
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'1    . 
^1 


>  Suppl.  a  r  hist,  natur.  t.  i,  p.  4G9.—  Note  in  Ori(jinnl. 


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176 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


) 


li 


eight  or  nine  feet  wide.  "Wo  will  not  speak  of  the  cas- 
cade of  Myrrebach,  and  some  others,  whose  volume 
of  water  is  also  small,  and  whose  elevation  is  a  little 
less. 

The  fall  of  Niagara  is  also  remarkable  from  the 
phenomena  occasioned  by  its  breadth.  When  the 
weather  ia  clear,  we  always  see  several  rainbows,  one 
within  another,  of  which  it  is  easy  to  observe  the 
cause.  Sometimes  a  light  fog  rises  like  smoke  above 
this  cascade,  and  seems  to  be  a  forest  on  fire.  It  may 
be  seen  from  Lake  Ontario,  fifteen  leagues  beyond  Fort 
Niagara.  This  is  a  certain  sign  of  rain  or  snow,  and 
a  sure  means  for  finding  the  fort  which  is  at  the  mouth 
of  the  river  of  the  portage. 

The  noise  of  the  fall,  increased  by  echoes  from  the 
surrounding  rocks,  may  be  heard  a  greater  or  less  dis- 
tance according  to  the  direction  of  the  wind.  It  is  not 
unusual  to  hear  it  ten  or  twelve  leagues,  but  as  a  dis- 
tant thunder,  which  rolls  very  heavily.  This  made 
Father  Charlevoix  conjecture,  that  in  time  it  had 
formed  a  cavern  under  the  fall.  He  gives  further 
as  a  reason,  that  nothing  ever  rises  that  has  once  been 
carried  over.'  The  cause  of  this  fact  is,  that  the 
whirlpools  which  are  always  found  at  the  foot  of  great 
waterfalls,  are  in  places  where  the  currents  of  the  river 
are  contracted  with  great  force,  and  are  too  much 
drawn  together. 


^Journal  Ukt.  du  Voyage  de  VAmMque  Sept.  t.  v;  deVlmt.  de  la 
Noxivdle-France,  p.  Zi&.—  Notein  Original. 


ij  { 


!■    } 


FALLS  OF  NIAQARA. 


177 


An  anxiety  to  criticise  the  Baron  de  la  Hontan,  has 
led  Father  Charlevoix  to  deny  that  fish  which  are 
often  drawn  into  the  rapids  ahove,  are  killed  in  the 
fall.  "They  have  further  assured  me,"  says  this 
Jesuit,  "  that  birds  flying  over,  are  sometimes  enveloped 
in  the  whirlwinds  formed  in  the  air  by  the  violence  of 
the  rapid.  But  I  have  observed  to  the  contrary,  as  I 
have  seen  little  birds  flying  very  low,  directly  above 
the  fall  and  come  out  uninjured.*  "  We  have  ourselves 
seen  birds  plunge  in  below  the  cascade  of  the  Khine, 
by  the  side  of  the  chateau  of  Lauften,  forty  feet  high, 
and  then  fly  away  safely.''  Birds  of  prey  might  be  shot 
very  easily  at  Niagara  in  calm  weathei',  but  not  when 
the  winds  are  strong  in  the  south  bend.  Then,  as  M. 
Pouchot  has  observed  many  times,  aquatic  birds  which 
follow  the  course  of  the  river  and  hover  over  the  rocks, 
are  compelled  to  find  shelter  by  flying  near  the  surface 
of  the  water,  but  not  being  able  in  this  position  to 
resist  the  currents  of  air,  they  are  precipitated  into  the 
basin.  It  is  much  the  same  with  the  fish  that  are 
drawn  into  the  rapids  above  the  falls,  which  are  sensi- 
ble as  far  as  Lake  Erie.  A  great  many  animals  also 
perish  in  the  vortices  of  the  water,  which  are  so  dread- 
ful above  the  falls  that  they  cannot  swim  them.^  Ten 
or  twelve  Outaouais  Indians,  having  wished  to  cross  at 


'  Id.  p.  340, 347.  —  Note  in  Original. 

"  Ou  the  opposite  side  near  the  forges  of  Neuliaussen  this  fall 
appears  lower.  —  lb. 
3  Trans.  Philos.  t.  vi,  Part  II,  p.  110.  —  76. 
23 


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178 


FALLS  OF  NIAGARA. 


!iu; 


thiH  part  of  the  river  iu  their  canoes  to  escape  from  a 
party  of  the  Iroquois  who  were  pursuing  them,  made 
vain  efibrts  to  resist  the  impetuosity  of  the  currents, 
which  did  not  hinder  them  from  being  engulphed  in 
the  falls.' 

Although  the  mass  of  waters  falls  vertically  upon 
the  rocks,  there  has  formed,  notwithstanding,  by  the 
strong  impulse  of  the  current  and  its  great  volume,  a 
considerable  talus.  Baron  de  la  Hontan  pretonds  that 
below  there  is  a  path  where  three  men  might  easily 
pass  from  one  side  to  the  other  without  being  wet,  or 
even  getting  a  drop  of  water  upon  them.*  Neither 
Father  Charlevoix  nor  M.  Pouchot  speak  of  this  path, 
and  probably  no  one  would  like  to  try  it. 

Around  the  falls  we  observe  the  banks  eighty 
feet  high,  which  indicate  plainly  that  the  channel 
which  the  river  has  formed,  was  formerly  almost  on  a 
level  with  Lake  Erie.  The  falls  of  Niagara  ought  to 
have  then  been  much  higher  than  at  present,  and  the 
bed  of  rock  which  exists,  has  been  worn  little  by  little 
to  bring  it  to  its  present  form. 

"When  we  come  to  the  top  of  the  neighboring  moun- 
tains near  the  falls,  we  find  a  plain  three  or  four  leagues 
wide,  which  extends  from  the  shores  of  Toronto 
around  Lake  Ontario,  varying  according  to  the  trend 
of  the  shore,  to  the  north-east  and  south-west.     This 


'  Charlevoix  Jour.,  cit.  p.  345.  —  JVofc  in  Origimil. 
^Voy.  p.  107.— lb. 


!■  ■  >\  -■?!■ 


FALLS  OP  NIAOAUA. 


m 


terrace  or  chain  of  hillB  begins  at  the  northern  moun- 
tains, and  extends  eastward  into  the  country  of  the 
Five  Nations.  Wo  cannot  doubt  but  that  these  hills 
once  formed  the  lake  shore,  and  that  its  waters  have 
gradually  subsided,  leaving  the  plains  that  surround  it. 

The  extent  of  all  the  great  lakes,  and  especially  that 
of  Lake  Erie,  which  is  above  the  fulls  of  Niagara,  hiis 
undergone  the  same  change.  The  banks  of  the  River 
St.  Lawrence,  which  is  their  outlet,  has  not  been 
exempt  from  this  change.  The  Island  of  Montreal, 
formed  by  two  branches  of  this  river,  furnishes  us  the 
proof  of  this.  Its  ridges  are  elevated  considerably 
above  its  shores,  and  show  by  this,  that  all  the  grounds 
from  their  foot  to  the  river  bank  were  formerly  covered 
by  its  waters  which  have  gradually  recoded  in  propor- 
tion as  the  volume  of  the  lakes  has  diminished  by  the 
gradual  lowering  of  Niagara  Falls  and  the  other  rapids 
or  cascades  that  interrupt  the  course  of  the  river  above 
Montreal. 

We  also  report  a  proof  of  change  of  which  wo  will 
speak.  If  we  seek  upon  the  highest  mountains  in 
Canada,  we  shall  everywhere  find  sea  shells  of  every 
sort,  as  well  as  in  the  ancient  plains  covered  with  lime- 
stone, sulphurous  rock,  shales  and  sandstones.  The 
more  recent  plains  are  on  the  contrary  filled  with  pet- 
rifactions of  wood,  fruits,  serpents,  snails,  and  various 
fresh  water  shells. 


■  i 


•!:1 


'•H 


1 1 

'1 

^11  ■|:'' 

I?  ■I".!: 


[180] 


'■4 


ON  THE  CUSTOMS  AND  MANNERS  OP  THE 
INDIANS  OF  NORTH  AMERICA. 


NoTICK. 


Wc  owe  to  the  MissiotmrieH  many  iirccious  clctnils 
concerning  the  customs  and  manners  of  the  Indian 
trihes  of  North  America,  although  wo  doubtless 
should  have  less  occasion  to  reproach  these  apostles 
of  the  New  World,  had  they  allowed  themselves  to 
bo  less  subjugated  by  the  prejudices  of  the  State,  by 
whom  they  have  been  too  often  influenced  according 
to  its  peculiar  interests,  either  to  exaggerate  the  barba- 
rism of  the  Indians,  or  to  disguise  their  faults.  One 
of  them,  Father  Lalitau,  has  not  hesitated  to  compare 
them  with  the  first  nations  of  antiquity.  His  imagi- 
nation has  led  him  to  trace  many  resemblances  in 
religion,  customs,  traditions,  &c.  Few  persons  can  nov/ 
recognize  the  reality  of  such  parallels,  notwithstand- 
ing the  fashion  for  such  reasoning  in  the  present  age. 

The  first  travelers,  and  especially  Champlaiu,  the 
founder  and  father  of  the  French  Colony  of  Canada, 
have  given  their  accounts  with  that  simplicity  and 
truth,  that  will  render  them  always  valuable,  although 


'r    'f: 


1 


CENSIIUE  UPON  CERTAIN  AUTHORS. 


181 


r 


tho  Htylo  may  bo  almoat  uiiiiitollii^iblo.  TIioac  who 
followed  them,  iiirttoud  of  rectifying  their  errors,  have 
Tiiiiltiiilied  thoni,  or  havo  dingiiiHcd  their  uccoiiiitH. 
Some  havo  even  dared  to  oxtol  tho  Indiims,  in  a  muii- 
iier  an  ri<liculouH  as  it  is  ab«urd.  Had  they  only  pre- 
tended to  write  a  satire  upon  civilized  nations,  they 
niiglit  posrtildy  liavo  been  pardoned ;  but  they  luive 
attempted  to  deceivo  their  ootemporaries,  ajid  to  cheat 
posterity. 

Tho  Baron  do  la  Ilontan,  especially  deserves  cen- 
sure, lie  has  wisbed  to  tra!\8form  all  tho  natives  of 
America  into  great  pbiloaopliors,  and,  unfortunately, 
hia  work  baa  hitherto  enjoyed  a  dangerous  celebrity. 
Joan  Jacques  Rousseau  has  from  thence  derived 
many  of  bis  ideas,  as  false  as  they  are  foreign. 

A  minister  of  Cloves,  with  whom  paradoxes  cost 
nothing,  and  who  always  decides  wrong  and  coiUrary, 
when  he  stops  reasoning  badly,  has,  withoir  going 
out  of  Germany,  thought  it  necessary  to  rejc.t  indis- 
criminately all  the  testimony  of  nussionaries  and 
travelers,  to  give  credit  to  his  own  reveries.  As 
theae  have  misled  many  readers,  and  might  possibly 
appear  to  throw  unjust  prejudices  upon  tho  statements 
of  M.  Pouchot,  wo  deem  it  necessary  to  here  trans- 
cribe the  opinion  of  M.  de  Buifon,  conccrniug  tho 
system  of  this  minister  M.  I'auw.*     It  is  an  excellent 


I  11 


II 


!, 


Tij 


'  Ueclierches  Philosophiques,  sur  les  AmC'ricaines,  ou  Meuioires  iu- 
tert'ssuns  pour  Hcrvir  A  I'lfistoire  tie  rEspccc  Ilunutinc.  Pur,  M. 
dc  I'uutr,  Berlin,  3  vols.  8vo.,  1708;  3  vols.  13mo.  1770.— Ed. 


J;l 


-I  I 


w 

p 

SliU".'!* 

m 

1 

1 

i 

if:/;.! 

1 

Rv^-r 


If!!  l1- 


hm 


m 


till 


182 


CniTICISM  UPON  M.  I'AUW. 


antidote  to  the  work  of  this  bold  detractor  of  the 
human  race. 

"  I  confess,"  says  this  illustrious  naturalist,  "  that  I 
have  not  sutHeient  kuowledi^e,'  to  be  able  to  contirni 
these  facts,  which  I  would  have  doubted  less,  had  not 
this  author  advanced  a  great  number  of  others  which 
are  absurd,  or  directly  opposed  to  the  best  known 
and  proven  facts.  I  scarcely  need  to  cite  hero  his 
statements  that  the  Mexican  and  Peruvian  monuments 
have  no  existence, —  yet  their  ruins  are  yet  standing, 
and  prove  by  their  grai»deur  the  genius  of  these  peo- 
ple, whom  he  treats  of  as  stupid  beings,  degenerated 
from  the  human  race,  as  much  in  form  as  in  under- 
standing. It  appears  that  M.  Pauw  has  soUj^ht  to 
bring  every  thing  to  support  his  views,  and  that  he 
has  chosen  his  facts  to  this  end.  I  am  ashamed  that 
a  man  of  merit,  who  otherwise  appears  to  bo  well  in- 
formed, sliould  have  yielded  to  this  excessive  partiality 
in  his  judgment,  and  that  he  should  have  chosen  to 
rely  upon  equivocal  facts. 

Is  it  not  the  height  of  absurdity  to  blame  severely 
those  travelers  and  naturalists  who  have  ventured  to 
advance  some  (piostionable  statements,  while  lie  him- 
self presents  those  still  more  incredible?  He  admits 
and  advances  such   statements  as   might  favor  his 


'How  different  is  thin  liiiijfimgi'  from  tiiiit  oC  AI.  I'liuw  !  iSiiouUl 
not  a  foreign  author  who  writes  in  our  laiijfuaife,  iitroril  to  assume 
an  lionest  and  moderate  tone,  wlien  tlie  first  writer  of  the  nation  is 
always  making  his  apologies  V  —  Aote  in  Oriyiiud. 


^m 


AltSJlKDlTlKS  OF  M.  I'AUW. 


188 


oi»iiii()iis,  nnd  he  unks  us  to  boliovc  llicm  upon  his 
word,  without  eitiiii?  his  proofs;  us  for  oxiiiuple,  upon 
frogs,  whicli  ho  siiys  boMow  like  a  ciilf, —  upon  tho 
Uosli  of  tho  iguana,  which  gives  tho  syphilis  to  those 
who  oat  it, —  upon  tho  ghu-ial  coldin'ss  of  tho  oarth  at 
ono  or  two  foot  in  tlopth,  &^('.'  Ilo  prolonds  that  tho 
Amorloiuis  in  gonoral  aro  dogoiioratod  nion,  as  it  is 
not  possihlo  to  ooiicoivo  that  tlioro  oould  have  boon 
boings  at  tho  tirst  oroation,  in  a  stato  of  dooropitudo 
and  decay,  suoh  as  tho  Aiuorh'ans  are; — that  there 
aro  no  shells,  nor  other  debris  of  tho  sea  upon  tho 
high  mountains,  nor  oven  upon  those  of  njoderato 
lieight; — that  there  were  no  cattle- in  Anu'rica  be- 
fore its  discovery ; —  that  no  ono  who  lias  jiroperly 
roflected  upon  the  constitution  of  tho  clinuito  of 
America  can  help  regarding  the  people  of  this  conti- 
nent as  very  recent; — that  beyond  the  eightieth  de- 
gree of  latitude,  boings  organized  like  ourselves  could 
not  breathe  during  the  twelve  mouths  ol"  (he  year,  on 
account  of  the  density  of  the  atmos{)horo;  —  that  the 
J'atagonians  uro  of  a  stature  ocjual  to  that  of  Kuro- 
poans,  kc. 


!■! 


i    ! 


'lit 


m\\ 


if 


'  III  tlio  town  of  Brandon,  \'i.,  ii  slnitiiin  ol"  IVci/.m  jfi'iivi'l  IniH  liwn 
foiiiKl  Hinilci'ii  feel  Ih'Idw  Ihc  siirruct'. —  (I'loldi/irdl  Siirni/  of  Wriiiont, 
i,  Wi.  Ollici'  lociililii's  of  ice  chvch,  IVo/.cn  wells,  iVic,  Imvc  been  dc- 
wi'ilicd.  AltlKui^li  i^xtrcmcly  riirc,  it  is  possililc  llml.  tlic  curly 
Iriivclcrs  may  have  noticed  sonii'  one  of  lliesi'  localities,  and  from 
llieiiec  liave  inferred  that  they  \v<'rc  ofcoinnum  occurrence. —  Ki). 

'The  term  /miif,  here  used,  may  possibly  Imve  been  intended  for 
biilliilu. —  Ki). 


;'  ym 


<1 


184 


PHYSICAL  QUALITIES  OF  THE  INDIAN. 


t  i     '^ 


B 


I'  u 


V 


f 
I 

% 


II 


h4    I 


But  it  is  useless  to  make  a  further  enumeration  of 
all  these  false  statements,  or  conjectures  which  this 
author  affirms  with  a  confidence  which  offends  every 
reader  who  loves  the  truth.  Supplem.  d,  Vhist.  nat.  Tom. 
viii,  ed.  in  12,  p.  326,  327,  328,  329. 

On  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Indians. 

The  race  of  men  who  people  this  great  continent  is 
the  same  everywhere,  with  but  slight  differences. 
They  are  generally  copper  colored,  and  commonly 
appear  to  be  darker  because  they  are  brought  up 
naked,  and  from  their  custom  of  rubbing  their  skin 
with  grease,  potter's  clay  or  brown  colors,  which, 
joined  with  their  filthiness,  renders  them  still  blacker 
than  they  would  naturally  be.  They  have  a  very  dis- 
tinctive mark,  in  not  having  either  beard  or  eyebrows. 
It  is  true  they  take  care  to  pull  out  such  as  come,  but 
these  are  only  scattered  hairs.  If  they  are  now  found 
with  a  little  beard,  it  is  only  because  they  are  mixed 
with  Eur     ean  blood. 

They  a "t  ommouly  large.  Their  stature  Im  five  feet 
four,  five  or  six  inches,  and  upwards  to  six  feet.  They 
are  very  active.  Some  have  a  prepossessing  appear- 
ance, and  in  several  nations  we  observe  the  airs  of  a 
dandy.  They  have  a  quick  eye,  and  generally  they 
have  less  strength  than  Europeans.  The  women  have 
forms  less  well  proportioned,  and  they  become  very 
fat,  and  fade  at  an  early  ago.  There  are  some  nations 
on  the  side  of  the  Chaouanous,  which  are  whiter,  and 


ISOLATION  OP  INDIAN  TRIBES. 


185 


some  even  as  much  so  as  the  Germans,  but  this  is  very 
rare. 

Those  who  differ  in  figure,  chiefly  do  so  by  artificial 
means.  The  Flat  Heads  and  all  the  Caraibcs,  have  a 
forehead  flat,  and  the  upper  part  of  the  head  elevated, 
because  in  infancy  their  heads  are  tied  between  two 
pieces  of  wood.  Those  called  Tetes  de  Boule  have  a 
round  head,  which  is  peculiar  to  several  nations  in  the 
north-west  part  of  America.  It  is  said  that  they  find 
in  that  part,  men  with  beards,  but  this  is  very  doubt- 
ful. No  one  has  seen  them  except  the  Indians,  who 
might  have  taken  the  Spaniards  for  the  natives  of  the 
country,  as  they  occupy  in  those  parts.  It  is  a  striking 
fact,  that  those  accustomed  to  see  Indians,  can  judge 
of  their  traits,  so  that  by  their  manner  of  acting,  they 
can  tell  to  what  nation  they  belong,  without  speaking 
with  them. 

Each  nation  may  be  regarded  as  a  family  assembled 
in  the  same  canton.  The  difierent  nations  very  rarely 
go  among  one  another,  and  each  one  inhabits  a  sepa- 
rate canton  of  this  great  continent.  Unless  their 
navonal  interest  requires  it,  or  the  wars  they  under- 
take make  it  necessary,  they  travel  but  little,  and 
remain  separately  in  their  own  districts.  Each  nation 
is  divided  into  villages,  which  do  not  resemble  those 
of  Europe.  An  Indian  village  has  its  cabins  scattered 
along  a  river  or  a  lake,  and  sometimes  extends  one  or 
two  leagues.     Each  cabin  holds  the  head  of  the  family, 

the  children,  grand-children,  and  often  the  brothers 
24 


4! 


■Ml 


1.1 

•t 

! 

!■ 
i 


i4"Niila 


'■■■'I 
I 


:i 


,r   It 


■'  i 


my 


186 


INDIAN  CABINS :    LODGING. 


■  t.ui. 


1= 


and  sisters,  so  that  there  are  sometimes  as  many  as 
sixty  persons.  This  cahin  usually  forms  a  very  elong- 
■  ated  square,  of  which  the  sides  are  not  more  than 
five  or  six  feet  high.  It  is  made  of  elm  bark,  and  the 
roof  is  the  same,  with  an  opening  along  the  top  to  let 
out  the  smoke,  and  an  entrance  at  both  ends  without 
a  door.  We  may  infer  from  this,  that  they  are  always 
full  of  smoke.  They  build  the  fire  under  the  hole  in 
the  roof,  and  they  liave  as  many  fires  as  they  have 
families.  The  pot  is  held  up  by  two  crotches,  and  a 
stick  of  wood  laid  across,  with  a  pot  ladle  called  a 
mikoine  at  the  side. 

The  beds  are  upon  some  planks  on  the  ground,  or 
upon  simple  liides  which  they  call  appichmion,  placed 
along  the  partitions.  They  sleep  upon  these  skins, 
wrapped  in  their  blankets,  which  by  day  serves  them 
for  clothing.  Each  one  has  his  particular  place.  The 
man  and  wife  sleep  crouched  together,  her  back  being 
against  his  body,  their  blankets  passed  around  their 
heads  and  feet,  so  that  they  look  like  a  plate  of  ducks. 
The  cabins  of  the  Scioux,  on  the  great  plains  of  the 
Mississippi,  are  formed  like  a  cone,  by  poles  covered 
with  skins  of  the  buttalo  wrapped  around  them,  which 
gives  them  a  very  pleasing  effect. 

Although  the  Indians  who  have  been  domiciliated 
or  christianized,  have  lost  none  of  their  customs,  yet 
they  are,  however,  lodged  more  conveniently  than  the 
others,  at  the  king's  expense.  They  there  even  have 
some  rooms  furnished  to  receive  Europeans  when  they 


m 


INDIAN  DRESS. 


187 


come  to  see  them.  Their  furniture  cousists  of  pots  of 
various  sizes  according  to  their  need.  Their  clothing 
is  a  shirt,  that  is  cut  for  men.  Their  women  wear 
the  same.  They  are  fond  of  finery.  Young  people 
are  dandies,  and  the  women  are  fond  of  wearing 
ruffles  bordered  with  lace.  They  never  take  them  off 
until  they  are  used  up  or  spoiled.  At  first  these  are 
white,  then  from  rubbing  with  vermillion  they  are  red 
for  some  time,  and  finally  they  become  black  from  use. 
We  may  judge  from  this,  that  the  consumption  is  very 
great,  as  the^-  never  wash  them.  They  ordinarily  take 
oft"  their  garments  upon  going  to  bed.  The  men  sleep 
entirely  naked ;  the  women  wear  only  the  machicote, 
for  sake  of  decency.  Their  stockings  are  a  kind  of 
gaiter,  made  of  flannel  cloth  fringed  with  red,  white 
or  blue.  This  gaiter  is  sewed  up  following  the  shape 
of  the  leg,  with  four  fingers'  breadth  of  stuff"  outside 
of  the  seam.  This  strip  is  bordered  with  ribbons  of 
different  colors,  mingled  with  designs  in  glass  beads, 
which  forms  a  very  pleasing  effect,  especially  when 
the  leg  is  not  too  short  and  thick,  which  is  rarely  seen 
among  them.  Besides  this,  they  wear  garters  of 
be?ds,  or  porcupine  quills,  bordered  four  fingers' wide, 
which  are  tied  on  the  side  of  the  leg.  The  bauds  of 
the  gaiters  hang  almost  in  front  to  cover  the  legs 
against  the  brush.  Their  shoes  are  a  kind  of  slipper 
made  of  stag  or  deer-skin,  tanned  like  goat  skin  and 
very  soft.  On  the  top  of  the  foot  it  is  laced  and 
covered  with  fringe,  and  at  the  ancle  it  is  two  fingers' 


:i'i 


m 

;  i' :?    -I 


188 


INDIAN  DRESS  AND  ORNAMENTS. 


Il  '   I  I 


t'u    ., 


wide,  and  also  border  jd  witli  porcupine  quills  dyed  of 
different  colors,  and  furnished  with  little  pendants  of 
copper  having  tufts  of  colored  hair,  and  with  little  hells, 
which  tinkle  as  they  walk.  This  use  may  perhaps 
have  been  suggested  for  the  pui-pose  of  avoiding  the 
serpents  and  adders,  which  occur  in  great  numbers. 
They  also  have  shoes  for  winter  use  formed  like  laced 
boots,  which  are  very  good,  and  cost  almost  a  Louis  a 
pair,  the  cheapest  being  from  forty  sous  to  three  livres. 
We  sometimes  see  pairs  of  gaiters  which  cost  as  much 
as  thirty  livres.  The  women  wear  an  under  petticoat 
called  machicole,  made  of  an  ell  of  blue  or  red  cloth  of 
the  quality  like  that  of  Berri  or  of  Carcassonne.  The 
lower  edge  is  ornamented  with  several  strips  of  yellow, 
blue  and  red  ribbon  or  English  edging  lace.  This 
arrangement  resembles  a  courrier's  frock.  It  is  fas- 
tened ai'ound  the  waist  by  a  strap.  The  shirt  passes 
over  and  covers  this.  These  women  arc  loaded  with 
collars  like  decorated  virgins.  They  are  ribbons  of 
wamijum  or  bead  work,  to  the  ends  of  which  are 
attached  Calatrava  crosses,  and  some  have  sewed  upon 
them  pieces  of  money,  that  hang  down  below  the 
neck  and  almost  cover  it. 

They  do  not  pierce  their  ears  like  the  men,  but  they 
wear  chains  made  of  brass  or  beads,  which  descend 
very  low  upon  the  shoulders.  They  wear  their  hair 
parted  in  the  middle  of  the  forehead,  and  so  arranged 
as  to  cover  a  part  of  their  ears,  and  fastened  behind 
by  a  queue,  which  falls  down  to  the  waist.     This  queue 


iM 


INDIAN  DRESS  AND  ORNAMENTS. 


180 


il- 


whch  is  ishapcdlike  a  lobster's  tail,  ia  about  four 
inches  wide  above  and  three  below,  and  somewhat  flat. 
It  is  covered  with  an  eel  akin,  wrapped  around  it,  and 
colored  red.  Some  have  this  ornamented  above  with 
a  plate  of  silver  two  or  three  fingers'  breadth  wide,  and 
below  by  little  triangles,  also  of  silver,  or  something 
else,  which  does  not  give  a  bad  eft'ect.  A  woman 
who  should  have  this  queue  cut  oft',  would  feel  herself 
dishonored,  and  would  not  venture  to  show  herself 
until  it  might  have  time  to  grow  again.  The  hair  of 
the  women  serves  them  to  wipe  their  hands  continually 
of  evei'ything  greasy  that  they  touch.  It  is  very  black, 
long,  sleek  and  thick.  They  sometimes  put  vermillion 
into  the  streak  where  the  hair  is  parted,  and  behind 
their  ears.  The  Abenakies  paint  the  whole  face,  when 
they  are  fully  arrayed,  reddish  brown  above,  and  ver- 
million below. 

The  Outaouaisos  often  wear  instead  of  shirts,  a  kind 
of  waistcoat  of  blue  or  red  cloth,  cut  in  two  pieces,  so 
that  with  four  or  six  cords  they  can  cover  a  half  of  the 
body  and  the  arms. 

The  men  instead  of  a  machicote,  wear  u  breoch- 
cloth,  which  is  a  quarter  of  an  ell  of  cloth,  which  they 
pass  under  the  thighs,  crossing  before  and  behind  upon 
a  belt  around  the  waist.  Sometimes  this  cloth  is  em- 
broidei'ed.  When  they  travel,  to  avoid  being  chafed 
by  the  cloth,  they  put  it  on  simply  as  an  apron  before 
them.  They  wear  around  the  neck,  a  col'ar  pendant 
like  our  orders  of  knighthood.     At  the  end  is  a  plate  of 


ii 


i 


^" 


:! ' 


11 


'   il 


ml 


190 


INDIAN  DllESS  AND  ORNAMENTS. 


■tin 


'm 


.ill 


silver,  as  largo  as  a  saucer,  or  a  shell  of  the  same  size, 
or  a  disc  of  wampum.' 

The  fore  arm  is  ornamented  with  silver  broaches, 
three  or  four  fingers  wide,  and  the  arms  by  a  kind  of 
wristlets  made  of  wampum  or  colored  porcupine  quills 
with  fringes  of  leather  above  and  below. 

The  Indians  are  fond  of  wearing  rings  upou  all 
their  finsrers.  The  men's  heads  are  more  ornamented 
than  those  of  the  women,  and  they  will  sometimes 
spend  three  or  four  hours  at  their  toilet.  They  may 
be  said  to  be  more  attached  to  this  than  any  dandy  in 
France.  The  practice  of  dressing  their  faces  artist- 
ically in  red,  black  and  green,  in  fanciful  designs,  and 
which  they  often  change  two  or  three  times  a  day, 
does  not  allow  us  to  judge  the  natural  color  excejit  of 
the  eyes  and  teeth,  which  are  small  but  very  white. 
The  lips  are  stained  with  vermillion.  They  do  not 
wear  the  hair  longer  than  a  priest's  calotte,  cut  an  inch 
long,  covered  with  grease  and  powdered  with  vermil- 
lion in  the  middle.  They  leave  two  locks  of  hair, 
which  they  fasten  by  two  silver  clasps  of  a  finger's 
length,  or  in  a  queue  made  with  a  border  of  porcupine 
quills.  They  arrange  therein  also,  some  feathers  of 
birds,  forming  a  kind  of  tuft.     When  a  young  man 


'  The  wampum  [Porcelaim]  of  Canadu,  is  made  of  shells  which  the 
English  call  clams,  which  are  found  on  the  slxores  of  New  England 
and  Virginia.  They  arc  tapering,  elongated,  somewhat  pointed  and 
quite  thick.  See  the  Journal  of  Father  Charlevoix,  vol.  v,  of  the 
History  of  New  France,  p.  308 ;  Voyage  of  Kalm  in  North  America,  vol. 
ii,  p.  385,  et  seq.  —  Note  in  Original. 


INDIAN  DEESS  AND  ORNAMENTS. 


191 


has  been  to  war,  he  cuts  the  border  of  his  ears,  and 
attaches  a  piece  of  lead  so  tliat  the  weight  may  elon- 
gate the  cartilage,  forming  an  opening  large  enough 
to  put  in  a  n»7assfi '  rolled  up.  They  put  in  a  brass 
wire  around,  and  in  the  circumference  they  put  in  tufts 
of  colored  hair  or  feathers.  These  cars  come  down 
upon  their  shoulders,  and  float  there  as  they  walk. 
When  they  travel  in  the  woods,  they  put  a  band 
ai'ound  the  forehead  to  keep  their  ears  from  being 
torn  in  the  thickets.  They  do  not  keep  their  ears  till 
they  become  wise,  because  in  quarreling  while  drunk, 
they  tear  them,  so  that  before  getting  far  along  in  life 
they  lose  them  entirely.  They  pierce  the  cartilage  of 
the  nose,  and  put  in  a  little  ring  with  a  triangle  of 
silver,  which  falls  down  before  the  mouth. 

Both  men  and  women  wear  a  blanket  on  their 
shoulders,  either  of  wool  which  they  buy  of  Europeans, 
or  of  cloth  or  prepared  skins.  Those  in  the  interior 
can  scarcely  provide  anything  for  themselves  besides 
the  latter.  Those  of  wool,  are  blankets  made  in  Nor- 
mandy of  very  fine  wool,  and  better  than  those  sup- 
plied by  the  English,  which  are  coarser.  For  children 
they  are  of  the  size  of  one  point,  or  one  point  and  a 
half.  For  men,  they  are  two  ov  three  points.  After 
having  carried  them  white  two  or  three  days,  they  mark 
them  in  vermilliou,  at  first  with  a  rod  cross.  Some  days 
after,  they  cover  them  with  red,  which  tends  to  make 


'Moccasin.  —  Ed. 


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1!»2 


INDIAN  DRESS  AND  ORNAMENTS. 


hf 


tho  skin  red.  When  the  maidens  have  some  design 
of  conquest,  they  paint  their  blankets  anew.  Tho 
cloth  oftlie  latter  is  an  ell  and  a  quarter,  of  red  or  blue 
stuff  of  the  same  quality  as  the  mac/n'cotcs.  They 
ornament  the  lower  part  with  a  dozen  strips  of  yellow, 
red  or  blue  ribbon  and  English  edging,  leaving  the 
breadth  of  a  ribbon  between  the  rows.  At  the  end  of 
these  bands  tlicy  leave  five  or  six  fingers'  breadth  of 
the  ribbons  hanging  free.  They  are  fastened  above 
with  round  silver  buckles,  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
across.  This  ia  the  arrangement  of  the  beaux  and 
belles.  The  men  prefer  to  wear  capotes  or  a  kind  of 
laced  coat,  with  a  false  cap  on  the  border,  the  sides 
held  with  buttons,  and  further  adorned  with  blue,  yel- 
low or  red  feathers.  They  have  never  been  willing  to 
wear  breeches,  not  even  the  Christians,  notwithstand- 
ing the  solicitation  of  the  missionaries.  Imagine  a 
shirt  almost  black,  and  powdered  in  red,  a  waistc  i)at 
laced  or  with  tinsel  glazing,  a  laced  coat  unbuttoi  od, 
a  cap  untied,  sometimes  a  wig  put  on  wrong  nide 
before,  joined  with  a  face  to  which  a  Venetian  mask 
could  not  compare  in  singularity,  and  you  will  Lf  ve 
an  idea  of  the  costume  of  an  Indian.  The  men  v  car 
a  belt  about  six  inches  wide,  made  of  wool  of  diflei  ( nt 
colors,  which  the  Indian  women  make  very  uoa-'y, 
with  flaming  designs.  They  hang  to  this  belt  t1  •.  Ir 
mirrors  and  their  tobacco  pouch,  which  is  the  skin  of 
an  otter,  beaver,  cat  or  bird,  taken  ofl:'  whole  and 
tanned,  into  which  they  put  their  pipe,  tobacco  and 


ATTACHMENT  FOR  CHILDREK. 


193 


stcol.  Thoy  have  also  a  pocket  hanging  like  a  little 
wallet,  for  carrying  their  balls  and  lead  for  hunting  or 
war.  They  carry  their  mirror  and  tomahawk  upon 
their  hips.  They  have  an  ox  horn  with  a  shoulder 
strap  for  carrying  powder.  Their  knife  is  hung  in  a 
sheath  from  the  neck,  and  falls  upon  the  breast.  They 
also  have  a  crooked  knife,  which  is  a  blade  of  a  knife 
or  a  curved  sword,  and  they  make  great  use  of  this. 
Such  are  the  implements  and  riches  of  the  Indians, 
and  they  regard  this  property  as  sacred  as  their  child- 
ren. 

The  women  and  girls  stay  out  of  their  cabins  dur- 
ing the  menstrual  period,  and  remain  until  it  is  over 
and  they  have  washed.  During  this  time  the  Indians 
do  not  cohabit  with  them,  and  but  seldom  during 
pregnancy  or  while  nursing.  The  women  are  com- 
monly delivered  alone.  They  go  out  of  the  cabin  and 
crouch  down  upon  some  boughs  of  trees.  They  never 
groan,  and  think  strange  that  European  women  should 
utter  cries  at  such  a  time. 

They  at  once  go  with  their  infants  to  wash  them  in 
the  water,  and  then  return  to  their  cabins,  notwith- 
standing which,  bad  cases  seldom  occur  in  their  ac- 
couchements. 

Both  men  and  women  show  a  great  attachment  for 
their  children.  The  latter  have  a  particular  regard 
for  them,  and  manage  them  very  properly.  Their 
cradle  is  a  plank,  upon  which  they  wrap  the  infant  in 

the  softest  skins.     They  place  under  a  soft  cushion 
25 


¥\ 


194 


MANAGEMENT  OF  INFANTS. 


l'    T,   J    ( 


1  !i.'i 


(•  i 


prepared  from  ruslics,  ho  aa  not  to  clmfo  from  its 
ordure,  and  take  care  to  leave  a  little  opening  in  front, 
no  arranged  that  the  child  can  urinate  externally.  If 
it  is  a  girl,  they  fix  o  little  channel  of  bark.  The 
plank  has  holes  on  the  sides  to  pass  bands  for  wrap- 
pitjg  up  the  child.  The  feet  have  a  little  rest.  Above 
the  head  is  a  hoop  three  tingers'  breadth  wide,  upon 
which  they  fasten  a  curtain  of  oalico  or  such  other 
suitable  cloth  ns  they  may  have  to  cover  the  child. 

At  the  top  of  the  plank  they  attach  a  strap  for  curry- 
ing the  child.  They  pass  it  over  in  front,  when  the 
cradle  hangs  along  their  shoulders.  If  the  child  cries 
they  sooth  it  by  rocking,  and  when  it  stops  they  hang 
it  to  some  branch,  in  such  a  way  that  the  child  is 
always  upright.  It  sleeps  in  this  position  with  the 
head  resting  upon  its  shoulders.  When  it  is  sick,  the 
mother  holds  it  lying  down,  and  never  goes  out  of  its 
sight,  and  gives  it  little  remedies  which  are  good  for 
it.  If  they  give  an  enema,  they  use  a  bladder  with  a 
little  pipe  inserted  in  its  neck.  The  Indian  women 
nurse  their  children  two  or  three  years  or  more,  for 
they  quit  the  breast  of  their  own  accord.  They  go 
entirc'y  naked  till  they  are  four  or  five  years  old.  At 
this  age  the  girh  wear  only  a  machicote.  All  the  child- 
ren of  both  sexes  have  a  little  blanket.  They  shout, 
weep  and  play  among  themselves  without  their 
parents  paying  any  attention  to  them.  It  is  seldom 
that  they  quarrel.  When  it  is  necessary  to  carry 
them,   the  child   embraces  the   mother's   neck,   and 


MANAOEMKNT  OF  CHILDREN. 


105 


straddles  its  lopfs  across  hor  shoulders.  It  is  lield  in  a 
blanket,  in  which  it  reposes.  Men,  women  and  children 
of  some  size  aro  charged  with  this  care.  When  they 
travel  by  land,  each  one  carries  a  little  packet  upon 
his  sliouldors  suspended  to  the  to reliead  by  a  collar. 
This  bundle  is  done  up  in  a  blanket  folded  at  the  two 
ends  by  the  strings  of  the  belt  and  lashed  very  firmly 
like  a  purse.' 

The  children  until  thirteen  or  fourteen  years  of  age, 
have  nothing  to  do  but  to  play.  The  boys  make  little 
bows,  using  strips  of  wood  ^vith  a  ball  at  the  end,  and 
amuse  themselves  in  shooting  little  birds,  at  which 
they  become  so  adroit  that  they  often  kill  them. 
Their  favorite  game  is  cricket,  at  which  both  great  and 
small  amuse  themselves.  Sometimes  from  twenty  to 
fifty  persons  play  at  a  time,  and  they  sometimes  lose 
in  play  all  their  goods.  Whatever  harm  may  happen 
as  sometimes  occurs,  from  the  eagerness  in  which  they 
play,  they  never  take  offense  at  it. 

The  girls  at  first  amuse  tliemselves  in  making  dolls. 
They  are  then  employed  in  soaking  and  preparing 
skins.  This  life  of  idleness  gives  them  an  early  sly- 
ness, and  sometimes  at  six  or  eight  years  of  age,  they 
have  lost  their  virginity  in  playing  with  other  children. 
Their  parents  have  nothing  to  blame,  saying  that  every 
one  is  the  master  of  his  or  her  own  person.     The  girls, 


'  This  would  be  a  very  good  practice  for  our  soldiers.    The  Eng- 
lish have  adopted  it. —  Note  inOrigiml. 


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k' ' 


196 


AMUSEMENTS  OF  YOUNQ  PEOPLE. 


however,  always  preserve  an  air  of  decency  in  the  way 
of  speech  and  deportment.  They  will  allow  no  one  to 
touch  their  necks  nor  to  kiss  them,  especially  in  the 
day  time,  and  in  public,  are  always  much  enveloped  in 
their  blankets,  and  they  walk  by  taking  very  short 
steps.  They  carry  their  feet  straight  foi-ward  and  not 
outward,  and  walk  like  little  mistresses.  The  men 
walk  with  their  feet  very  much  turned  inward,  perhaps 
from  the  practice  of  traveling  in  the  woods,  which 
forms  this  custom  to  prevent  them  from  not  striking 
the  roots.  The  girls  who  arc  of  a  temperament  follow 
it,  while  others  remain  discreet,  and  also  from  prefer- 
ence. 

The  boys  when  fourteen  years  old  begin  to  hunt,  and 
even  go  to  war.  The  amusement  of  the  young  people 
in  the  villages  is  dancing,  in  which  they  are  sometimes 
engaged  until  two  or  three  hours  after  midnight.  The 
girl  who  has  a  fancy  for  a  young  man,  places  herself 
behind  him  in  the  dance,  and  follows  him  all  the 
evening.  These  dances  are  performed  in  a  ring;  the 
step  of  the  men  is  almost  like  that  of  the  Germans,  and 
that  of  the  women  a  very  short  movement.  Their 
singing  is  commonly  very  free,  the  head  one  singing 
while  the  rest  reply  by  a  /«^<f,  in  final  cadence.  At  the 
end  of  each  strophe  tliey  all  finish  by  a  general  cry, 
after  which  they  make  a  short  pause,  and  then  take  up 
another  couplet,  the  women  not  saying  a  word.  They 
dance  with  so  much  vivacity  that  it  throws  them  all 
into  a  perspiration.     These   dances  ai)pear  well  calcu- 


CONDUCT  OF  YOUNG  PERSONS. 


197 


luted  to  fortify  the  health,  while  that  of  the  Europeans 
is  not  SO  fatiguing.  They  have  other  dances  of  cere- 
mony, which  are  executed  hy  the  men,  and  of  which 
we  shall  elsewhere  speak. 

These  dances  heing  finished,  those  that  find  tuem- 
selves  without  notice,  retire  to  their  cabins  to  sleep. 
The  others  do  not  go  thither,  and  the  girl  follows  the 
youth  without  saying  any  thing,  to  the  pla^e  where  he 
is  going  to  sleep.  When  ho  is  in  bed,  ho  says  to  her, 
"  lie  down."  Then  the  latter  disrobes,  smd  gently 
ci'awls  under  his  blanket,  which  she  arranges  with  her 
own  in  the  manner  of  wrapping  up  already  noticed. 
They  often  lie  until  nine  or  ten  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
after  which  they  converse  no  more  dui'ing  the  day. 
Sometimes  he  who  has  a  fancy  for  a  maiden,  will  wait 
till  she  has  retired  to  her  cabin  and  every  thing  is  still. 
He  then  enters,  goes  to  the  tiro,  and  takes  a  snndl 
burning  coal,  which  he  carries  to  her  face.  If  she 
draws  her  head  luider  the  blanket,  he  retires  without 
speaking,  but  if  on  the  contrary  she  blows  the  coal,  he 
throws  it  down,  and  lies  down  by  her  side' 

The  young  men  are  UHually  more  discreet  than  the 
young  women,  and  we  often  find  tliose  twenty-two  or 
twenty-three  years  old,  who  have  not  wished  to  know 
them,  saying  that  they  did  not  wish  to  weaken  them- 
selves. It  is  even  indecent  for  a  young  man  to  nuike 
love  to  a  girl.     They  do  not  esteem  a  nnin  unless  ho  is 


•This  thay  cull  soujkr  I'ttUumdk,  [blowiui!;  tliu  coiil. J  —  AoCo  t« 
Original. 


ill' 


I 


!4 


!  (I 


flv-J  I 


■',, 


.)     I 


P 


,1.  '• 


i''/ 

*i;i 


198 


METHODS  OF  COURTSHIP. 


sought,  and  those  who  riin  after  women  are  not  re- 
spected among  them.  Although  they  have  some  dis- 
creet young  women,  there  are,  however,  hut  few  who 
are  ahle  to  resist  their  inclinations  or  a  present,  and 
they  hold  in  great  vanity  the  price,  taking  occasion  to 
hoast  of  their  good  luck,  and  of  what  has  heen  given 
them,  especially  as  regards  the  European  chiefs  of  con- 
sideration among  them,  whom  they  could  scarcely 
resist.  They  prefer  an  Indian  to  a  European,  and  it  is 
commonly  interest  or  vanity  that  gives  favor  to  the 
latter.  K  the  latter  regards  some  one  with  considera- 
tion, she  will  tell  it  in  her  family,  who  will  come  and 
return  thanks  for  the  honor  he  has  done  them. 

If  they  have  a  true  inclination,  they  hecome  very 
jealous,  and  the  result  may  he  quite  tragic.  If  they 
love  their  lovers,  they  take  up  with  care  and  pride  the 
fruit  of  their  love,  otherwise  the  mother  turns  away 
from  it,  and  sometimes  poisons  it.  As  soon  as  a 
couple  is  arranged,  the  other  girls  take  care  not  to 
look  after  this  man,  and  send  him  to  his  mistress.  If 
any  one  gets  away  their  lovers,  they  will  then  fight  for 
them. 

"We  may  assume  that  there  are  three  ways  of  making 
love  among  the  Indians :  1st,  Love  in  the  ring,  which 
originates  in  the  dance,  a  present,  &c.  2d,  That  of  incli- 
nation, or  that  resulting  from  a  kind  of  hired  marriage. 
3d,  That  of  those  who  engage  to  contract  a  legitimate 
marriage.  The  first  and  second  are  of  no  account  with 
them,  and  do  not  prevent  them  from  thinking  of  the 


UiUi 


m 


HARRIAQE  CUSTOMS. 


199 


latter.  Many  young  women  prefer  to  remain  in  the 
public  service.  Those  who  live  in  this  libertine  way, 
are  very  subject  to  miscarriage.  Notwithstanding  this 
licentious  life,  where  they  find  nothing  to  care  for  but 
to  eat  and  drink,  they  nevertheless  respect  themselves 
as  between  brother  and  sister.  The  Iroquois  even 
regard  cousins-germain  as  brothers,  and  do  not  wish  to 
have  any  relations  with  those  so  near.  If  asked  the 
reason,  they  reply  that  such  is  their  usage.  There  are, 
however,  nations  on  the  side  of  the  Sauteurs  or  Ochi- 
bois,  who,  when  some  one  has  married  a  daughter  in  a 
family,  regards  all  her  sisters  as  his  mves.  The  Outa- 
ouais  and  Mississakes  take  as  many  as  two  or  three,  if 
they  think  they  can  support  them  by  the  chase,  which 
is  not  common.  Wlien  asked  why  they  have  but  one 
wife,  they  reply  that  it  is  for  the  peace  of  the  family, 
for  if  one  is  preferred,  the  jealousy  of  the  others  occa- 
sions disputes,  which  the  husband  is  obliged  to  settle 
with  a  club.  If  a  girl  has  a  decided  inclination  for  a 
young  man,  she  finds  out  where  he  is ;  if  he  is  travel- 
ing, she  takes  his  pack  and  carries  it.  If  the  young 
man  has  a  liking  for  her,  he  takes  her  to  the  chase 
with  him,  and  she  serves  him  as  a  wife  all  this  time. 
He  takes  care  of  her,  and  on  their  return  sometimes 
quits  her,  and  at  other  times  they  remain  married. 
The  women  think,  as  among  the  Turks,  that  they  were 
created  for  the  service  of  man,  and  to  relieve  them  of 
their  domestic  cares.  The  Indians  sometimes  marry 
from  inclination,  but  almost  always  from  family  in- 


.;  i 


i'  i 


;  .i 


isi- 


■it!   : 


200 


MARRIAGE  CEREMONY. 


•\ 


terest,  to  form  an  alliance,  or  to  acquire  a  hunter  in 
the  family,  the  husband  going  to  live  in  the  cabin  of 
the  wife.  It  is  therefore  advantageous  to  have  girls  in 
a  house,  since  when  they  many,  it  is  witli  hunters,  for 
the  relief  of  their  fathers  and  mothers.  Many  young 
people  do  not  many  in  order  to  serve  in  this  way  tlaoir 
own  parents  when  they  become  old.* 

The  mai'riage  ceremony  is  short.  If  it  is  a  marriage 
for  the  convenience  of  the  parents,  the  relatives  pro- 
pose the  alliance  among  themselves  and  then  notify 
their  children.  If  they  have  a  liking  one  to  another, 
the  youth  goes  to  live  in  the  cabin  of  the  maid,  and 
presents  her  an  entire  outfit.  Wlien  he  has  laid  down, 
he  proposes  to  her  to  lie  tlown  with  him.  She  is  stand- 
ing by  his  side  near  the  couch,  and  after  being  urged 
for  some  time,  she  disrobes  and  modestly  gets  into  the 
bed.  Among  the  Iroquois,  it  is  a  mark  of  considera- 
tion not  to  touch  the  woman,  and  they  sometimes  thus 
remain  as  much  as  three  months,  to  indicate  in  a  more 
marked  degree  how  much  they  esteem  them.*  The 
husband  brings  all  the  peltries  of  the  chase  to  his  wife, 
who  prepares  the  skins  for  their  common  use,  and  she 
ordinarily  makes  the  sale,  and  receives  in  exchange 
whatever  is  needful  for  the  family,  and  the  surplus  in 
jewels  of  the  kind  which  we  sluill  describe,  together 


'  Among  the  Iroquois  the  lino  of  descent  is  always  on  the  side  of 
tlie  woman.  Tliej'  say  tlint  siirli  a  one  is  the  son  of  sueli  a  woman, 
designating  the  family  by  tlic  niotlier's  name.—  Xote  in  Original. 

'In  what  country,  and  among  what  people,  has  not  nature  been 
outraged  by  opinion  ?  —  lb. 


THE  DOMESTIC  RELATION. 


201 


with  the  hrnndy  which  they  sell  again  in  their  cantons, 
or  drink  in  their  ceremonies.  The  hii-thand  assumes 
to  piu'chaso  arms  and  munitions.  The  women  hecome 
very  discreet,  and  always  accompany  their  hushands  as 
veil  as  the  family,  except  when  they  go  to  war.  The 
women  are  charged  with  the  cultivation  of  Indian  corn, 
and  of  preparing  it,  and  have  charge  of  the  kettle ;  he- 
sides  which,  they  go  to  get  wood,  and  to  bring  in  the 
wild  beasts  which  are  killed  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
cabin.  Often  the  husband  will  come  in,  and  without 
speaking  a  word,  light  his  pipe.  After  some  time,  ho 
will  tell  his  wife,  that  he  has  killed  such  a  beast,  at 
about  such  a  place  in  the  woods.  As  he  has  made 
some  blows  with  his  hatchet  upon  the  trees  along  the 
route,  the  woman  goes  ofl'  and  brings  in  the  spoils  upon 
licr  shoulders.^ 

The  woman's  life  is  laborious.  If  her  temper  does 
not  agree  with  that  of  the  husband,  they  separate  and 
divide  their  children.  The  mother  takes  by  preference 
the  girls.  If  she  is  much  displeased  with  her  husband, 
she  will  take  (charge  of  all  the  children,  who  are  their 
treasures,  and  very  often  they  marry  again  immedi- 
ately. 

The  long  separation  of  the  husband  from  the  wife, 
especially  among  young  people,  occasioned  by  preg- 
nancy and  lactation,  sometimes  occasions  divorces, 
because  they  get  tired  of  being  alone.     This  is  usually 


'  An  European  covild  aciirccly  find  a  place  thus  designated. —  lb. 
26 


1 


j;f! 


202 


THE  DOMESTIC  RELATION. 


the  time  they  take  for  going  to  war.  In  this  interval 
they  find  others  whom  they  marry,  and  it  is  not  un- 
usual to  find  those  who  have  five  or  six  wives,  while 
others  content  themselves  through  their  whole  lives 
with  one.  Jealousy  also  occasions  divorces.  If  they 
suspect  that  their  women  are  wanting  in  conjugal 
fidelity,  they  cut  their  noses  with  their  teeth,  and  send 
them  away,  but  these  examples  are  very  rare. 

The  Scioux  have  a  punishment  still  more  remarka- 
ble. When  they  wish  to  punish  a  woman  for  adultery, 
they  assemble  as  many  young  men  as  they  can,  some- 
times thirty  or  forty,  and  after  a  great  festival,  they 
give  up  the  woman  to  them  to  enjoy  at  their  discretion, 
and  then  abandon  her,  and  some  one  kills  her.  This 
ceremony  they  call,  /aire  passer  par  la  prairie.  Some 
others  kill  them.  "We  may  be  assured  that  infidelity 
among  women  is  very  rare,  and  many  less  people  have 
occasion  to  complain  of  this  than  in  Europe. 

When  the  Indian  women  become  old,  which  happen 
early,  and  at  about  forty  years  of  age,  they  are  without 
claims.  They  acquire,  however,  much  consideration, 
and  are  consulted  in  difficult  afiairs  especially  among 
the  Iroquois,  by  whom  they  are  called  women  of  coun- 
sel. They,  in  fact,  enter  into  the  grand  councils  of  the 
nations.  They  never  declare  war  without  consulting 
them,  and  only  resolve  upon  it  in  accordance  with  their 
advice.  Upon  these  occasions  they  exhort  their  war- 
riors to  conduct  themselves  bravely,  and  to  display  to 
the  whole  world  that  they  are  men  able  to  protect 


MODB  OF  SUBSISTENCE. 


208 


them.    They  especially  enjoin  it  upon  them  not  to 
abandon  their  wounded. 

The  Indians  are  not  altogether  occupied  by  the  chase 
when  in  their  villages.  They  neither  hunt  nor  fish 
except  to  live.  During  the  sojourn  that  they  make, 
they  assemble  in  their  cabins,  almost  always  that  of 
their  chief,  where  with  calumet  in  mouth,  they  discuss 
their  politics,  and  rehearse  the  history  of  their  nation. 
They  then  speak  of  treaties,  of  the  interests  they  have 
in  foreign  nations,  and  the  journeys  they  have  made  in 
their  wars.  The  young  people,  already  grown,  listen, 
in  order  to  put  themselves  in  readiness  for  business, 
and  there  acquire  that  emulation  for  war,  which  is  the 
most  essential  object  of  their  lives.  The  most  aged 
are  the  chiefs  of  the  council,  and  it  is  these  that  direct 
the  war.  The  Indians  who  are  from  thirty  to  forty 
years  old,  conduct  the  young  warriors.  From  want  of 
subsistence,  the  Indians  do  not  remain  always  in  their 
villages.  They  only  raise  Lidiau  corn  enough  to  laat 
two  or  three  mouths.  As  soon  as  they  begin  to  find 
themselves  in  need,  the  whole  family  goes  to  establish 
itself  at  a  distance,  especially  if  they  are  intending  to 
remain  for  a  long  time.  In  the  winter  time  these  vil- 
lages are  found  most  frequently  abandoned,  especially 
by  those  nations  that  are  the  greatest  hunters  of  the 
beaver.  They  scatter  themselves  all  through  the 
interior  of  the  country  which  they  regard  as  belonging 
to  their  nation,  and  live  quite  isolated  along  the  lakes, 
ponds  or  rivers,  where  they  think  they  can  find  the 


'  ^  1 


mi 


■m4 

wA 


i\ 


I 


204 


MANNKll  OF  HUNTING  AND  TUAl'l'INU. 


most  i^anic.  ITpon  arriving  at  thoir  doHti nation,  thoy 
build  a  cabin,  wliicb  is  always  placed  in  some  tliickot 
or  valley,  so  as  to  bo  slioltorod  from  the  winds.  They 
gather  a  pile  of  wood  for  stormy  winter  days,  and  the 
Imsband  and  yonng  persons  disperse  theniselvos  around 
the  cabin  to  hunt,  sometimes  to  a  distanco  of  tea 
leagues.  They  put  nets  under  the  ice  to  catch  tho 
beaver,  or  wlxen  found  outwide,  they  kill  them  with  a 
gun.  Thoy  hunt  tho  boars  wliich  thoy  find  in  hollow 
trees,  and  which  "they  distinguisli  by  the  bark.  If  they 
iin<l  any  within,  tlioy  are  believed  to  bo  ruminating  or 
licking  their  paws.  They  throw  fire  into  tho  hole  to 
make  them  come  out,  or  build  one  at  the  fo«)t  whicli 
8MU>kes  them  out.  The  bear  pressed  by  the  tire  and  tho 
smoke,  comes  out  of  tho  trunk,  whoi'o  ho  is  upright, 
antl  avs  soon  as  they  see  liim  upon  tho  tree  they  tire, 
and  sometimes  they  are  obliged  to  cut  down  the  tree 
to  get  him.  They  iix  traps  or  snares  for  taking 
foxes,  otters  and  martens.  They  also  kill  lynxes,  pole- 
cttU,  pfecaus,  wild  cats,  muskrats,  wood-ratw,  caribous, 
moose,'  deer,  (of  whicli  the  greatest  liunting  is  done  in 
summer),  stags,  liedge-hogs,  partridges,  (which  are  tho 
wood  hens  of  Europe),  and  turkeys,  which  arc  very 
plenty  in  certain  places.  They  eat  the  meat  of  all  these 
animals  except  foxes,  otters  and  p6cans.  They  also 
place  nets  under  the  ice  to  catch  fish.  They  cut  theso 
animals  into  pieces,  after  liaving  properly   skinned 


*  TI1C8C  two  latter  kinds  of  animals  are  quite  rare.  —  Note  in  Original. 


I: 


m 


TIMES  OF  80AK0ITY. 


205 


thcin,  iiiid  put  the  quarters  of  the  moat  upon  a  kind 
of  Iraino  work  wliiclithcy  form  over  their  fircH,  tr  dry 
and  (!ure  it  in  the  Hiuoke.  This  meat  serves  them  for 
those  days  wlieu  they  are  not  suceessful  in  hunting,  or 
when  tlio  Htormy  weather  compels  them  to  stay  in  their 
cabins.  One  would  believe  from  an  enumeration  of 
the  animals  which  wo  have  made,  that  the  Indians 
should  live  a  happy  life;  but  their  indolence,  bad 
weather  and  the  scarcity  of  game  in  some  parts,  some- 
times reduces  them  to  the  most  extreme  necessities, 
and  compels  them  to  seek  for  roots  to  live  upon,  and 
often  even  these  are  waivting.  They  then  have  been 
so  reduced  as  to  eat  their  prisoners,  or  even  one  another, 
the  distance  of  all  succors,  bad  weather  and  frozen 
rivers  having  detained  them  in  spite  of  their  eftbrts,  in 
the  districts  where  they  happened  to  be  found.  They 
often  change  their  dwellings  to  find  a  place  nearer 
their  hunting. 

When  the  severe  cold  has  passed,  and  the  ice  begins 
to  thaw,  nature  is  soon  in  motion,  and  the  trees  which 
liave  been  frozen,  have  a  water  between  the  inner  bark 
and  the  wood,  which  is  not  the  juice  of  the  tree,  but 
precedes  it  about  u  month.  When  an  incision  is  made 
a  little  obliquely,  and  they  have  fitted  in  a  knife  blade, 
or  the  end  of  a  bark,  a  water  flows  from  this  wound, 
which  when  boiled,  produces  a  kind  of  chrystaline  sub- 
stance, which  is  bitter  or  sweet  according  to  the  quality 
of  the  trees.     That  of  the  walnut'  and  cherry,  is  of  the 


•  'riic  Hiip  ol'llu'  waluut  is  sweet,  like  Ihul  of  the  uiuiile.— Eu. 


!:l 


<  'i 


! 


'   i'  < 


m 


ii::,:;  !;; 


206 


MAPLE  SUGAR. 


former  kind.  Almost  all  tho  trees  yield  this  water, 
which  might  be  made  of  some  use,  oven  for  medicine. 
Tho  mai)lo  aiul  the  plane-tree  or  sycamore  have  a 
water  so  sweet  that  it  forms  a  very  good  sugar.  It  m 
equally  sweet  and  refreshing,  and  very  healthy  for  the 
lungs.  When  they  boil  it  down,  it  forms  a  kind  of 
damp  sugar,  or  little  cakes  of  reddish  sugar,  which  has 
somewhat  the  tat;to  of  manna,  but  very  agreable,  and 
of  which  we  may  eat  as  much  as  we  please  without 
fear  of  any  bad  result,  like  the  sugar  from  cane.  The 
Indians,  who  at  that  season  can  neither  hunt  nor  fish, 
on  account  of  the  melting  of  the  ice,  and  as  the  fish 
have  not  yet  begun  to  run  up  the  rivers,  live  upon 
this  manna  during  fifteen  days  or  a  mouth. 

These  trees  give  plentifully  of  this  liquor,  which  only 
runs  when  it  freezes  at  night  and  thaws  by  day.  But 
if  the  sky  is  covered,  or  it  should  rain,  the  trees  would 
not  flow.  This  is  a  curious  obsei'vatiou  for  tho  natu- 
ralists. They  collect  this  juice  in  a  kettle  or  a  little 
wooden  trough,  once  or  twice  a  day,  and  they  can 
keep  it  for  some  time.  They  then  boil  it  in  large 
cauldrons,  and  the  granular  substance  which  it  forms 
is  the  sugar.  It  is  excellent  for  colds.  They  make  a 
very  good  syrup  with  the  capillaire,'  although  it  has  a 
taste  like  that  of  burnt  paper.  It  is  also  good  for  all 
kinds  of  sweet  meats,  makes  chocolate  excellent,  and 


iJi^-S 


*  A  fcm  known  to  botanists  as  the  Adiantem  pedatem,  or  Maidcu's- 
liair,  common  throughout  the  Northern  States  and  Canada. —  Ed. 


I  ill  ii-^ '' 


m 


JO 


'   I 


game:  fishino. 


207 


agrees  very  well  with  milk  and  coffee,  to  which,  how- 
ever, it  imparts  a  disagrcablo  medicinal  taste.  There 
is  no  doubt  but  that  we  could  find  this  same  sugar  in 
Europe,  especially  after  cold  winters,  if  we  should  seek 
for  it  when  the  buds  are  a  little  swelled  on  the  trees. 

When  the  ice  molts,  the  Indians  find  many  swans, 
geese,  bustards,  ducks,  teals,  plovers,  woodcock,  and 
snipe,  which  return  to  the  southern  part  of  America  to 
repeoplo  that  country.  We  cannot  describe  the  pro- 
digious quantities  which  are  found  at  this  season, 
until  they  get  settled  in  the  great  ponds  and  marshes 
where  they  build  their  nests. 

At  the  same  time  the  fish  begin  to  come  out  of  the 
great  lakes  to  go  up  the  rivers,  and  as  nearly  all  of 
these  have  a  kind  of  little  canal  at  thoir  mouths, 
where  it  is  usually  not  more  than  two,  three,  or  four 
feet  deep,  the  Indians  watch  at  those  passages  to  spear 
them,  at  which  they  become  very  adroit.  The  quanti- 
ties that  go  up  on  some  days  is  inconceivable.  The 
carp  appears  first,  of  which  there  are  two  kinds,  one 
like  that  of  Europe  but  better,  and  another  kind  which 
has  knobs  upon  the  head.  They  call  them  galcuscs. 
They  are  fat  and  very  good,  being  from  six  to  ten 
pounds  in  weight.  Then  comes  the  barbue,'  which  is 
a  flat  headed  fish,  with  four  large  barbs  on  the  side  of 
the  mouth.  It  has  the  flavor  and  color  of  the  tench, 
and  weighs  from  two  to  seven  pounds.    The  sturgeons 


'The  Piinelodua,  or  cat  flah,  of  which  there  arc  several  species  com- 
mon in  the  waters  of  Canada. —  Ed. 


;  i 


!fi 


208 


FISniNd. 


pi:  :;:)■  ;■ 


nro  from  five  to  flcvoii  foot  lonj^.  About  tlic  moiithfl  of 
May  and  Juno  they  tiiul  itiko,  wei,i?hing  from  Hovon  to 
tiftoon  pouudrt,  mullet,  and  salmon  troutof  from  fifteen 
to  eighteen  pounds,  and  achigauH  gilded  and  green. 
Thin  latter  fish  is  short,  tlat  and  more  delicate  tluvn  all 
the  others.  The  mastilong6,  which  grows  to  from  ton 
to  twenty-five  pounds,  is  a  kind  of  pike-trout,  and  very 
good,  as  also  the  gilded  fish,  which  is  shaped  like  a 
cleaving  axe,  is  good  flavored  and  weighs  from  five  to 
twelve  pounds.  They  find  all  kinds  of  European  fish, 
such  as  perch,  of  three  and  four  pounds,  eel-pouts  of 
the  same  size,  and  eels  of  great  size  antl  excellence. 

In  the  lakes  above  Niagara  Falls,  we  find  no  stur- 
geon, but  this  is  replaced  by  the  white  fish,  which  is 
very  abundant  and  fine  flavored,  and  a  kind  of  herring 
more  delicate  than  that  from  the  sea.  When  tliis 
country  becomes  better  inhabited  by  the  Europeans, 
its  fisheries  will  become  a  very  considerable  branch  of 
commerce.  For  all  these  fisheries  the  Indians  use  a 
dart,  composed  of  two  pieces  of  iron  ten  or  twelve 
inches  long,  pointed,  and  with  two  reversed  barbs  as 
in  a  fish-liook,  but  not  so  large  in  proportion.  They 
adjust  these  two  pieces  of  iron  to  the  end  of  a  pole  ten 
or  twelve  feet  long  or  over,  and  a  quarter  of  an  inch 
apart.  They  watch  in  the  narrow  places  or  in  the 
rapids  for  the  fish  as  they  are  passing,  and  spear  them. 
It  is  seldom  that  they  miss  their  aim.  They  fish  also 
at  night  in  their  canoes.  They  build  a  fire  there- 
in of  cedar  chips,  and  one  man  stands  up  in  front  with 


DEER  HUNTtNO. 


209 


liifl  spcnr,  while  nnothor  behind  witli  hin  pnddio  guide's 
tlio  Piitioo  along  tlio  bank  where  the  HhIi  come  to  phiy 
in  the  light.  lie  then  Hpears  them,  and  a  tiwh  ten  feet 
nnder  water,  and  bh  thick  aw  an  arm,  eould  searcely 
eHonjte  them. 

In  Hinnmer,  the  Indians  are  ((uite  fond  of  hunting 
the  deer,  as  this  aninud  is  persecuted  by  gnats,  miisko- 
toes,  which  wo  call  roiimns,  and  brfllots,  an  insect 
almost  imperceptible,  with  whicli  the  woods  are  filled, 
and  seeks  along  the  streams  for  places  which  have  a 
elay  bottom,  where  ho  jump^  in  to  cover  hiinscifas  a 
protection  against  these  tormt  uts.  The  InVums  know 
these  places,  and  lie  in  wait,  in  crneealrient,  where 
they  can  shoot  several  in  a  day  If  they  '^ive  chase  in 
the  woods,  they  have  no  need  of  dogs.  The  sn,"  is 
favorable  on  account  of  the  tracks  which  are  I  h.  At 
other  seasons  when  the  leaves  are  a  Ht^f  damp,  and 
do  not  make  a  noise  when  they  walk,  the  'nin  is  most 
favorable.  An  Indian  recognizes  at  once  the  foot  of 
the  animal,  upon  the  trodden  ground  or  upturned 
leaves,  and  judges  whether  he  is  far  off  or  near.  Ho 
follows  the  track  carefully,  looking  constantly  to  the 
right  or  left  to  perceive  it,  and  sometimes  he  imitates 
the  cry  of  the  fawn.  As  soon  as  he  perceives  it,  ho 
stops,  and  only  moves  as  the  animal  resumes  its  feed- 
ing. If  it  raises  its  head,  the  hunter  remains  in  afixed 
attitude  in  which  he  ha:  ""us  to  be,  and  when  he  has 
come  near  enough  he  ii.  If  he  has  wounded  his 
game,  he  shows  an  extraordinary  sagacity  in  following 
27 


'If 

I'll* 


' 


Si:  1 


Vh.U 


V 


u 

liili 


210 


DEKR-8KIN   LEATHER. 


the  trail  of  Mood,  iiiid  he  very  rarely  returns  without 
brinjjiiit;  his  prey. 

When  the  Tiulians  are  in  the  vicinity  of  Europeans, 
they  trade  with  them  for  the  surplus  beyond  their  own 
wants.  To  preserve  the  flesh  of  the  deer  which  they 
lay  up,  they  take  off  the  ribs  and  smoke  it,  after  which 
they  roll  it  up  like  a  piece  of  leather,  and  cut  oft'  morsels 
as  they  wish.  When  they  have  no  fresh  meat,  this  is 
not  bad.  Thev  alwavs  save  the  brains  of  the  deer,  to 
prejjare  their  skins  with,  and  which  softens  them  as 
perfectly  as  our  tanner's  preparations.  To  prevent 
them  from  getting  hard  after  they  have  been  wet,  they 
smoke  them.  This  operation  is  performed  by  collect- 
ing rotten  wood,  setting  up  pieces  of  dead  wood  around 
it,  in  the  form  of  a  cone,  amd  covering  these  with  the 
skins.  They  then  put  fire  underneath,  which  gives 
much  smoke  which  the  skins  absorb  in  every  part,  and 
then  to  get  rid  of  the  odor  and  dirt  of  the  smoke,  they 
wash  them.  They  thus  render  them  very  white  and 
pliant,  and  they  do  not  harden  any  more  than  our  skins 
prepared  in  oil.  They  prcservt)  the  fat  of  the  bears  in 
vessels,  because  this  grease  does  not  harden,  at  least 
until  it  is  mixed  with  that  of  the  deer.  In  fineness,  it 
is  much  superior  to  goose  oil,  and  it  might  even  serve 
as  a  salad,  being  better  than  butter. 

They  find  in  the  woods  in  .May  and  June,  some  pot 
herbs  such  as  little  leeks  that  are  very  good,  and  gar- 
licks  sweeter  and  larger  than  ours.  They  are  pear- 
shaped,  and  the  EuiOi)eaus  use  them  with  success  as  a 


il 


HAUITS  OF  EATING  :  I'lOKONS. 


211 


I'oinody  agiuiist  scurvy,  which  the  Tndimisdo  notknow 
iiiiioiie;  themsolvos'  any  more  than  the  gout  or  the 
rheumatism,  although  they  are  always  sleeping  upon 
the  ground  ia  the  rain  and  dampness. 

In  the  fall,  the  Indians  eat  walnuts  and  ehesnuts,  but 
as  the  trees  which  bear  these  are  usually  from  sixty  to 
ninety  feet  high,  of  smooth  trunk  without  branches, 
and  would  be  very  dittteult  to  climb,  they  cut  them 
down  to  gather  the  fruit.  They  boil  the  walnuts  in 
kettles,  and  extract  the  oil  for  their  use.  Into  these 
kettles  they  like  to  put  all  kinds  of  meat,  mingled  with 
bruised  Indian  corn,  which  they  eat  without  taking  it 
frou)  the  tire.  When  they  are  thirsty,  they  dip  up  a 
dipper  full  of  the  broth,  and  they  rarely  drink  i)ure 
water.  They  scarcely  have  any  regular  hour  tor  their 
njcals,  which  are  taken  by  day  or  by  night  as  they  have 
an  ai){»etitc,  and  they  seldom  use  salt,  although  thcv 
have  that  which  is  very  good. 

We  have  not  yet  spoken  of  the  nu)st  abimdant  kind 
of  hunting  in  America,  that  of  jdgeons,  to  which  the 
French  have  given  the  name  of  loiirtcs.  The  ([uantities 
that  there  appear  from  the  nu)nth  of  May  to  September 
woidd  appear  fabulous.  They  pass  upon  the  wing 
two  or  three  hours  at  a  time,  and  so  thick  that  they 
umke  it  dark,  and  this  will  last  a  whole  day  at  a  time. 
They  do  tiot  take  the  trouble  to  shoot  them  with  a  gun. 


'  Tlicy  <'iil  notliiiig  raw  us  wc  ilo,  but  always  i.i)i)k  Ihoir  herbs. 

.\oli'  ill  Oi-ijjiiiiil. 


I 


1 

■i  1 

'11 

J  it  ; 


,.,(,.,,; 


:Slf 


ll?t; 


212 


MODES  OF  TRAVEL. 


but  they  kill  them  with  a  long  pole  at  the  end  of  which 
some  leaves  are  left.  It  may  happen  that  a  single  per- 
son may  in  this  way  kill  some  hundreds.  They  make 
their  nests  in  the  woods,  which  they  cover  over  a  space 
of  four  leagues  in  length  by  half  a  league  in  breadth. 
Wlienever  an  Indian  gives  notice  in  his  village  that  he 
has  found  a  nesting  place,  they  present  him  with  an 
equipment  for  his  good  news,  and  the  whole  village  go 
into  the  woods,  men,  women  and  children,  and  estab- 
lish themselves  there  to  eat  the  eggs  and  young  pigeons 
during  the  whole  time  that  the  brooding  lasts.  This 
happens  twice  in  a  year,  and  wo  see  no  diminution 
in  their  numbers.* 

The  Indians  travel  upon  foot  or  in  canoes.  Their 
foot  journeys  in  Hummer  are  always  short.  The 
Iroquois  and  those  who  live  along  the  Ohio,  have  some 
horses  which  they  have  stolen  from  the  English  who 
were  pasturing  them  in  the  woods.  The  number  is 
considerable,  but  they  raise  none.  In  their  journeys 
on  foot,  every  one  carries  his  pack,  which  contains  all 
the  implements  of  the  family,  and  from  which  a  strap 
passes  over  the  shoulders  of  the  men,  but  the  foreheads 
of  the  women  on  account  of  their  breasts.  They 
encamp  early.  The  women  and  children  make  a  cabin 
of  boughs  and  build  a  fire,  while  the  men  go  out  to 
hunt  to  get  something  for  supper.     If  the  success  is  not 


'  These  "  pigeon  rooats"  ure  usually  in  beecli  woods,  and  ure  still  of 
annual  occurrence  in  Canada  and  northern  New  York.  — Ed. 


tti 


MODES  OF  TRAVEL. 


213 


good,  they  remain  at  least  till  they  get  some  little  pro- 
vision, and  live  thus  from  day  to  day.  An  Indian  will 
often  set  oft'  alone  to  go  sixty  or  a  hundred  leagues 
into  the  woods,  with  nothing  but  his  gun,  some  pow- 
der and  lead,  a  steel,  a  knife,  his  tomahawk,  and  a  little 
kettle.  When  the  Indians  have  some  stream  to  pass, 
they  make  little  rafts,  with  sticks  of  light  wood,  fas- 
tened together  with  wj'thes,  and  with  an  oar  which 
they  construct,  or  a  long  pole.  They  ntation  them- 
selves upright  at  one  end,  and  thus  cross  rivers  as  large 
as  the  Rhone  and  the  Rhine. 

Foot  journeys  are  more  fatiguing  on  account  of  the 
swamps  and  low  grounds  full  of  water,  which  are 
always  encumbered  by  the  fallen  pines  or  cedars. 
These  are  often  found  a  quarter  or  half  a  league  wide, 
and  they  seldom  go  through  them  except  to  make  war. 
Although  the  season  is  more  vigorous  in  winter,  they 
then,  nevertheless,  have  the  advantage  of  linding  the 
rivers  frozen,  and  the  woods  full  of  snow,  which  covers 
their  abattises.  By  the  aid  of  their  snow  shoes,  which 
are  less  inconvenient  than  at  tirst  appears  when  not 
accustomed  to  them,  they  overcome  all  these  ditli- 
culties.  These  snow  shoes  are  four  or  live  feet  long, 
and  for  about  two  feet  in  tiieir  widest  part,  they  are 
woven  with  strips  of  hide.  They  pass  the  toe  at 
about  two-thirds  from  the  hinder  part,  into  a  cavity 
formed  by  thongs  passed  behind  the  heel  and  over  the 
foot,  and  so  adjusted  that  the  heel  can  be  raised  a 
little.     It  is  necessary  to  walk  with  the  feet  thrown 


i  I 

!   i 


'M 


t      ' 

i   .1 


214 


SLEDGES  :    ENCAMPMENTS. 


;i  J 


I!  '1 


u 


outward,  or  otherwise  they  would  interfere.  If  they 
fall,  they  have  great  difficulty  in  getting  up  again. 
The  Indians  have  no  fear  of  this,  as  the  elasticity  of 
the  snow  shoes  throws  them  forward,  relieves  the 
fatigue  of  walking,  and  compensates  for  their  incon 
venience.  They  do  not  sink  more  than  four  or  five 
inches,  into  the  lightest  snows.  They  also  make 
sledges  to  carry  their  equipages  very  conveniently. 
These  are  two  flat  strips  of  some  hard  and  flexible 
wood,  ten  or  twelve  feet  long,  and  serve  to  make  a 
kind  of  sled  a  foot  or  a  foot  and  a  half  wide,  with  the 
floor  made  of  birch  bark  or  elm  wood,  and  turned  up 
in  front  in  a  curve,  so  as  to  overcome  the  snow.  They 
fasten  on  them  their  articles,  and  with  a  strap  passed 
over  their  shoulders,  draw  them  after  them,  or  thoy 
are  drawn  by  a  dog.  This  sled  will  carry  eighty 
pounds. 

They  encamp  at  an  early  hour  in  the  thickets,  and 
construct  a  slielter  on  the  side  towards  the  wind,  by 
forming  a  half-roof  with  two  crotches  supporting  little 
poles  covered  with  branches  of  spruce,  flat  foliage,  or 
rushes  gathered  from  the  swamps.  Before  their 
shelter  they  build  a  good  fire.  This  arrangement, 
simple  as  is  is,  is  preferable  to  a  tent  or  shelter  pit,  in 
which  they  might  freeze,  as  they  would  then  have  no 
communication  with  the  fire.  In  their  journeys  they 
take  precaution  against  the  cold.  Their  shoes,  al- 
though only  a  simple  prepared  skin,  are  very  warm, 
and  the  snow  is  so  dry  that  it  does  not  wet.     They 


-li  ' 


TREATMENT  OF  FROZEN  PARTS. 


215 


wrap  their  feet  with  pieces  of  blanket,  and  the  sides  of 
the  shoes  form  a  half  boot  which  prevents  the  snow 
from  getting  in,  while  their  feet  would  freeze  with 
European  shoes,  as  many  have  unhappily  proved. 
The  Indians  fasten  their  blankets  below  with  their 
belt,  and  make  them  pass  over  the  head  like  a  monk's 
hood,  arranging  them  so  well  that  they  only  expose 
their  nose  and  hands.  They  make  mittens  of  skins  or 
flannel,  hung  to  their  neck  by  a  string,  which  serves 
them  better  than  gloves,  because  the  separated  fingers 
would  be  more  liable  to  freeze.  They  make  bonnets 
of  a  square  of  cloth,  which  they  sew  together  at  the 
side,  well  covering  the  nock  and  eai's.  "We  go  into 
these  details,  because  a  similar  arrangement  would  be 
good  for  troops  who  are  obliged  to  march  in  winter, 
and  would  enable  them  to  avoid  many  of  the  discom- 
forts of  the  soldiers.  If  they  find  that  some  part  of 
the  neck  or  body  has  been  frozen,  which  they  at  once 
know  by  its  whiteness,  they  take  snow  and  rub  it  until 
the  blood  resumes  its  circulation.  They  take  care  not 
to  come  near  the  fire,  for  if  the  part  should  thaw  by 
the  heat,  it  would  turn  into  gangrene.  The  greatest 
inconvenience  in  these  journeys,  is  in  the  spring,  when 
the  rcfiection  of  the  sun's  rays  upon  the  snow  or  ice, 
makes  them  lose  their  sight'  for  some  days,  with  very 


>  In  speaking  of  tlie  return  of  the  French  army  from  an  attempt  to 
surprise  Fort  William  Ili-nry  in  March,  1757,  Uarneau  says: 

"  Tlieir  retreat  was  marked  by  an  event  wliicli  was  repented  in 
Bonaparte's  army  in  Egypt,  but  from  a  souicwiiat  different  cause 


h\ 


.  1  i 

j 

• 

■■ 

j 

I 

■:i  I 


f'r 


''  ( 


!>' 


J  " 


216 


ELM  BARK  CANOKS. 


severe  pain,  on  account  of  the  inflammation  which  it 
causes  in  the  eyes,  and  for  which  there  is  no  other 
remedy  except  in  the  use  of  goggles  of  colored  glass. 

Canoes  of  elm  bark  are  not  used  for  long  voyages, 
as  they  are  very  frail.  Wlien  the  Indians  wish  to 
make  a  canoe  of  elm  bark,  they  select  the  trunk  of  a 
tree  which  is  very  smooth,  at  the  time  when  the  sap 
remains.  They  cut  it  around,  above  and  below, 
about  ten,  twelve  or  fifteen  feet  apart,  according  to  the 
number  of  people  which  it  is  to  carry.  After  ha-  "ng 
taken  off  the  whole  in  one  piece,  they  shave  oft'  the 
roughest  of  the  bark,  which  they  make  the  inside  of 
the  canoe.  They  make  end  ties  of  the  thickness  of  a 
finger,  and  of  sufficient  length  for  the  canoe,  using 
young  oaks  or  other  flexible  and  strong  wood,  and 
fasten  the  two  larger  folds  of  the  bark  between  these 
strips,  spreading  them  apart  with  Avooden  bows  which 
are  fastened  in  about  two  feet  apart.  They  sew  up 
the  two  ends  of  the  bark  with  strips  drawn  from  the 
inner  bark  of  the  elm,  giving  attention  to  raise  up  a 
little  the  two  extremities,  which  they  call  pinces,  mak- 
ing a  swell  in  the  middle,  and  a  curve  on  the  sides,  to 
resist  the  wind.  If  there  are  any  chinks,  they  sew 
them  together  with  thongs,  and  cover  them  with  chew- 
ing gum  which  they  crowd  in  by  heating  it  with  a  coal 


Tlie  (liizzliiig  whiteness  of  the  snow,  struck  a  third  of  the  detuclinient 
witli  i»  kind  of  oplithalniia,  so  that  they  were  obliged  to  be  led  by  the 
linnd  the  rest  of  tl»e  way.  But  two  days  aller  their  return,  all  the 
sick  had  recovered  their  sight  by  the  aid  of  simple  remedies."—  iii,  p. 
88.—  Ed. 


! 


ELM  AND  BinCII  BARK  CANOES. 


217 


of  fire.  The  bark  is  fastened  to  the  wooden  bows  by 
thon_i!js.  Tliey  add  a  mast,  made  of  a  piece  of  wood, 
and  cross  piece  to  serve  as  a  3'ard,  and  their  bhmkets 
servo  them  as  sails.  These  canoes  will  carry  from 
three  to  nine  persons  and  all  their  cqnipa<j;e.  In  these 
frail  vessels  they  sometimes  undertake  voya.i>;es  upon 
the  lakes  of  a  dozen  leagues.  They  sit  upon  their 
heels  without  moving,  as  do  also  their  children  when 
they  are  in,  from  fear  of  losing  their  balance  when  the 
whole  machine  would  upset ;  l)ut  this  very  seldom  ball- 
pens unless  struck  by  a  flaw  of  wind.  Their  paddles 
are  four  or  five  feet  long.  The  sight  of  such  a  craft, 
which  is  only  three  or  four  inches  out  of  the  water, 
would  surely  frighten  a  European.  If  the  canoe  over- 
turns, they  turn  it  right  by  swimming,  and  then  get  in 
at  one  of  the  ends.  When  they  land,  they  take  great 
pains  not  to  allow  it  to  strike,  by  which  it  would  be 
broken.  They  carry  it  on  shore,  and  again  put  it 
afloat,  when  they  embark.  They  use  these  vessels  par- 
ticularly in  their  war  parties.  They  make  them  every- 
where that  they  have  occasion  to  go  up  or  down  rivers. 
The  canoes  made  of  birch  bark,  are  much  more  solid 
and  more  artistically  constructed.  The  frame  of  these 
(ianoes  is  made  of  strips  of  cedar  wood,  which  is  very 
flexible,  and  which  they  render  as  thin  as  a  side  of  a 
sword  scabbard,  an<l  three  or  four  inches  wide.  They 
all  touch  one  another,  and  come  up  to  a  point  between 
the  two  end  strips.     This  frame  is  covered  with  the 

bark  of  the   birch   tree  sewed   together  like  skins, 

28 


I  • 


I  * 


I  I 


:$ 

!         1 

■     :; 

i-< 

¥i  t 

II 

I 

1 

#'^>; 


;H 


i 


U\ 


! 


:!i 


hi!, 


'k 


i.nt 


u 

l.i 


pi 


218 


ntUCH  HARK  CANOES. 


soonrotl  botwooii  the  ond  strips,  and  tied  alon^  the  ribs 
with  the  inner  hnrk  of  the  roots  of  the  ei'diir,  as  we 
twist  wiMows  around  tlie  hoops  of  a  eask.  All  these 
seams  are  eoveri'd  with  ehewins;  ffum,  as  is  done  with 
eanoos  of  elm  hark.  They  then  put  in  cross  bars  to 
liold  it  and  to  serve  as  seats,  and  a  Ions;  pole,  which 
tlu'V  lay  on  from  fore  to  aft  in  ronj;h  weather  to  jire- 
vt'ut  it  from  liciiii;'  broken  by  the  shocks  occasionetlby 
pitchinir.  They  liavc  them  with  three,  six,  twelve  and 
even  twenty-four  places,  which  are  desiiiiiated  as  somany 
seats.  The  Frcn«'h  are  almost  the  only  people  who  use 
these  canoes  for  their  ionu;  vt)yages.  They  will  carry 
as  much  as  three  thousand  pounds.  Four  men  will 
carry  them  in  their  jtortaj^cs,  and  two  men  will  com- 
monly be  able  to  lift  them.  These  little  crafts  will 
endure  gales  of  wind  that  would  trouble  vessels.  They 
have  only  to  take  care  that  they  do  not  strike.  If  they 
liappen  to  <iet  holes,  they  close  them  carefully  witli 
pietes  of  bark  which  they  carry  with  them.  These 
boats  also  serve  as  a  cabin,  as  they  turn  tlum  up  on 
the  side  and  place  thcji  on  one  or  two  paddles,  and  lie 
down  underneath  sheltered  from  the  wind.  This  is  the 
ordinary  cabin  upon  journeys  and  in  hunting. 

If  man  was  created  to  be  lord  of  the  earth,  this  is 
nowhere  more  true  than  in  this  part  of  th;'  world, 
where  he  is  only  subject  to  his  own  will.  Without 
restraint  of  law,  and  able  to  satisly  all  his  wants,  and 
and  these  but  few,  he  appears  to  be  indeed  free.  To 
their  misfortune  we  <'an\e  among  them,  and  we  have 


LOST  AUTS :    NATIVE  INDOLENCE. 


210 


tautjht  tlii'iu  to  use  our  i-lothrt  for  tlicir  ifiiniu'iits. 
They  caiiiiot  now  ^o  and  ^at  powdor  and  Ijrandy,  willi- 
oiit  which  tlio  jifivatcr  part  will  perish.  Tliis  ncei'ssity 
made  tlieni  remain  tranipiil  towards  theKntrlish  whom 
they  did  not  love  hut  despised,  heeausi>  their  traders 
soii<,dit  to  elieat  tiiem.  The  Indians  lormerU  had 
usai^es  and  utensils  to  which  they  are  now  scar^i  ly 
aecustomed.  They  nnide  pottery,  (h-ew  tire  from  wood, 
and  their  arrows  t'nrnislied  tlieni  witli  food.  Tliey 
nuido  lu'cdles  and  tish  liooks  of  tisli-hoiics.  The  ten- 
dons of  animals  served  them  as  thread,  which  they 
ilividcd  and  drew  into  threads  as  tine  as  they  wanted. 
Their  women  were  skillful  and  industrious  in  making 
antl  fittinu;  their  garments. 

When  the  Indian  has  enough  to  cat,  liis  wants  are 
satisfied,  and  lii;  thinks  only  of  enjoying  himseli'  by 
smoking  or  sleeping,  without  giving  a  thought  for  the 
morrow,  ['^nless  something  arouses  his  ideas  he  thinks 
of  nothing,  and  exhihits  an  extreme  tranciuility  and 
patience  which  imikes  him  appear  melancholy.  The 
habit  of  being  alone  and  isolated,  nniy  tend  to  this,  but 
it  is  so  strong  in  the  Fudian's  nature,  that  if  treated  in 
the  best  manner,  and  lodged  sui»erbly,  he  wouhl  grow 
weary  within  a  month,  and  perish  if  he  could  not  run 
in  the  woods,  and  lead  his  accustomed  life,  as  has  been 
actually  proved.  His  only  thoughts  are  of  the  ehase, 
and  of  his  country's  enemies,  and  he  is  only  occupied 
with  the  means  of  nuiintainingliimself  tranquil  upon  his 
mat,  that  is  to  say.  in  his  country.     He  has  no  [troper 


I  ; 


:  .1 


i  >l 


I 


Hi 


220 


IIOSl'ITAMTY  :    hOVE  OF  COIINTIIV. 


idi'ii  ot'  what  we  call  "//(/'///</»,  and  can  iit'vcr  covi't  wliat, 
Iti'loiigrt  to  anotluT,  his  only  aspiraticm  lu-int?  to  he 
tliouf^lit  a  giTut  liiiiitcr  or  a  torniuhihh-  man,  who  has 
kilh'd  many  pi'oitli'.  If  a  European  unthTtakcs  to 
recount  the  power  of  the  kiu<rof  Krnnccor  of  Knu;hind, 
he  listciiH  very  attentively  to  what  tlie}'  nay,  and  then 
will  ask  very  coolly  :  "  Is  he  a  good  Imnter?  —  has  lie 
killed  many  enemies?"  Tf  they  assure  him  that  he 
has  heeii  to  war,  and  that  he  tires  well,  "Uh!"  ho 
cries,  "  That's  the  man  !  "  'Phis  is  tlie  liighest  praise 
that  the  Indian  could  hestow. 

They  are  very  hospitahle.  If  one  enters  their  cahin, 
they  may  all  take  from  their  kettle  and  eat  without 
having  anything  to  return.  They  otter  you  their  hest, 
and  even  deprive  themselvi'S  of  their  nei-essaries  of 
life  to  give  to  a  stranger.  This  is  n-ciprocated,  and 
they  inuigine  that  they  can  refuse  nothing.  Among 
some  nations,  they  even  otter  3'ou  their  wives,  so  as  not 
to  he  lonesome. 

They  think  that  the  Master  of  Life,  having  created 
them  in  the  land  they  inhahit,  no  one  has  a  right  to 
trouhle  them  in  their  possessions.  As  hey  n-eognizo 
no  territorial  property,  they  ihiuk  that  all  tlu'ir  country 
belongs  to  them  in  common,  and  that  the  land  where 
they  live,  and  where  the  hones  and  spirits  of  their 
ancestors  are,  is  sacred  and  inviolable.  They  think 
they  cannot  leave  it,  without  going  to  take  some  other 
tract  which  should  l)e  their  hunting  ground.  This  sen- 
timent born   with    them,   renders   them  very  delicati' 


'!.(   .t, 


WHY  FOREIONKUS  WKllK  KECKIVKD. 


'221 


ii|i(iii  this  siilijcft,  uihI  it  is  constuiitlv  iiii  ofcji-titHi  tor 
will',  wlicii  iiiic  iisitioii  coiiu's  to  liMiit  aniiiii<l  tlic  lioiisfs 
of  aiiotlu'r.  The  ti'iivi'liiit;  Iiidiiiiis  cvi'ii  tiikc  rnvt-  ti» 
li'iu"  the  skins  of  aiiiiiiiils  that  that  tlu'v  kill  upon  tlu' 
tt'iTitorv  of  a  foiviifii  niition,  huiiu'  ii|ioii  tlif  tivrs,  so 
that  tlifv  lan  liavr  tlio  protit  of  tliciii.  It  was  thcro- 
fori',  ((iiitt!  out  of  pluco  for  tho  Kiigllsh  to  say,  that  they 
hail  hnii<;ht  of  someone  atnonir  them  several  eountries, 
Knropeaiis  were  only  tolerateil  in  I'arly  times,  heeauso 
they  first  maile  prt's«'nts,  and  as  iie'.nj;:  usefnl,  and  pos- 
sessiiiiT  all  they  eould  desire  which  tlu'V  eami'  and 
offered  till  in,  to  draw  them  from  tlu'ir  misery  and  to 
supply  their  wants.  I'pon  this  sole  title  they  reieived 
tliem,  and  they  tlu'ii  otfcrt'd  to  sustain  them  au:ainst 
the  nations  with  which  thev  were  at  war.  from  wliich 
they  were  regarded  as  lieiiefactors  and  friends.  Hut 
when  the  Kiiroj)eaiis  came  in  force,  they  ohlit^t'd  tlie 
Indians  to  eed*;  such  lands  as  they  needed,  Tlie  latter 
tiiund  thi'inselvi'stoomni'listraiixhteni'diii  theirhuntin^^, 
and  retired  into  the  interior,  and  were  fon-cd  to  s»'ek 
an  asylum  amoiitj  other  nations  who  received  them 
with  charity,  and  incorporated  them  amon^  themselves. 
Sin»'e  this  time  they  have  preserved,  especially  among 
the  lioups  (III  the  Ohio  River,  a  hostility  which  has 
boon  shown  towards  the  Kiiirlish  every  time  they  could 
tind  a  chanci'.' 


' 


li 


Ml  WHS  they  tliiil  laisi'd  in  ITli;!-t,  iiliiuisl  all  the  trilics  lit-yonil  tin- 
Alic'irliiinii'!*  aj,'!unst  llic  Kajrlisli,  ami  inailc  a  cnicl  war.  —  yute  in 
Orijjiiiiit. 


I 


If  i 


'■:.'i*' 


I  ) 


ilMllr 


.T).» 


AUTIIOItlTY  (iK  TlIK  I'lUKKS. 


Tlu'  Kiciuli  (iiilv  iicciipiffl  till  lijiiiks  id'tlu'St.  \jH\V' 
ri'iift',  iiiiil  had  imt  liitluTto  cinwilctl  llif  liMliiiiif*,  wlio 
flill  rftaiiitMl  tin-  wlidlc  of  tlic  interior  of  tlu'  country. 
Thi'y  iMuli'iivoiTiI  on  tlic  rontniiy  to  iufst  rvc  tlirtn  iis 
nnu'li  us  |iossiliU',  ii_v  the  thtiiltlisliincnt  of  CliriHtian 
villaii»'s.  ItoKidcK  tlu'  advaiita^i'  of  pioiiagutin;;  Cliris- 
tianitv,  tliis  idi-a  was  u  ^ood  oiu*,  Ik-cuusc  tlic  wt'ltiirc, 
that  tlio  iK'novoli'iuc  of  tlii'  kinj;  caiist'd  thoni  to  i-njoy, 
attnictod  to  tis  tlirir  fnfndslii|i  and  csti-cni.  Tlu'  Kn^- 
lish  now  vt'ry  iniicli  n-.i^rct  that  they  did  not  niaiiairt' 
thus  in  till'  iK'irinninu:  of  tlu'ir  rstalilishincnts, 

'I'hf  Indians  r*\trard  as  thi'ii"  ihii'fs  tlii'  oldest  nu'Ui- 
liiTs  of  the  tirst  liraiK'li  of  tlu'ir  nations.  Some  of 
tluni  I'ujoy  a  iitth' nion-  authority  than  otlu-rs,  and  they 
will  ji'o  so  far  as  to  allow  thcnisi'lvi's  to  he  sliiick  liy 
thi'ni  without  s»'i'kin_ir  rcvenirc,  hut  this  is  very  uncom- 
mon. Such  is  the  nation  of  Loupsut  Thcaoircn.  Kvcry 
ritfht  of  )in'emincnc('  is  reduced  to  this,  and  whatever  is 
gained  heyond,  is  tliroujih  insininition  or  *'xhortation. 
If  any  one  does  not  wish  t()  <lo  as  they  say,  they  have 
no  means  of  eoin|iellini;  tlu-m.  'I'he  chief  only  serves 
them  as  u  point  of  reunion,  for  tlieir  councils  or  delil)- 
erations,  and  it  is  in  liis  mime  that  the  nation  speaks  in 
pultlic  attiiirs.  The  youth  show  a  very  exemplary 
respect  and  deference  towards  tlieir  i)an-nts  and  the 
aged,  whicli  leads  them  to  attend  very  williiurly  to  all 
they  say  or  hint  to  them.  They  ohey  tluni  without  a 
murmur,  and  are  jicid  in  check  without  complaint. 
In  their  journeys,    the  yuuiijf  people  undertake'    with 


r'      It: 


ivcAi'Arir.K  ttr  iikasonin(i. 


22n 


out    ii    wtiril.    tl iirc   of  niiikiii^    tlif   cnliiii-t,    iiinl 

^■tt  to  liMik  lip  wikmI  whiU'  tin.'  oil  )n'()||tl((  iiif  ((u'u'tly 
Hiiiokiiij^. 

No  idi'iis  nl"  int'tiipliVHicH  (ir  iiionils  cvrr  filtered  tlii' 
lu'iiils  ot'llif  IiidijiMM,  iiiid  tlii'v  lii'licvc  wliiiti'vcr  i-*  told 
llifiii  ii|ioii  tlifsc  siili)rcts,  without  liii\  iiiir  ii  vi'iT  utroiii; 
iiii|iri'Hsioii.  TIh'V  siiy  tlu-y  have  not  ciioii^li  npirit  to 
coiiiprchfiid  thiiitfrt  which  are  only  Hiiliji-cts  of  ri'ason- 
ini;.  From  this  we  may  iiiiairinc  that  they  niakc  very 
poor  ChristiaiiM.  Wlii-ii  a  missionary  speaks  to  tlieiii 
of  the  Trinity,  or  tin;  Incarnation  of  the  Word,  they 
Unietiy  reply  :  'riifse  thiiiirs  are  u-ood  for  you  who  have 
eiioiiifh  spirit.  Init  we  have  not  eiicniiili  to  ln'  |iersiia<led; 
we  hclieN'e  il  liecaiisi  yoii  say  so.  They  compare  the 
Trinity  to  a  picceof  pork,  where  we  liiitltlic  lean  meat, 
the  fat  and  tin'  rind,  three  distinct  parts  that  form  the 
wamo  piece.  Thu  missioiiaiies  have  persiiadi'il  tlieiii ' 
that  .liidas  had  red  liair,  .iiid  that  the  l*]nij:lisli  who 
iiave  ^eiu'rally  this  kind  of  hair,  are  of  his  race,  and 
this  is  u  reason  for  their  irri'ater  dislike  to  tliein. 

The  kinu;  liaviiiij  sent  over  with  the  first  colonists, 
some  priests  of  tlie  foreiirn  missions,  Siilpiciaiis,  Kecol- 
K-rts  and  .lesiiits,  these  missionaries  attended  as  much 
as  tlicy  could  in  all  tin-  treaties,  and  invitt'd  the  Imlians 
to  come  and  settle  in  the  placi's  which  thcv  dcsiirnated, 
where  they  could  he   lodtfcd,  fed  and  clothed,  and  he 

'Tlic  luillior  vi'iy  iiii|)r(i|i('rly  allrilmlt's  lit  llic  inissioimrii's  in  gcii- 
criil,  a  rciimrk  pcrlmpH  luadi'  by  some  diu.'  of  Ihciii,  or  liy  one  of  tliu 
coinnirK  ill  Imii.  —  SnU  in   Oi'iijimil. 


M 


1 

m 

f 

'!'■ 

■  ■IIMM 

B 

i 

^ii 

w* 

'■( 

1  ■■' 

,  ( 

;:■' 

1 

1  1    ■ 

■f  i 


224 


OErOUTMKNT  IN  CHURCH. 


tJUlipliotl  witli  nil  tlu'ir  wniits.  Miiiiy.  tlirouirli  hi/inoss, 
l)t'caim'  so  fiimiliiir  iis  ti)  <(>iiu'  iiiul  profit  h\  this  l)oiu'- 
volouri',imtlvoliiiit:inlysiil)iiiitti'(ltlii'insi'lvi's!olu'i'oiiu' 
iiistnniK'iits.  If  notliiiijLr  IukI  Ik-i'Ii  ii'wi'U  tlu'iii,  iiiul  if 
tlii'V  liiid  not  foiiiitl  ii  (liiidod  lulvaiitniiv  in  iuloptinu' 
,his  coiiisi',  wi"  shoiiM  liiivi'  liml  l>nt  low,  as  wo  may 
infic  from  tlic  small  nnmlnTs  that  we  liavo  attracti'd 
iiotwitlistandinti'  all  tin-  anuMiitios  tlu-y  liavo  ivroivi'd. 
Their  indilU'n'Mci'  in  ln-licvintjornot  holii'v  iiij;,  furthiT 
di-tfrniiiu's  tlii'in,  as  also  promises  for  the  life  to  conu'. 
Their  children  liron^it  np  in  the  ("hristian  relitrioii, 
I'oUow  the  example  of  their  jiaivnts,  at  least  until  their 
passions  lead  lln'm  to  ahandon  tlu'  missions,  which  is 
liappeninu-  constantly.  Those  who  remain,  follow  with 
mn<h  decency  the  ceremoni»'s  of  reli^-ioii. 

M  is  viTV  edifvimr  to  si'c  them  in  chnreli,  the  nu'n 
on  one  ri.ii'.  and  women  on  the  other,  always  upon 
their  knt't's,  with  a  moiH-  devout  air  than  any  capnchin, 
never  speakini;'  to  one  ai>Mther,  and  m-vertni'iiinu;  their 
heatls.  The  women,  much  eiivi'loped  in  their  lilankets, 
sinir  with  the  men  in  two  chor\ises,  the  ja'ayei's  of  the 
rhurch.  which  tlie  missionaries  have  translated  fnitiiem, 
;iiid  which  they  commit  to  memory.  Their  son,<rs  are 
verv  s'veet  an(!  hainionions.  and  we  never  hear  any 
discoid  as  in  oni' villa,L'es.  In  repird  to  the  sacraments, 
thev  use  them  as  much  as  their  missionaries  desire, 
ami  vii'lil  reailily  to  the  puhlic  and  private  jienanci's 
which  they  impose,  in  which  tiny  somewhat  re<all  the 
rules  of   the  primitive  church.     The   Indians   ]iay  ex- 


n 

'   v 

I  'i 


CHRISTIANITY  AMONG  TIIK  INDIANS. 


nctly  the  tcntli  part  of  their  corn  nnd  poltrics,  to  •svluch 
the  missionaries  have  accustomed  them. 

Drunkemiess,  is  not,  however,  a  vice  less  prevalent 
anioiiji^  these  new  converts.  The  ohliifiitioii  of  tjikiii;; 
care  of  women  they  do  not  love,  is  the  only  lliinj;  that 
wearies  them,  so  that  many  ahandon  the  missions  to 
return  to  their  villages,  so  that  they  can  live  in  free- 
dom. We  may  say  in  j^eneral,  that  they  have  ac- 
(piired  a  little  humanity,  an<l  a  jjarticular  attachment 
for  the  French,  as  heinj;  of  the  same  relii^ion  or  prayers, 
hecause  they  nuike  a  dillerence  hetween  the  catholic 
reiii^ion  and  the  relii^ion  of  the  Kiii^iish.  The  priests 
have  takt'n  care  to  persuade  them,  that  the  latter  is 
almost  no  Christianity.  If  the  Indians  who  have  em- 
braced our  faith  have  hecome  more  humane,  we 
should  confess  that  \\hile  tlicy  have  lia<l  more  com- 
munication with  us,  they  have  also  been  infected  hy 
our  vices  more  than  others  who  have  been  less  ex- 
posed to  the  contaijion. 

All  these  statements  are  exactly  true,  and  it  is  a 
shame  that  they  scarcely  ai^ree  with  exajrjii'rated  ac- 
counts of  the  missionaries.  The  small  number  of 
Indians  who  have  been  converted,  durini;  the  hundred 
and  ei<;hty  y  :irs  since  we  have  occupied  this  vast  con- 
tinent, is  a  jii'oof  of  their  imlitlcrence  to  reliirion. 
They  may  preach  what  they  will,  thi'v  listi'n  (piietly 
and  without  emotion,  and  always  return  to  their  com- 
nion  avocations,  luu'ni^  not  enouii^h  spirit  to  believe 
and  follow  what  is  told  them. 
•2\) 


m 


, ,  1 .1. 

1  1  ».'■; 


f'il 


226 


MISSIONS  :    NOTIONS  OF  THE  DEITY. 


Their  prionts  live  like  them,  ajid  udopt  their  mnnner 
of  life.  Althoujjh  they  have  killed  Homo  jn-iestfl,  it 
was  never  because  Ihey  hated  their  doijinas,  hut 
heeause  they  rej,'arded  them  as  helouging  to  a  hostile 
nation. 

We  have  noticed  that  the  kinj;  bore  all  the  ex|ioii80 
of  the  missions.  When  the  Indians  have  found  them- 
selves ill  at  ease  on  account  of  two  great  clearings, 
they  have  asked  to  he  removed  to  more  distant  locali- 
ties. The  king  has  borne  the  expense  of  these  new 
establishments,  and  the  missionaries  have  ceded  their 
old  villages  to  the  Europeans,  reserving  to  themselves 
the  seigniorial  rights.  In  this  way  they  have  ac(iuiied 
in  Canada  the  property  of  eight  out  of  ten  villages. 
The  wliole  island  of  Montreal,  and  the  city  of  tliat 
tiame,  has  also  come  into  the  possession  of  the  tSulpi- 
cians. 

There  are  now  no  nations  known,  who  have  not 
heard  our  religion  spoken  of,  and  many  have  ev(Mi 
come  to  witness  its  ceremonies,  which  they  all  respect 
in  their  way.  The  Jndians  have  a  kin<l  of  reverence 
for  our  priests,  whom  they  call  /V"//'/'//  Futlnrs,  be- 
cause they  think  from  their  manners,  and  from  the 
discourses  which  tlu-y  hold,  that  they  are  men  entirely 
occupied  in  ]traying  to  the  kSuprenie  JJeing. 

These  natives  of  America,  have  no  very  distinct  idea 
of  this  Iniinite  IJeing;  they  render  to  him  no  homage, 
and  only  designate  him  as  the  MASTiMt  of  Lifi;.  They 
believe  that  all  t'Vents  depend  upon  him,  and  that  they 


Hi'  ' 


MANITOUS;   JUUQLINU. 


O.)-? 


cannot  anccocd  in  any  cntciprlae  without  liis  favor.  In 
ilu'ir  ilisc'onrsc'H  tliey  repfurd  tlicniHolvos  as  Hubjccts  of 
fall'.  Tlu'y  l)olieve  that  there  are  l)a(l  s|>irit.s  which 
cause  sinister  events,  and  every  tiling  whieli  appears  to 
them  extriiordinary.  They  j^ive  these  the  name  of 
Mnnitixis.  Tlie  sea,  tlie  lakes,  the  rivers  and  every- 
thint(  created,  liave  tlieir  manitous,  that  is,  evil-doinuj 
spirits,  to  whom  tliey  make  otferiiii^s  or  sacritices.  It' 
they  are  struck  hy  a  tiaw  of  wind  upon  a  lake,  and  Hnd 
themselves  in  peril,  they  throw  overhoard  their  tohaeco, 
or  some  implement  or  utensil  to  appease  the  Manitou 
of  the  Lake,  and  theydc  the  same  when  passini;  a 
dangerous  rapid.  When  they  are  .troin<^  out  for  hinit- 
inj;  or  war,  to  ensure  success  they  make  a  kind  of 
sat-rilict',  which  consists  in  erectini;  a  [lost  to  which 
they  suspend  a  doa;  or  some  other  animal  which  tln-y 
have  killed,  some  feathers,  some  lohacco,  or  whatever 
else  comes  into  their  mind.  This  is  ahoiit  all  that  the 
ccri'monies  of  their  rcliu;ioii  amount  to.  They  are  very 
superstitious.  Any  tliinij  that  appears  to  them  of  had 
aui;ury  will  hreak  up  a  war  party  even  aftei'  they  have 
trav»'led  some  hundreds  of  K'aifues,  and  when  they  are 
ready  to  strike  ;  ami  it  is  the  same  in  himtiiif;  or  any 
other  enterprise.  They  call  prayinir,  I'vuiiirtiuj  mali- 
riiir. 

The  custom  of  lieinu;  alom-,  tjives  them  a  hahit  of 
revery.  That  which  they  call  ,/".'/'//'"//,  is  as  follows  : 
A  man  or  a  woman  tindini;  himself  or  herself  of  this 
dis[K)sition,  wraps  up  in  u  hlaidvcl  and  thus  remains  a 


i  r^ii- 


'iH 


228 


CASES  OF  I'KKSENXIMENT. 


very  long  time.  Their  iiuajiination  is  heated,  ami  an 
enthusiasm  seizing;  them,  they  believe  that  they  sec 
future  events,  ami  annouiiee  them  with  eontidenee.  In 
lint  their  prophesy  otteii  amounts  to  nothing;,  but  more 
tluiu  once  it  has  come  to  jjass.  The  Eurojieans  who 
have  been  among  them  relate  upon  this  subject  some 
supernatural  things. 

We  will  here  give  two  facts  well  known  in  the 
French  army : 

In  17')(>,  M.  Duplessis,  commandant  at  Niagara,  sent 
a  jtarty  of  twenty-live  Missisakes  to  Oswego,  while  the 
women  remained  near  the  fort.  Thi'y  assembled  every 
ev»  iiing  to  "  make  medicine,"  one  old  wonum  singing, 
while  tiie  others  replied  in  chorus.  The  ollicers  went 
to  see  the  ceremony.  At  the  end  of  six  or  seven  days, 
tbcv  eiKjuired  why  they  made  no  more  medicine,  when 
an  (lid  Woman  ri'piicil  that  tiicir  people  lia<l  beaten; 
that  she  had  juggled  and  ilial  lluy  hatl  killed  many 
]>e(»ple.  An  (illiccr  ulin  knew  these  jugi^lerics,  wrote 
down  upon  t!u'  spot,  the  day  tiiat  she  dcsignatrd,  and 
when  the  party  returned,  he  ipiestioned  the  iiidiuns 
and  prisoners  whose  answers  continued  the  old  woman's 
account.  It  is  at  Ici.st  sixty  leagues  from  Niagara  to 
Oswego,  and  no  pi'rson  had  come  either  by  land  (.r 
water.  The  Indians  had  lost  two  men,  took  twelve 
scalps,  and  led  away  three  ship  carpenters  as  prisoners. 

In  1758,  about  the  month  of  March,  M.  di^  \'au- 
dreuil  sent  a  large  party  of  domiciliatiil  Indians  to 
Carillon.     These   Indians    upon   arriving  at    the  for-t, 


i     :  ! 


CASKS  OF  I'UESENTIMENT. 


229 


wout  to  the  commaiulant  and  asked  him  to  givo  them 
some  provisions,  as  they  wished  to  rest  some  days  bc- 
ibro  going  to  Fort  George.  After  returning  to  their 
camp,  one  of  them  juggled,  and  informed  that  the 
EngHrth  were  very  near  Fort  Carillon,  and  that  lie 
should  at  once  go  and  attack  them.  The  rest  trusted 
to  thirt  inspiration,  and  went  hack  to  the  commandant's 
(piartors  to  notify  him  that  they  wanted  to  depart  the 
next  day,  counting  upon  finding  a  party  of  the  English. 
The  comnumdant  although  astonished  at  this  idea,  was 
tjuite  willing  to  get  rid  of  them,  and  several  officers 
uud  soldiers  volunteered  to  ho  of  the  party.  Before 
they  had  gone  three  leagues,  they  met  the  tracks  of  the 
English  upon  the  lako  which  was  then  frozen,  coming 
from  the  direction  of  Carillon.  They  followed  these 
tracks  and  when  their  scouts  came  to  the  top  of  a 
hillock  in  the  woods,  the  English  were  going  down 
into  a  valley  which  was  between  them,  vo  the  nund)er 
of  two  hundred  and  fifty.  These  scouts  notified  their 
party,  who  soon  engaged  the  enemy,  attacking  them 
Just  as  they  began  to  come  out  of  the  valley.  But 
eight  of  them  escaped.  They  were  all  volunteers,  with 
theii-  officers,  under  the  orders  of  liobert  Rogers.  All 
the  rest  were  killed,  and  they  took  few  prisoners.' 

In  almost  every  village  they  havj  jugglers  by  j>ro- 
fcssion,  who  are  also  doctors,  or  rather  real  charlatans. 
They  shut  themselves  up  alone  in  a  cabin,  where  they 


II 


'  See  volume  i,  p.  100,  of  this  work. —  Eu. 


m 


Mil 


If 


■;   'J  ■.     '■   ':w' 


I  i 


I  li 
'J. 


'  !' 


.7  I 

1-1        I 


230 


INUIAN  UOCTOUS:    MEDILINE.S. 


act  like   porrtoiiH  pnsscfiHt'd,  ami   wlu'ii   tiny  comic  out 
tlicy  (leal  nut   tiifir  |ii-(>[ilu'sic,-i.     Tliis  is  ((MiiiiKiiiIy  iip- 
(III  llu'  liitc  of  a  sick  |icrs(iii,  or  upon  tlic  luck  oi  a  war 
or   liuiitihi,'    party.     In  tiic  t'oriiicr   case    they  will  say 
tliat   the   Maiiitoii  of  the  disease  deUiamls  a  feast,  tho 
result  of  which  is  tliat  he  will  ,i;et  drunk,  and  then  In- 
will    trive  a   remedy.      If   it   has  a  had   elfect,  the   self- 
styled  doctor  i-i  soiiietinies  well  heatt'ii  or  even  killed, 
liccaiise  the  Indians  are  otfendcd  at  havinj;  hei'ii  duped, 
Kach    faniilv    has    its    jiarticular    reniedies,    hut    thest! 
jiiL'tders   have   nothini;   that  is  wry  tfood.     The\  have 
Ln.twlcdiro    of    some    excellent    jilants,    especially    for 
wounds.     It  is  at  least  certain  that  when  they  have  any 
hrokcii    hones,    no   surircon    could   treat     them    mori? 
.:'.Hvly,  with    less   style   or   witli    ^^reater   proiiiptiu'ss. 
Tlicy  arc   ac(piainted    with  a  ,irri'at    nuniher  o!'  plants, 
roots  and   harks  of  trees,  which  they  ■•iiiploy  very  usr- 
fiillv.     Since   Kuropcans  have   Itccn   m   America,  they 
have    not    sutli(iently  endeavored    to   induce    tht'in   to 
show  these   renu'dics,  which    miiiht    he  of   iriciit  use  in 
our  nieilicines.     It  is  true  the  Indians  arc  \rv\  jealous 
in  retaining  their  recipes  ;imonir  ihcniselvcs,  hut  with 
time  and  presents,  wc  miiiht   he  ahic  in  tin'  end  to  (  'i- 
tain  their  socrot.s.     They  cure  themselves  of  ! he  most 
Htuhhoni  cases  of  venereal    disease   without   mercury. 
They  huvo  a  r,»ot   which  comes  lart^'cr  tiian  a   turnip, 
and  which   .vill  hrini^  to  suppuration  iiiwaid  .discesscs. 
it  repr(ii'W(.-cs  itself  from  suckers,  and  urows  in  damp 
and  soincv.hut  iiiursby  localities. 


It*      <j 


i 


MOi;UNIN(}  FOR  Tlir,  DKAD. 


281 


With  otiior  jilimts  llioy  liciil  ciifs,'  ut*  quickly  as  tlio 
lioHt  liiiiiii.  Tlit'v  ciill  it  iiiiisc,  iind  its  fliivor  is  cxccl- 
I'  lit.  The  disciisi's  to  \vlii<li  tlu-y  iiri'  most  sultjt'ct,  iiro 
lilciirisics,  discliart^cs  IVnin  tlic  clicst,  iiiid  coMsiiiinitioiiH 
caused  ]ty  the  liirtft'  (jiiaiititics  dl"  hramly  wliidi  tlicy 
drink.  Altli()iii;li  tiicy  love  to  pn  ~ri\c  tlicir  lives,  wo 
may  say  tliat  tluTe  are  no  classes  <it'  men  wlio  I'eai* 
di'atli  less,  as  tliey  retjard  it  as  a  patliway  to  an<jtlier  lil'e. 
Wlu-n  tliey  lee!  tlieiiiselves  near  tlicir  end,  they  sintrtho 
deatli  sonir,  until  they  <'an  speak  no  lonjrer.  'j'his  sontjis 
a  kind  <>  I'  hmiei  it  at  ion,  which  each  one  makes  accordin<r 
to  his  own  fancy,  Imt   always  in   tiie  same  tone. 

When  an  Imlian  is  dead,  we  hear  no  cry  nor  plaint 
in  the  caliin,  hut  they  come  to  make  their  farewell 
visit.  They  liiiry  tlnin  with  all  their  finest  Lraniieiits, 
their  arms,  and  a  ketr  (,t'  hrandy  to  help  them  on  their 
Journey.  They  raise  over  the  ixvuva  a  kind  of  cahiii 
made  of  poles  in  the  form  of  a  momiment,  and  hy  its 
side  another  f;reat  jiost  on  which  are  fixed  the  family 
arms.  They  mark  thert'on  some  characters  represent- 
im;  the  niimher  of  scalps  and  prisoiiei's  they  havt; 
taken.  Some  nations  have  the  custom  of  sendiiiir  the 
Women  duriiiLT  the  lirst  I'iirhl  <lays,  to  Imild  a  little  tiro 
near  the  irrave,  and  to  sit  upon  their  hccl-i,  reniainini^ 
there  iminovahle  for  a  cpiaitcr  to  half  an  hour  at  a 
time.     If  he  (lies   while    hiintinir,  even  if  it  has  been 


1;     ' 


'  Tlir  pliiiil  with  wliiili  llicy  ln'iil  llii'insflv<'s  is  called  liy  ClmrU,'- 
\i)\\,  I'liiiili'  I'liiirriiilli.  Its  leaves  when  Imiled,  heiil  nil  kinds  of 
wounds.     Tlii'se  leaves  lire  of  the  liicaillli  dI'  a  liaiid,  and   have  ilu; 

tnllii  (il'lliose  (jT  llie  lleui'de  \\s. —  .\iiti  in  Oii'/iiint. 


N.t= 


■■J^^.W'*v' 


282 


FUNEREAL   FESTIVALS:   ORIGIN. 


tliroo  or  four  months  they  will  diHintcr  him  nnd  cnrry 
him  in  their  ennoes  to  hury  him  in  their  villages.  They 
do  the  snmo  in  recfard  to  their  ehildren. 

At  the  end  of  a  year,  thoy  come  to  hold  an  anniver- 
sary whieh  consists  of  a  feast  near  the  tomb.  They 
then  disinter  the  kej?  of  brandy  and  drink  it.  They 
believe  tliat  after  death,  tlie  soul  goes  to  a  great  country 
beyond  tlie  sea,  which  they  term  tlie  great  lake.  They 
think  that  there  they  will  find  whatever  they  wiwh  to 
hunt  at  will,  and  only  for  amusement,  and  that  their 
only  occupation  will  be  in  dancing. 

They  have  no  tradition  which  preserves  the  least 
idea  of  their  origin,  and  all  that  they  say  has  been  sng- 
jrestcd  to  them  bv  Europeans.  There  are  those  who 
believe  that  a  woman  came  down  from  the  heavens 
upon  the  waters,  and  that  having  put  licr  foot  upon  a 
turtle  to  rest  herself,  the  earth  was  formed  aroiuid  this 
turtle,  and  that  this  woman  gave  birth  to  the  human 
race.'  As  they  have  adopted  for  their  armorial  bear- 
ings, pome  the  bear,  others  a  turtle,  a  wolf,  a  fox,  &c., 
they  dcsigmite  their  families  by  the  names  of  these 
animals,  and  think  themselves  descendants  from  them.- 


'  This  idcii  upiiciirs  to  liavc comoori^'  iiiiiUy  from  the  Asiiitic  Indiiins, 
who  t'ominunicntt'il  it  to  the  islimds  olMiipmi,  IVoiii  whi'iicc  this  liihlo 
passccl  to  Anu'rica.  —  y<ili'  in  On'i/iiKil. 

Tliis  idcii  of  till'  oriirin  of  the  Iiuliaii  rncv,  is  more  fully  k'vi'h  liy 
Nicholas  Cusick,  a  'riiscarora,  in  a  trad  inildislicd  almiit  foriy  years 
since.  Sec  also  DiriijhV*  TrardHimiX  tliewiitin^^sofllenrj-  H.  Hehool- 
craft.  —  Ed. 

'TliR  Baron  de  la  Ilontan  found  in  tlii.s  usage  the  puerile  rules  of 
our  vain  science  of  heraldry.  —  Sole  in  OriijimiL 


%  .  ' 


MOUUNINd  FOR  THE  DEAD. 


:23ii 


•Sonii!  think  tliiit  llicy  raiiu'  out  of  tlio  j^rcouutl  tliiit 
tlu'V  iiiliiil)it.  Ah  tlicy  liiivi"  no  writing;,  tlu-y  (K'sij;iiato 
tin  iiisflvi's  liy  tlid  liLTuri's  of  tliCHo  iiiiiniiilH,  which  thoy 
(liiiw  ii|i()ii  Iiiiik,  Of  thf  trunks  of  tivcs.  'I'licy  will 
ciirvt'  thcrto  ti^mcs  in  ii  styK'  that  wonld  do  crtMJit  to 
oiir  ordinaiy  woiknu'ii.  'I'licy  nsi-  in  making;  tln-su 
fij^iiri's,  which  ai'c  very  expressive,  a  crooked  knife,  tho 
sanu'  that  they  work  with  in  carvini;  out  their  wooden 
utensils. 

\  hen  a  family  take  to  nionrnini,'  foronc  of  its  incin- 
l)ers,  they  (|uit  all  their  ornaments,  and  <^o  dressed  as 
simply  as  itossilile,  and  mark  themselvt's  only  in  hhn-k. 
This  monrninif  lasts  ahout  a  year.  The  relatives, 
friends  and  those  interested  in  this  tiimily,  make 
presents  to  cover  the  dead,  which  consists  in  ifivinu,' 
them  a  helt  or  a  i;armeiit.  They  replace  the  dead  in 
their  caliins  hy  a  scalp  or  a  prisoner,  and  they  d(»  not 
([nit  moiirnint;  until  this  latter  ceremony,  which  is  one 
of  the  principal  I'ausc-  of  their  wars,  hcini;  always 
ohiiijed  to  have  at  least  one  nation  from  whom  others 
can  take  i)risoncrs  or  scalps  to  rcplaci-  their  di-ad. 

All  the  nations  in  the  eastern  part  of  America, 
altiioilifh  they  have  nearly  the  same  lani;uai;e,  are  not 
so  allii'd  amoiii;-  themselves,  Imt  that  they  make  war 
villi  one  another,  of  which  an  ennmcration  has  heen 
ttiveii  liy  iMiu'lish  and  Frcn<'h  anthoi's.  The  Kni;lish 
fonml  them  in  this  condition  when  they  heu'an  to  settle 
thesi'  countries,  and  it  tiivori-il  tin-  estahlishnient  of 
th'ir  colonies.     iJnt  their  (amnion    misfortunes  have 


n 


! 

PPff   'f 

( 

I'!;!'   '^' 

'.    '; 

fi" 

;m:'     , 

i    ,^ 

h  ::  I- 


I 


I  I' 


I  K': 


if. 


if  n 


Si.!(iii; 


t 


■  (  I    ■ 

I 

i 

>;54 


WAIIS    NOT   FOR  CONyrKST. 


rouuili'tl  tlu'  liidiiins.  Tlu'sc  iintions  liiivc  liiul  iiiuiiy 
coiiHuK'niWIi'  wars  t«i  siistaiii  ai^iiiiist  llu-  li'iM|U(>is,  wlio 
had  Hciit  tlioin  tin*  ni<irliii-i,li\  tliat  is  to  sav,  arconliii;;  to 
tliiirlaiitriiau't',  had  foriruhh-ii  tlu'iii  from  iK'ariiifjariiiH, 
and  ri'irardrd  tliciii  as  wouifii. 

Tlio  lro(|iinis  aiv  six  nations  united  to^'ctluT,  inchid- 
ini;  the  Tu»  aronis,  who  liatl  Iktu   almost   (h'strovi'd, 
and  whom  thrv  iiavo  iiiforporatt'd  amoni;  tlicin,  as  also 
till'  Kiic  or  Cat  nation,  of  whom  l»iit  a  ti-w  individuals 
n-main,  who  havo  hri-n  adoptrd  hv  llu'  Stncfas.     Thf 
li'0((Uois  nation  is  thf  most  ]>i'rt(H'tly  allit'<l  of  all  thoso 
ill  America,  and  forms  a  true  federated  re|iultlif.     This 
union  has  j;iven  them  a  decided  superiority  over  all  the 
other  nations  who  heiiii,'  less   numerous,  weri'  hroken 
and  unahle  to  escape  them.     Thi'  iroipiois  went  to  seek 
tlu'ir  enemies  with  thousamis  of  warriors,  as  far  as  to 
the  rivers  which  tidi    into  the    Mississippi,   and   to  tlii' 
shores  of  Lake  Superior.      All  of  tlu'st-  incursions  nevi-r 
ended  without   the  dcdtli   or  capture  of  men,  and  the 
destruction  of  these  nations.     This  is  what  the  Indians 
call  ailhiij  Ihiiii.     T'wy  never  had  a  thou,<rht  of  t'Xteiid- 
inu-  tiicir  country,    nor   of   .irniniutr  a    larirer  huntini; 
ground,  nor  of  suhjugatiiiir  other  nations  to  themselves. 
This  is  proved  dy  the  tiict  that  iiotwithstandiiij;  all  the 
advantages   they    eiijoyd    over   the    ditfereiit    nations 
thev  have  almost   destroyed,  such   as  the   lliiroiis,  tlii' 
Xepieins  and  tlie  Algou()uiiis,  who  were  formerly  very 
mimerous,  the  Iro(piois  have  never  sought  to  take  the 
lands  of  these  nations,  nor  to  rechiee  them  to  slavery. 


I,AN(»UA(»K:   TMK  AI.dONtiriNf*. 


:'.v 


Tlif  claiiiis  of  till-  KiiirliHli  vvcrc  tlicrct'orc  vcit  iVivn- 
Idiis,  wlicii  tlicy  sii|ii)(m((l  that  liv  virtue  of  tlicii  prc- 
ti'inli'd  iiHiiiiu'o  witli  tlic  Iroquois,  tlial  tlicv  liinl  riii'lits 
ill  tlic  <  (iiiiitrics  of  all  those  nations  with  whom  these 
|ieo|ile  hatlheeiiat  war.aml  whom  tlu\v  had siilijupit«'(l. 


Th 


'se 


nations  niav   have  ilimiiiishe)!,  hut    tliev    liavi> 


never  ehaiiiretl  the  eomlitioii  of  their  varioiis  eaiitons. 

The  Oiitaoiiais,  the  Saiitenrs  or  (jehihois  ami  the 
Missisakes.  who  have  aJniost  tiie  sanu'  lan<;ua,i;e,  ami 
who  are  allied  amoiiir  themselves.  altliou<;li   verv  near 


the  h 


on  aci'oiint  of  this 
tant  and  less  unit. 


d  tl 


rooimis,  havi'  sustained  themselves  ai'ainst   them, 


n. 


Till"  other  nations  more  dis- 


liave,  in  the  meantime,  sntl'ered 
somewhat.  Thev  are  not  even  eiuifederated  t<»r  hiint- 
inir,  and  therefore  eould  not  tit^ht  with  siieeess  atrainst 
the  vast  armies  of  tlu'  lr(H|Uois  which  amoiinti'd  they 
say  to  twenty  thousand  men.  If  siieh  armies  had 
existed,  it  is  certain  that  they  would  have  destroyeil  all 
the  nations  throiitrli  which  they  nii_u;ht  pass. 

When  the  French  c.iiiu'  to  Aineriea,  they  landed 
iiiion  the  shores  of  the  .\lj;on((iiins,  one  of  the  most 
ancient  nations  upon  the  continent,  as  we  may  judifo 
from  the  extent  of  tlu'ir  lanicnaire,  and  upon  those  of 
the  Xepicins  and  Ilnrons  who  weri' at  war  with  the 
Iroijuois.  'Plie  French  havinu;  taken  part  a,i>;ainst  these 
latter,  thi-y  hecaine  thus  the  natural  enemies  of  their 
estahlishiiieiits.  They  came  near  dislodijint,^  us  from 
tlu'  Island  of  Montreal,  and  the  jilains  east  of  the  rivor 
tSt.  liawrence  wliere  thev  came  to  hunt,  as  wo  have 


'il  I 


> 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


L5  12.8 

■50     "^^ 


IIS 

lU 

lit 

■UUU 


■  40 


12.0 


1  '-2^  i  '-^  1^ 

^ 

_ 6//  

► 

Hiotographic 

Sdaices 

Corporation 


A 


\ 


4V 


^ 


\ 


\ 


'    «!> 


4!^.^. 


*%.• 

^.^ 


\ 


>- 


23  WIST  MAIN  STMET 

WnSTIR.N./.  )45S0 

(716)  t72-4503 


236 


INDIANS  SUPPLIED   BY  THE  FRENCH. 


S"!] 


2''  In, 


M'    , 


..  i'<i 


done  them  considerable  harm  in  the  early  period  of 
the  colony.^  They  were  always  urged  on,  first  hy  the 
solicitations  of  Swedes  and  Dutch  who  formed  settle- 
ments upon  the  Hudson  river,  and  then  hy  the  Eng- 
lish who  succeeded  them.  This  gave  us  an  opportu- 
nity to  ally  ourselves  more  intimately  with  all  the 
nations  of  the  continent,  because  they  all  dreaded  the 
Iroquois,  and  we  were  always  ready  to  sustain  them  or 
to  make  alliances  with  them  against  the  common 
enemy. 

As  for  the  rest,  the  French  did  not  usually  meet  the 
Indians  except  at  their  posts,  where  they  supplied  them 
with  whatever  would  satisfy  their  wants,  and  had  be- 
come necessary  for  them.  "When  they  have  had  any 
difficulty  with  any  of  these  nations,  they  have  taken 
care  to  always  unite  themselves  with  the  others  against 
them,  and  have  soon  obliged  them  to  remain  quiet, 
because  the  Indians  distrust  one  another  mucij  more  if 
they  are  supposed  to  have  relations  with  Europeans. 

The  Indian  nations  find  themselves  sometimes  en- 
tangled with  one  another,  either  upon  returning  from 
the  chase,  or  in  their  reciprocal  embassies  when  they 
pass  their  time  in  festivities,  or  rather  debaucheries 
with  brandy.  They  often  take  precautions  at  such 
times  so  that  no  harm  shall  happen.  The  women  try 
to  hide  the  arms  of  their  husbands  as  much  as  possible, 


'They  have  many  thnes  brought  us  within  two  fingers'  breudtliof 
ruin.  Bee  the  HUt.  de  la  Noit  rclle  France  by  Father  Cliurlevoix. — Xvtc 
in  Original. 


;l;i 


tiii. 


i!-;;,' 


:  ,< 


DRUNKEN    REVELS. 


237 


for  they  never  drink  without  treating  all  the  re.st.  At 
their  festivals  they  all  eat  till  almost  ready  to  burst. 
Their  feasts  often  consist  in  drinking,  and  where  eat- 
ing is  out  of  the  question.  Ten  or  a  dozen  Indians 
will  drink  as  many  as  fifteen  or  twenty  pots  of  brandy, 
and  more  in  the  same  proportion.  The  youngest  is 
charged  with  pouring  the  drink,  and  each  one  in  his 
turn  drinks  the  same  quantity.  The  one  who  distrib- 
utes, keeps  so  good  an  account,  that  his  portion  is 
always  found  equal  to  that  of  the  others.  The  women 
who  do  not  care  much  about  drink  take  their  poi^tion, 
put  it  in  the  mouth  and  at  once  throw  it  into  a  little 
kettle.  Thej'  then  sell  it  back  to  the  revellers  when 
their  brandy  is  gone. 

The  Indians  have  so  great  a  passion  for  this  drink, 
that  when  once  they  have  been  led  to  taste,  they  will 
deprive  themselves  generally  of  all  that  they  have,  to 
swallow  more.  We  may  imagine  what  an  uproar  and 
confusion  this  will  occasion.  They  begin  by  singing, 
and  then  follow  with  the  most  vehement  yells.  They 
reserve  for  those  drunken  revels,  to  make  their  re- 
proaches and  to  quarrel,  which  is  always  upon  the 
want  of  bravery.'  These  quarrels,  almost  always  end 
in  the  death  of  some  one,  or  cost  them  at  least 
some  torn  ears.  If  they  attack  a  man  who  is  not 
drunk,  and  who  has  not  the  prudence  to  steal  away  at 
an  early  hour,  he  often  becomes  a  victim,  because  it 


'If  a  man  is  woumled  by  a  gun   shot,  or  a  sharp  weapon,  it  is 
deemed  a  deatli  tliat  demands  vengeance. — iVote  in  Original. 


r1 


; 


i    . 


i'r  i  I 


ill'.     „ 

5     ■■'■■    1    ', 


i^ 


U  ■  ¥ 


I 


lil 


1  \   1 

'.'■■      ! 

.iii( 


?!;* 


1  i; 


!<■!■ 


^^li- 


J 

1 

nni 

{ 

1 

Hit 

t,- 

■' 

■nii 

! 

iiWIE™* 

'11 

1 

mSt. 

ii 

It 

i- 

1  : 

i: 

1 

111 

1 

! 

'/ 


288 


REVENGE  FOK  INJURIES. 


would  be  dishonorable  foi*  him  to  strike  a  man  in  a 
state  of  drnnkcnnoss,  as  they  say  that  then  they  have 
no  spirit.  If  he  goes  off  then,  he  fears  the  other  will 
reproach  him  for  having  fled.  In  this  alternative,  to 
show  his  courage  he  will  tell  them  to  strike,  and  the 
others  may  kill  him.  By  such  accidents  good  and 
brave  Indians  have  been  killed. 

If  the  man  killed  is  of  the  same  nation  as  that  of 
the  slayer  they  say  nothing  at  the  time,  but  bring  it 
up  on  some  other  drunken  occasion.  If  the  latter  is 
found  there,  as  seldom  tails  to  happen,  because  they 
cannot  resist  the  temptation  to  drink,  some  one  of  the 
relatives  of  the  deceased  kill  him.  Some  of  them 
pretend  to  more  drunkenness  than  is  real,  so  as  better 
to  execute  their  design.  In  any  other  condition  they 
would  not  dare  to  undertake  their  revenge,  because 
they  could  not  then  excuse  themselves  by  saying  that 
they  had  no  courage.  Fiiuilly  to  remedy  these  succes- 
sive hostilities,  the  relatives  of  the  murderer  cover  the 
dead  body,  as  we  have  described,  and  this  gives  oc- 
casion for  another  war  party  to  go  and  seek  to  replace 
him.  This  measure  does  not  alwaj's  restrain  the 
mother  or  wife  of  the  dead,  from  mourning  his  loss, 
or  from  their  employing  some  one  to  slay  the  assassin, 
We  may  judge  what  destruction  of  human  life  these 
accidents  involve.  If  the  latter  has  killed  several,  the 
nation  willingly  consents  that  he  shall  die  at  a  festival 
prepared  on  purpose,  at  which  even  his  father  attends. 
Wlien  the  Europeans  wish  to  exhort  them  to  desist 


INDIAN  V'ARS  :   TKEATIES. 


239 


from  such  deaigiis,  thoy  quietly  answer  that  he  should 
die,  hecause  ho  is  of  no  value. 

If  such  an  event  should  happen  l)etAvecn  different 
nations,  it  hecomes  much  more  furious.  The  whole 
nation  is  insulted  and  ohliged  to  avenge  the  death.  If 
the  nation  of  the  murderer  wish  to  avoid  war,  it  is 
necessary  for  it  to  deliver  him  up  so  that  they  can 
cover  the  dead,  but  even  then  they  are  not  always  con- 
tented. The  parties  injured  wish  to  take  their  revenge, 
even  a  long  time  afterwards,  and  these  quarrels  some- 
times only  end  by  the  destruction  of  one  or  the  other, 
or  until  other  nations  interpose  their  authority.  The 
more  injury  that  is  done  to  an  Indian  tribe,  the  more 
they  become  intractable,  and  they  can  only  in  the  end 
become  conciliated,^  except  by  gentle  measures. 

In  their  embassies  between  nations  to  speak  of 
peace,  alliance,  or  some  other  political  object,  the  de- 
putation is  always  numerous,  and  is  composed  of  chiefs 
or  elders  of  the  nation,  the  war  chiefs  and  young  war- 
riors, and  they  have  with  them  an  orator.  Some  are 
found  in  almost  all  the  villages.  They  are  commonly 
the  best  talkers.  They  carry  with  them  belts  of  white 
wampum,  upon  which  is  represented  the  subject  of  the 
embassy.  If  it  is  an  alliance,  they  picture  out  some 
cabins  which  designate  their  villages,  and  trace  a  road 
from  one  village  to  another,  and  Indians  holding  each 
other  by  the  hand.  Wo  may  easily  infer  the  meaning 
of  what  they  would  wish  to  say.  The  more  important 
the  business,  the  larger  become  these  belts.     They  carry 


'i! 


,    t   ! 

'      j      ! 

:'i  i,' 


:   ■  1 


ilJ' 


I'l     • 


1  ( 


!'^:: 


■■'  '  i 


•i!' 
•.■'.f 


I  ! 


iii:,, 

0 


W^  4 


240 


CKREMONIES  OF  A  TREATY. 


a  calumet  of  peace  with  tliem,  which  is  a  pipe  made  of 
marble,  or  some  other  soft  stone,  red,  brown  or  black,  of 
which  the  grain  is  very  tino,  and  which  they  can  workout 
with  a  knife.  They  lit  in  a  wooden  tube  two  orthree  feet 
long.  This  wood  which  is  yery  hard,  has  a  thick  pith, 
which  they  take  out  with  a  brass  wire  heated  rod  in 
the  tire.  It  is  painted  yellow  and  black,  in  a  flaming 
design,  or  coyercd  with  a  braid  of  white,  yellow,  red  or 
black  porcupine  quills,  with  a  row  of  eagle's  feathers 
attached  by  a  cord  of  porcupine  quills  and  pendant 
ribbons  of  ditferent  colors,  which  giye  a  very  pleasing 
etfect. 

The  cortege  haying  arrived  at  the  chief's  cabin,  all 
those  who  compose  it,  sit  down  upon  the  ground  with- 
out saying  a  word,  and  light  the  calumet.  The  chief 
begins  to  smoke,  and  then  he  presents  it  to  the  chief  of 
the  nation  with  whom  they  hayc  come  to  negotiate, 
suid  the  calumet  passes  from  one  to  another,  and  they 
each  smoke  a  puif.  This  is  the  strongest  mark  of 
peace  and  amity  that  they  can  give.  If  they  cannot 
agree  they  refuse  to  smoke.  After  this  ceremony  the 
orator  arises,  relates  his  journey,  says  tliey  are  much 
fatigued,  and  ends  by  indicating  the  day  when  they 
intend  to  depart.  If  they  are  friends,  they  send  them 
something  to  eat,  and  they  all  retire  together  to  cabin 
themselyes  without  saying  moi'c. 

On  the  appointed  day  they  come  to  the  council,  and 
the  orator  delivers  Avhat  lie  has  to  say  to  them,  giving 
strings  or  belts  according  to  importance  of  what  he  has 


INDIAN  CEUEMONIES. 


241 


to  propose,  Tlioy  remain  so  still  that  one  could  hear 
a  tly  buzz,  and  all  with  their  pipes  between  their  teeth, 
as  is  also  sometimes  that  of  the  orator.  At  the  import- 
ant passages,  the  deputies  approve  the  discourse  by  a 
ho  ho.  The  others  do  not  reply  the  same  day,  but  only 
indicate  when  they  will.  "With  same  ceremonies  the 
orator  of  the  nation  replies  to  everythiiit|,',  repeating 
article  by  article,  and  giving  belts  or  strings  for  each 
subject.  The  council  being  finished,  they  separate  and 
then  begin  the  dances  and  festivals  among  them  which 
last  till  their  departure. 

If  they  wish  to  engage  a  nation  in  war,  they  carry 
belts  of  black  wampum,  with  their  hatchets  painted 
above,  in  red,  with  vermilion.  The  larger  it  is,  the 
more  pressing  the  invitation.  This  is  their  eustoni  of 
ottering  the  hatchet. 

The  calumet  dance,  which  is  one  of  their  greatest 
ceremonies,  is  never  held  but  in  case  of  agreement. 
All  the  Indians  sit  in  a  circle,  with  their  hatchets  or 
tomahawks,  and  knives  in  their  hands.  Some  have 
only  chivhiiums,  which  are  gourds  rilled  with  little 
pebbles,  or  the  hoofs  from  the  feet  of  deer  fastened 
together  at  the  end  of  a  handle.  They  also  have  a 
kettle  drum  made  of  a  kettle  covered  with  a  skin. 
They  select  the  most  active  for  dancing,  while  another 
sings  an  air  proper  for  the  dance.  All  these  instru- 
ments arc  beaten  in  cadence,  and  the  dancer  with  his 
calumet  in  one  hand  and  a  chichiquois  in  the  other,  in 

the  nuddle  of  the  ring,  follows  the  air,  keeping  time 

31 


I   I'J 


•■:i 


.)■'. 


v.t 


I.-  % 

■i     ■  i 
i»  \   I. 

I,. 


I 


'  V  1 


;  -  i  i ,'  i 

■ ;  '!■■ 


im^/' 


it    h 

! 

'  e  >j 

l«~l 

:'«  ','1 

^H 

^Hi 

W 

i, 

1 

"i'  i 

Bl! 


ill' 


'l.-l 


242 


DANCES:   WAR  PAKTIES. 


with  regular  but  violent  movements  in  every  part  of 
his  body.  He  stoops  down  almost  to  the  ground,  and 
after  making  sundry  contortions,  rises  quickly,  making 
various  motions  in  the  interval.  He  then  renews  tho 
dance  in  whicli  he  shows  great  dexterity  and  strength. 
It  has  much  regularity,  and  would  not  oft'eud  iu  a 
theatre. 

From  what  we  have  said  we  may  well  infer,  that  tho 
Indians  have  frequent  occasion  for  war,  as  they  must 
always  have  some  nation  "  to  eat,"  and  can  never  bo 
quiet  without  it.  An  Indian  who  should  pass  three 
years  without  going  to  war,  would  not  be  reputed  a 
man,  and  would  be  assailed  with  reproaches  in  their 
festivals. 

When  war  is  decided  against  a  nation,  there  are  not 
found  wanting  war  chiefs  who  seek  to  make  up  parties. 
They  choose  one  having  the  most  reputation.  Ho  sup- 
plies himself  with  brandy  and  some  equipments,  and 
invites  the  young  people,  and  especially  his  relatives, 
to  a  feast,  which  consisted  in  eating  a  dog,  which  they 
have  killed  by  flaying.  The  repast  ended,  they  begin 
to  drink  brandy.  The  war  chief  arises,  sings  the  war 
song,  and  each  one  in  turn  recounts  all  his  exploits, 
striking  a  post,  and  thi'owing  down  a  pledge  to  confirm 
the  fact.  Ho  speaks  of  all  the  nations  whose  homes  ho 
has  attacked,  and  marks  with  his  hatchet  on  the  side 
towards  which  they  are  situated.  He  announces  his 
intentions  with  the  most  menacing  air  possible,  and 
invites  those  who  have  courage  to  follow  him.     He  ends 


WAU    I'ARTIKS. 


243 


by  throwing  down  a  belt  of  black  wampum  painted  in 
red,  with  disdain  upon  the  earth,  and  invites  those  who 
have  heart  to  take  it  up,  announcing  that  he  intends  to 
give  it  to  the  one  who  shall  show  tlu;  greatest  courage. 
All  the  young  people  sit  in  a  circle  around  him,  replying 
by  a  hd  M  in  cadence,  which  serves  as  the  refrain  of 
his  song. 

When  this  chief  ends,  the  first  who  decides,  rises  up, 
and  goes  through  the  same  ceremony,  sings  his  war 
song,  recounts  his  exploits,  strikes  the  post,  and  throws 
down  his  pledges  of  assurance,  and  takes  up  the  belt, 
still  singing ;  —  protests  that  he  shall  be  found  worthy  of 
gaining  it,  and  then  throws  it  down.  The  others  get 
up  as  they  one  by  one  decide,  and  go  through  the  same 
ceremony.  Those  who  do  not  wish  to  join  the  party, 
drink,  but  do  not  dance.  The  ceremony  being  ended, 
all  those  who  are  to  form  the  party  array  themselves  as 
warriors.  They  strip  to  the  breech  cloth  and  mocca- 
sins, and  paint  their  whole  bodies  with  reddish  brown, 
in  streaks  which  they  make  with  their  fingers,  and  cut 
their  hair  or  rather  pull  it  out  by  the  roots,  except  the 
forelock.  They  ornament  the  head,  and  cover  it  with 
Vermillion,  and  above  they  put  a  white  tuft  which  is 
the  mark  they  carry  for  war. 

As  soon  as  they  i  ;■  all  assembled,  they  march 
together,  their  weapons  1 1  their  hands,  and  dancing 
around  go  from  cabin  to  cabin  singing  an  air,  of  which 
the  final  words  are  ha  ha,  he  he,  heu,  hi  hi,  &c.,  turning 
towards  one  another,  knife  iu  hand,  and  gesticulating 


[' 


I 


'  I 


1 . 


j  II 


I 


i 

m 


ri;  ni 


244 


WAR    I'ARTIKH. 


violontly.  Tlioy  make  Homo  little  pi-eftoiitH.  i)iinii_<if 
tills  time  the  yonn<;  girls  follow  them,  alwajH  daiu-iiig 
with  a  tossijii?  motion,  as  wlioii  (lancing  in  tlie  eveniiip^s 
as  we  have  ivlatod,  and  tliis  in  to  those  who  treat  them 
the  best.  This  continues  several  days,  and  until  the 
moment  of  dei)arture.  They  put  themselves  then  in 
file  one  after  another,  the  chief  at  the  head,  preceded 
by  the  youngest  who  carries  the  medicinehng,  in  which 
is  a  bird  or  other  animal,  which  each  war  chief  takes 
for  his  Manitou.  They  have  also  in  this  bag  some  sim- 
ples for  wounds  or  sickness.  They  have  a  very  'j-  t 
regard  for  this  bag,  which  always  precedes  them  on 
their  marches.  The  war  chief  sings  his  parting  song, 
which  is  a  prayer  to  the  Master  of  Life  that  ho  Avill 
favor  them  in  their  designs.  Several  girls  follow  the 
band,  carrying  the  packages  of  theyoung  men,  and  some- 
times accompany  them  three  or  four  days,  when  they 
return.  They  make  their  journeys  in  fiuioes,  because 
the  rivers  are  the  only  highways  in  the  country. 

The  young  people  are  charged  as  we  have  said  with 
all  extra  duties,  which  they  divide  among  themselves 
without  a  murmur.  If  some  idle  ones  do  not  wish  to 
do  it,  they  make  no  reproach.  If  some  one  juggles 
and  desires  to  return,  ho  leaves  without  ceremony. 
They  encamp  eai-ly  to  hunt,  as  they  carry  no  provisions 
and  only  their  ammunition.  They  have,  however, 
sometimes,  a  little  sack  of  sarjamKc,  Avhich  is  some 
Indian  corn  pounded,  scorched  and  cooked  in  a  kettle 
with  fat  and  maple  sugar.     They  save  this  kind  of  food 


li:] 


WAR    I'AUTIES. 


•24r, 


till  tho  time  when  tlipynrc  near  tliot'iicniy,  ortbrsoino 
occasion  of  scanlty.  By  mixing  with  water  alone,  it 
makes  a  very  healthy  food,  and  hoth  nouri.shinj?  and 
jileasant.  Two  hands  full  of  this  food  will  do  for  the 
Hulwistoncc  of  u  day,  if  they  apprehend  u  scarcity  of 
food. 

When  they  arc  in  the  enemy's  country,  they  do  not 
fire,  and  if  they  have  no  arrows,  they  live  hy  fisliing, 
or  upon  roots,  or  their  sagamite.  But  whenever  they 
arc  ready  to  strike,  or  when  they  flee,  or  after  an  action, 
they  remain  tliree  or  four  days  without  eating.  In 
approaching  the  frontier,  where  they  might  meet  some 
one,  they  take  care  to  seek  the  densest  thickets,  and  to 
ettacc  all  their  tracks  where  they  enter  them.  They 
also  conceal  their  canoes  and  all  their  packs  and  orna- 
ments, paint  their  whole  hodies  hlack,  and  carry  with 
them  only  their  arms  and  their  Manitou  without  for- 
getting their  mirrors.  Tlicy  hold  frequent  councils  to 
decide  how  they  shall  disperse  after  having  struck,  or 
where  they  shall  rendezvous,  &c.  They  never  march 
without  first  sending  out  scouts  a  distance  of  two  or 
three  leagues  around  them,  upon  whose  reports  they 
act.  Their  sagacity  in  discovering  every  kind  of  ti-acc 
is  remarkahle.  The  trodden  earth,  leaves  upturned,  or 
the  dew  hrushed  oft",  mil  not  prevent  them  from  recog- 
nizing the  tracks  of  deer.  They  know  the  tracks  of 
the  Indians  hy  the  kind  of  shoes,  hut  more  especially 
by  the  manner  in  which  the  foot  is  put  down  or  turned. 
They  judge  still  more  easily  if  they  are  Europeans,  by 


I  i 


I'ti' 


II.! 


^iii ' 


i  I ' 


■  I 


it, 
i 


:t] 


m 


i'l 


\  i 


240 


WAR    I'ARTIEf*. 


>    I! 


31  ' 


Ifii 


Ij- 


I 


i-        .:. 


:  •  ,1 


M 


■  in.: 


'11  '.: 


the  Htep  niul  tlio  solo  of  tlio  hIioo.  Tlioy  even  diHliii- 
^u'ihIi  an  Kiiixlislinmii  from  a  Froiu'limiiii,aii(l  aHciTtaln 
very  correctly  how  many  pcoplu  there  are,  as  well  hy 
the  tracks  as  hy  the  fires  that  tliey  hiiild,  and  hy  their 
places  of  8loei)in^%  if  these  traces  are  those  of  n  party 
in  u  campaign.  Those  who  are  the  first  to  discover 
are  almost  sure  to  heat  the  others.  They  will  follow 
the  track  many  days,  until  they  find  them  in  a  position 
that  gives  them  advantage,  us  in  a  cahin,  or  dispersed 
to  sleep,  or  iu  a,  march  where  they  are  separated.  Thoy 
will  conceal  themselves  near  the  i)lace  where  they  wish 
to  strike,  each  one  in  the  place  assigned  by  tlie  war 
chief,  and  remain  quiet  until  he  gives  tlie  signal  hy  a 
cry  made  as  he  strikes  the  hand  upon  his  mouth.  lie 
is  answered  by  all  the  assailants,  who  are  now  all  con- 
cealed, each  with  his  prey  selected.  At  the  first  moment 
of  the  enemy's  surprise,  they  fire  upon  him,  and  it  is 
seldom  that  they  fail  to  bring  some  of  them  down. 
They  issue  out  at  once,  hatchet  in  hand,  to  throw  them- 
selves uiion  them,  and  do  not  stop  before  they  are  all 
destroyed.  If  they  think  they  are  not  much  wounded, 
or  that  they  are  in  a  condition  for  defense,  they  give 
them  a  blow  on  the  head  with  a  hatchet.  If  they  flee, 
they  throw  it  after  them,  and  plant  it  in  their  should- 
ers, in  which  they  become  very  adroit.  As  soon  as  the 
man  has  fallen,  they  run  to  him,  put  their  knee  be- 
tween his  shoulders,  take  a  lock  of  hair  in  one  hand, 
and  with  their  knife  in  Ihe  other  give  a  blow  separat- 
ing the  skin   from  the  head,  and  tearing  off  a  piece. 


cniUELTY  TO  I'RISONEnS. 


247 


Thirtis  a  tiling  quickly  ilono ;  then  Hliowiiig  tho  sculp 
they  utter  u  cry  which  they  cull  the  deuth  cry.  During 
their  conihats,  they  ruisc  cries  as  t'uriouK  uh  [)OflHil»le,  to 
uuiniute  one  another  und  intiniidute  the  enemy.  It"  they 
do  not  SCO  theniHelves  pressed,  und  if  the  victory  has 
cost  them  blood,  they  exerclKe  grcut  burhuritics 
towards  those  they  kill,  or  upon  the  bodies  of  the  deud, 
whom  they  disembowel,  und  then  puint  themselves  with 
their  blood. 

Although  they  repent  much  of  these  horrors,  they 
nevertheless  give  wuy  to  them,  to  uiiimato  themselves 
for  courage,  and  inspire  a  kind  of  fury,  which  nuikes 
them  appear  more  brave  among  their  fellows,  and 
heedless  of  peril.  They  bind  all  the  prisoners  they  can 
take  with  the  belts  which  servo  to  carry  their  jiackets, 
and  which  they  never  quit.  They  tic  them  so 
strongly  by  the  neck,  arms  und  waist,  that  it  is  impos- 
sible for  them  to  get  free.  If  they  fear  to  be  attacked, 
they  at  once  run  and  disperse  to  the  rendezvous  agreed 
upon,  which  is  sometimes  nine  or  ten  leagues  oil',  ac- 
cording to  the  country,  and  the  circumstances  in  which 
they  find  themselves.  They  sometimes  assign  two  to 
aid  the  prisoners  in  marching,  taking  them  by  the 
hands.  If  notwithstanding  this  they  are  unable  to  fol- 
low, they  take  off  their  scalp- 
When  they  arc  in  ambuscade  near  some  village  or 
fort,  as  there  are  commonly  some  clearings  in  the 
environs,  they  seek  to  approach  in  the  night.  If  they 
do  so  by  day,  they  lie  with  their  belly  to  the  ground, 


iki. 


i  ''it 


ttii 


i,5ii'i 


248 


MODES  OF  ATTACK. 


and  cover  their  head  and  back  mth  herbs,  leaves  or 
straw,  according  to  the  color  of  the  ground  where  they 
are.  They  advance  on  their  hands,  pushing  their  guns 
before  them  until  they  are  conveniently  advanced. 
Thoy  judge  according  to  their  strength,  whether  the 
post  is  assailable  or  not,  which  is  always  decided  to 
their  advantage  because  the  few  whom  they  see  ex- 
posed, they  allow  to  pass  them  and  watch  with  extreme 
patience  the  favorable  moment  and  opportunity,  espe- 
cially if  they  are  only  two  or  three  in  number.  Their 
puii^ose  accomplished,  they  raise  a  cry  as  they  retreat, 
and  leave  behind  some  mark  to  designate  what  nation 
has  struck. 

They  scarcely  amuse  themselves  by  pillaging.  If 
they  have  time  they  try  to  kill  some  animals  for  provi- 
sions. It  is  seldom  that  they  burn  houses,  because 
they  do  not  wish  to  be  discovered.  Their  principal 
object  is,  to  bring  away  prisoners,  or  to  take  scalps. 
"When  they  find  they  cannot  succeed,  they  do  not  fire. 
They  embarrass  themselves  but  little  Avith  their  own 
traces,  or  the  spoils  of  the  dead.  It  is  important  to 
remark  here,  that  if  they  have  occasion  to  lead  oft" 
many  prisoners  or  take  many  scalps,  they  persevere 
ULtil  the  operation  is  finished,  but  when  the  party 
amounts  to  three  hundred  and  have  taken  only  one  or 
two  scalps,  they  do  not  begin  another  operation  doubt- 
ing their  power  to  ruin  the  country  or  to  kill  other 
men.  They  say  that  if  they  were  not  contented  the 
Master  of  Life  would  be  oftended  at  them,  and  that 


■■i  :i  I 


PRISONERS:    REWARDS  OF  BRAVERY. 


249 


P 


ft 


I' 


thoy  would  run  the  risk  of  not  succeeding,  or  of  loos- 
ing their  people.  Thus  they  go  to  their  homes,  to 
touch  the  goal,  if  I  may  so  express  myself,  and  having 
traveled  two  or  three  hundred  leagues,  they  make  other 
parties  and  return.  "Wlicn  they  have  returned  to  their 
rendezvous,  they  dispose  of  their  prisoners  according 
to  the  taste  of  their  nation.  If  he  is  an  European,  they 
cut  their  hair  in  their  fashion,  and  dress  them  like 
Lidians.  They  secure  them  by  night,  and  fiisten  them 
to  some  branches  of  trees  by  their  feet  and  hands,  in 
such  a  way  that  they  cannot  escape.  They  put  around 
their  neck  a  belt  of  wampum,  such  as  our  ladies  wear, 
and  paint  them  red,  which  is  a  mark  of  slavery.  They 
take  care  to  feed  him  of  every  thing  that  they  have,  so 
that  he  shall  not  i>iue  away  on  the  road.  They  stretch 
their  scalps  around  a  little  hoop  in  the  form  of  a  drum 
head,  with  the  hair  hanging  down  one  side.  They 
grease  them  and  sprinkle  them  with  vermilion,  as  well 
as  on  the  inside  of  the  skin. 

The  war  chief  takes  care  to  give  the  belt  promised 
to  him  who  was  the  first  to  go  upon  the  enemy,  or  who 
has  made  the  best  blow,  which  they  decide  among  them- 
selves, equitably  and  without  a  murmur.  If  the  chief 
has  some  equipment,  of  which  some  one  is  in  want,  he 
robs  himself  to  give  it  to  him.  If  it  is  by  good  con- 
duct, bravery,  good  luck  and  liberality  that  he  requires 
the  reputation  of  being  a  good  war  chief.  Although 
ho  should  succeed  in  his  hopes  in  an  attack,  if  he 
should  have  the  misfortune  to  lose  some  one,  every 
32 


t 
! 

I  it 


i  -I 


F  1 


^;1 


I   , 


I' 
1  > 


''I 


«'^" : 


250 


RECEPTION  OF  PRISONEKS. 


fJ-' '   ,  'ili 


thing  is  plunged  into  sorrow,  and  the  glory  with  which 
he  is  covered  is  counted  for  nothing.  They  require 
him  to  return  to  war,  to  avenge  the  blood  of  the  de- 
deascd,  and  to  replace  him  in  the  family.  The  Iro- 
quois take  great  care  to  bring  back  all  the  wounded, 
even  when  they  may  be  of  a  foreign  nation.  This  is 
one  of  their  first  duties.  They  make  a  kind  of  litter, 
or  they  pass  a  belt  under  their  thighs,  which  they  fasten 
to  their  foreheads,  and  carry  them  hundreds  of  leagues 
if  they  have  no  canoes.  Other  nations  abandon  their 
prisoners  in  the  woods,  leaving  them  what  they  can  to 
subsist  upon,  beyond  which,  these  miserable  wretches 
must  seek  in  the  forest  the  rest  of  their  subsistence, 
and  that  wherewith  to  dress  their  wounds.  Some  after 
having  been  out  some  months  have  retunied,  while 
others  have  perished  of  misery.  They  thus  regard  a 
wounded  man  or  a  prisoner  as  a  dead  man. 

Until  they  return  to  their  villages,  their  prisoners  arc 
well  treated,  and  without  ill  temper.  "When  a  party 
arrives,  those  who  compose  it,  are  all  in  file,  one  after 
another,  as  on  their  departure.  He  who  carries  the 
scalps  is  at  the  head.  They  are  suspended  along  a  pole. 
Then  come  the  prisoners,  with  a  chiohiquoi  in  hand 
singing,  although  they  do  it  unwillingly.  All  the  war- 
riors are  silent.  He  who  carries  the  pole  of  scalps  then 
first  makes  as  many  cries  as  they  have  lost  men.  It  is 
a  doleful  cry,  and  ends  in  a  falling  tone  of  voice,  after 
which  he  makes  as  many  sharp  cries  as  they  have 
scalps  and  prisoners,  and  a  general  cry  terminates  the 


:■•  ill 


RUNNING  THE  GAUNTLET. 


251 


count.  They  recommence  this  again  until  they  come 
to  the  chiefs  cabin.  We  can  well  imagine  with  what 
eagerness  the  young  people,  the  women  and  the  child- 
ren run  to  meet  them.  The  most  active  take  the  pole 
to  carry  to  the  chief,  as  if  to  ainiouncc  to  him  the  good 
news.  Others  seize  hold  of  the  prisoners,  and  each  one 
endeavors  to  lead  them  to  the  chiefs  cabin.  They  arc 
lucky  if  they  have  good  legs,  for  they  are  assailed  by  a 
cloud  of  stones  and  with  blows  of  clubs,  and  in  this 
way  alone  they  can  have  any  advantage.  All  are  in 
confusion  except  the  warriors  who  remain  tranquil,  and 
continue  their  march  as  in  a  procession.  If  some  one 
of  the  prisoners  has  the  misfortune  to  fall,  he  is  still 
worse  treated,  especially  if  he  cries  out,  because  this 
amuses  them.  It  is  extraordinary  that  they  do  not  all 
got  murdered  in  reaching  the  cabin,  where  all  the 
chiefs  and  ancients  are  assembled. 

He  who  conducts  the  war  party,  relates  his  journey 
and  the  expedition,  gives  justice  to  each  one,  and 
makes  the  eulogy  of  his  warriors  by  mentioning  their 
actions,  after  which  he  presents  the  prisoners  to  the 
assembly,  when  each  in  his  turn  must  dance.  We  may 
well  imagine  that  they  do  not  do  this  willingly, 
especially  if  they  are  Europeans.  But  the  Indian  pri- 
soners do  not  need  to  be  urged,  and  this  gives  them  an 
occasion  to  recount  their  bravery.  This  ceremony 
ended,  the  war  chief  disposes  of  the  scalps  and  prison- 
ers according  to  the  destination  previously  agreed  upon. 
Among  the  Iroquois,   a  prisoner  is  commonly  des- 


I 


Is  I 


M' 


IL   i 


•I'll)  ^ 


li: 


mmf^\ 


iiT 


252 


FATE  OF  PRISONERS  :   CANNIBAUSM. 


vl 


tilled  to  replace  some  person  deceased,  by  occupying 
Ilia  place  in  the  family.  The  whole  nation  regard  him 
as  one  of  their  members,  and  the  new  relatives  take  off 
the  collar  of  slavery.  If  the  family  do  not  wish  to 
adopt  him,  and  say  that  the}'  are  too  much  afflicted  to 
think  of  replacing  the  dead,  they  give  up  the  prisoner 
to  the  young  people  to  amuse  themselves  Avitli,  This 
is  an  irrevocable  decree,  and  the  unfortunate  wretch  is 
burned.  AVc  will  not  go  into  the  details  of  this  horrid 
ceremony,  Avhicli  we  find  in  all  the  authors.  Happily 
these  events  have  become  somewhat  more  rare.  With 
other  nations  the  prisoners  have  more  to  complain  of, 
because  they  are  regarded  as  their  dogs,  and  they  kill 
them  without  oonserpieiiccs  in  their  drunken  moments, 
and  in  times  of  scarcity,  when  they  have  no  more  scru- 
ple at  eating  them  than  they  Avould  a  beast.  If  a  pri- 
soner is  so  fortunate  as  to  marry  among  these  nations, 
his  family  does  not  enjoy  any  considerations,  and  he  is 
exposed  to  all  kinds  of  drudgery  that  they  can  invent. 
Some  are  so  lucky  as  to  find  kind  Indians,  with  whom 
they  do  not  lead  a  hard  and  perilous  life,  especially  if 
they  take  care  to  keep  away  from  drinking  parties,  by 
taking  these  times  to  go  out  hunting. 

Oftentimes  when  the  conquerors  have  lost  some  chief 
of  great  distinction,  it  is  almost  impossible  to  prevent 
them  from  sacrificing  some  of  their  prisoners  to  the 
manes  of  the  dead.  It  is  then,  when  to  satisfy  their 
manes,  that  they  eat  a  prisoner  for  ceremony.  We 
ought,  however,  to  feel  assured  that  they  only  taste 


•:;iii| 


TRAITS  OF  TUE  INDIAN, 


253 


human  rac.it  with  ropugnaiico.  "We  have  seen  young 
people  vomit  more  than  once,  audit  is  only  byhravado, 
and  by  hardening  the  heart,  that  they  sometimes  get 
toughened  to  such  a  diet. 

It  is  certain  that  the  best  way  Europeans  can  take  to 
fight  the  Indians  is  to  corner  theni  into  some  narrow 
passage,  and  march  on  them  at  full  run,  with  bayonets 
fixed,  foY  the  troop  which  should  amuse  itself  with 
firing  would  be  soon  beaten,  on  account  of  the  accu- 
racy of  their  fire.  If  unfortunately  they  should  dis- 
band they  would  be  certainly  destroyed,  by  their  ac- 
tivity in  attacking  with  hatchets  and  lances.* 

Although  the  Indians  have  but  little  knowledge, 
they  are,  however,  often  found  with  a  quick  and  bril- 
liant spirit  and  much  adroitness.  There  are  many  who 
are  vciy  stupid,  but  is  not  this  so  among  our  own 
peasantry  ?  The  Indians  have  a  strong  memory.  When 
any  one  has  any  thing  to  sell  to  them,  they  should 
take  great  cai'C  about  lymg  to  them,  and  it  is  always 
prudent  to  reserve  a  back  door  to  guard  against  con- 
trary events ;  in  short,  to  make  them  see  that  you  have 
not  deceived  them.  They  are  naturally  so  quiet,  that 
they  cannot  conceive  why  we  talk  so  much,  and  are 
always  surprised  at  seeing  us  raise  our  tone  of  voice  in 
our  disputes.     They  say  that  we  then  lose  our  spirit. 


'The  reflections  upon  warfare  with  Indians >fcc.,  wliicli  we  find  at 
tlie  end  of  tlie  relation  of  tlio  expedition  of  Gen.  Bouquet,  against  the 
Indians  of  Oliio,  in  17G4,  merits  a  reference.  Tlie  principles  laid 
down  by  that  author  do  not  difl'er  from  those  of  M.  Pouchot,  but 
they  have  the  advantage  of  bemg  better  developed.—  jS'otc  in  Original. 


nn 


H' 


M'' 


I : 


t:; 


ii 

k 

■.'J, 

Hi 


I ' 


'i:if: 


I.  V't 
*  i  ill 


i:  ■(  r 


I  'ly'ii 


254 


FRIENDSHIP  now  GAINED  :   BRANDY. 


"We  have  said  that  to  gain  their  friendship,  and  many 
are  in  fact  capable  of  showing  a  decided  preference  for 
some  one,  it  is  necessary  to  be  generona.  It  is  not, 
however,  the  quantity  that  we  give  them,  which  gains 
this  reputation,  and  it  passes  for  liberal  or  miserly,  ac- 
cording to  the  way  in  which  it  is  done.  For  instance, 
in  giving  them  brandy  to  drink ;  if  you  present  them 
with  a  large  goblet  half  full,  it  is  villainous,  but  if  you 
oiFer  a  small  one,  providing  that  it  is  full,  they  are  sat- 
isfied. If  you  ofler  them  bread,  it  should  be  a  whole 
loaf.  A  half  loaf,  although  much  larger,  would  make 
them  say  that  you  wanted  to  kill  them  by  stan-ing, 
and  this  alone  might  seiTC  to  bring  the  antipathies  of 
a  whole  nation  against  a  commandant.  "When  we 
make  them  presents,  it  is  best  to  begin  by  giving  them 
what  they  least  desire,  because  if  they  make  some 
further  request  you  will  be  able  to  grant  it  to  them, 
which  will  serve  to  exalt  your  generosity. 

Brandy  is  without  doubt,  the  thing  of  all  others  that 
the  Lidians  love  the  best.  Every  thing  depends  upon 
the  manner  of  leading  them  in  the  proper  way  to  drink 
or  to  trade.  It  is  a  means  for  attracting  whole  nations, 
and  has  become  an  object  of  a  too  great  commerce, 
and  we  should  be  able  to  draw  better  parties  upon 
some  occasions.  Although  they  would  not  now  con- 
sent to  be  deprived  of  this  pernicious  liquor  they  are 
nevertheless  very  much  ashamed  of  having  become 
accustomed  to  it,  and  vogard  its  use  as  the  principal 
cause  of  their  ruin. 


CONSANaUINITV  OF  TRinES. 


a 


With  some  minor  difteronccs,  the  Indians  of  this 
continent  all  resemble  one  another.  We  observe  only 
that  those  who  frequent  the  European  colonies,  are 
more  tractable  and  intelligent.  They  designate  their 
relations  among  themselves,  and  their  superiority,  by 
the  terms  of  parent,  uncle,  nephew,  cousins,  &c.  The 
Outaouais  and  the  Abenakis  call  the  Iroquois  their 
uncles.  The  latter  regard  them  as  nephews,  which 
indicates  the  great  antiquity  of  this  nation.  We  may 
lind  another  proof  in  the  names  of  many  places,  as 
Ohio,  which  signifies  a  fine  river;  Tluaoym,  the  con- 
fluence of  two  rivers;  Schcmihir^  Kioffdm,  and  other 
names  of  places  in  parts  more  distant,  which  ai'C  all 
words  in  the  Iroquois  language.  The  Indians  in 
speaking  to  the  English,  give  them  the  appellation  of 
lirothers,  and  to  the  French  that  of  Fathers,  to  show 
that  the  latter  visited  them  first,  and  that  they  should 
allow  their  children  to  want  for  nothing.  When  they 
wish  to  designate  a  whole  nation,  they  call  the  English 
S<i[i<in(ich,  the  French  MisdfjoHch  and  the  Indians  JUa-Jd- 
nnhc.  They  designate  the  French  officers  by  the  name 
of  Oiwniio,  that  is  to  say,  Mountain,  because  one  of  the 
first  whom  they  knew  was  called  Mount-3Ia(jny.^    Then 


'This  is  tlie  name  of  tin  ity  of  Orange,  situiitcd  upon  tlic  Hudson 
River  in  tlie  province  of  New  \ork. —  Nutc  in  Oriyinal. 

Evidently  intended  for  Schenectady  on  tlie  ^lolunvli.—  Ed. 

'  Tlie  Chevalier  de  Mount-JIagny  succeeded  Chiinipliiin  in  1G30. 
lie  was  the  second  governor  of  New  France,  and  the  first  who  hud 
the  glory  of  pacifying  the  Indian  nations  of  the  country,  and  of  mak- 
ing a  treaty  with  the  Iroquois.— 3o^t'  in  Originnl. 


m 


it 
■  1 1 


I 


i  ■■> 


Mi 


•1 


II 


,  n' 

r^ 

ifil^i  1 

1  !;  M       * 

\       ^        ■                t 

■"  '.'1   '- 
1 

!i 

M 

1  *^ 

1  i 

1 

t 

i 

256 


NUMBERS  OF  THE  INDIANS. 


by  allusion  they  call  the  king  of  France  the  Great 
Mountain,  Ononiio-Goa,  and  the  king  of  England,  tlio 
Great  Belt. 


Addition  upon  the  Numiier  of  Indians  in  North 
Amkrica. 

Had  the  early  travelers  given  us  an  exact  account  of 
the  population  of  the  Indians  upon  this  continent,  and 
had  those  who  followed  taken  the  same  care,  we  might 
judge  of  the  gradual  diminution  that  has  taken  place. 
But  this  aid  failing  us,  we  are  reduced  to  imperfect 
notions  and  vague  reports.  The  result  is  not  less  af- 
flicting to  humanity. 

"When  Champlain  laid  the  first  foundations  of  the 
French  colony  of  Canada,  several  considerable  nations 
whose  names  are  now  scarcely  known,  occupied  this 
country.  The  language  of  the  Algonquins,  still  used 
by  several  savage  hordes,  has  alone  presen'cd  the 
memory  of  this  great  nation.  The  Ilurons  no  longer 
form  a  people.  These  faithful  and  powerful  allies  of 
the  French,  after  being  scattered,  have  taken  refuge  in 
two  villages  remote  from  each  other,  the  first  near 
Quebec,^  and  the  other  at  the  extremity  of  the  lakes. 
The  Outaouais,  formerly  vei-y  numerous,  noAy  occujiy 
only  three  villages,  and  the  Pouteouatamis  two.  We 
now  find  no  traces  of  the  Bersiamiamites,  the  Papina- 


'  At  Lorettc,  nine  miles  from  Quebec. —  Ed. 


LOST  TRIBES. 


257 


chiois,  the  Montagncz,  the  Amikoiifes,  the  Attikamegues, 
&c.  These  latter  wero  surrouiulccl  by  several  other 
tribes  who  extended  to  the  environs  of  Lake  St.  John, 
and  to  the  lakes  Mistassins  an<l  JTemiscau.  All  have 
boon  destroyed,  chiefly  in  wars  with  the  Iroquois. 
The  latter  who  were  so  formidable,  and  who  could  put 
in  the  field  at  the  end  of  the  last  century  seven  thou- 
sand five  hundred  warriors,  can  now  scarcely  assemble 
fifteen  hundred. 

The  eastern  nations  have  suft'ered  a  diminution  still 
more  sensible.  Formerly  they  constituted,  so  to  speak, 
but  one  people,  known  to  the  French  under  the  general 
name  of  Abcnalds.  Their  habitations  were  scattered 
over  that  vast  countiy  which  extends  from  the  River 
St.  Lawrence,  and  following  the  Apalachian  range  as 
far  as  to  the  southern  extremity  of  the  Carolinas.  Al- 
though separated  into  many  tribes,  they  spoke  the 
same  language.  The  portion  established  near  the 
coast,  lived  only  by  fishiiig,  and  the  rest  by  the  chase. 

In  proportion  as  the  English  colonies  increased,  these 
Indians  have  retired  into  the  interior  of  the  country 
without  ceding,  as  the  English  have  jiretended,  the 
country  which  they  were  forced  to  abandon.  They 
never  had  an  idea  of  what  we  call  scUhiff  by  contract,  or 
ceding  bj  treaty.  The  various  hordes  of  this  nation  who 
were  fixed  in  Acadia  or  its  environs,  were  distin- 
guished under  the  name  of  Abcnalds,  Etchcmins,  Soiiri- 
qaois,  31kkmack,  &c.  After  the  founding  of  New  Hali- 
fax, they  made  war  against  the  English,  who  destroyed 
33 


: 


Ii^1 


t  \ 


U    1 1! 


:i  !■ 


258 


TlIK  XIOIlE  DISTANT  TRIBES. 


nlmost  all  of  tlicm.  There  are  scarcely  left  more  than 
enough  to  form  a  few  villages,  which  together  might 
liavo  a  thousand  warriors. 

The  largest  of  the  Abcnuhis  tribe,  remaining  heyond 
the  Apalachian  mountains  is  that  of  the  Loups,  whom 
the  English  call  Ddmmns.  They  inhabit  the  banks  of 
the  Ohio,  where  they  reckoned  eighteen  hundred  com- 
batants at  the  close  of  the  fast  war.  But  this  number 
must  be  now  greatly  reduced  by  the  losses  they  on- 
countered  in  17(i3-4,  when  they  undertook  to  raise  all 
the  Indians  of  the  continent  against  the  English. 

The  other  nations  who  entered  into  this  league, 
chiefly  resided  upon  the  great  lakes  of  Canada,  and 
near  the  rivers  that  flow  into  them.  Their  loss  was 
much  less  considerable.  With  the  exception  of  the 
Outagumis  and  the  Missisakes,  they  arc  actually  re- 
duced to  a  very  small  number  of  men. 

The  Lidians  of  the  north  and  north-west,  having  Imt 
little  communication  with  Europeans,  are  but  little 
known.  AV"e  know  only  that  the  IScioux,  the  Christi- 
naux  and  the  Assiniboels  are  still  quite  numerous. 
Although  the  Eskimaux  and  the  other  people  of  Lab- 
rador, have  some  relations  of  trade  with  the  English, 
we  are  still  ignorant  of  their  population.  According 
to  the  reports  of  the  latter,  about  a  thousand  men  and 
as  many  women  came  annually  in  canoes  to  fort  Kel- 
son or  York,  to  trade  their  peltries. 

We  know  the  names  of  a  great  number  of  peo})le  of 
Louisiania,  but  this  is  almost  all  we  do  know.     They 


THE  SOUTH  WKSTKKN  TUIIJES. 


2.7,  t 


liiive  iiof  ceiiscd  to  vanisli,  ii"  wo  may  ho  Hpcak,  since 
the  FroiR'h  have  boon  cstal)lis]i(Ml  among  them.  In 
the  Hpucc  of  only  twenty-five  years,  their  loss  has  been 
immenwe.  AV^e  may  lie  uhle  to  jmlge  with  some  ccr- 
tuiiity  by  the  excellent  memoir,  which  M.  de  IJienville, 
ifovernor  of  the  French  colony  has  made  upon  these 
regions.' 

He  therein  mentions  more  than  fifty  nations,  who 
i)eforo  the  year  1700  could  put  on  foot  54,550  men. 
Twenty-five  years  after,  they  were  reduced  to  24,2(J0. 
Many  tribes  who  had  formerly  four,  five  and  even  six 
hundred  I'ombatants,  had  then  only  thirty,  forty  or 
fifty.  Since  this  latter  period,  the  most  powerful  have 
again  suffered  great  diminution.  The  Chactas,  who 
before  the  establishment  of  the  French,  had  twenty 
thousand  warriors,  at  the  time  of  the  enumeration  of 
M.  de  Uienville  had  eight  thousand,  and  now  scarcely 
number  lour  thousand.  The  Chicachas,  the  most  for- 
midable enemies  of  the  French  colonies,  appear  to  be 
as  numerous  as  the  Chactas,  but  they  should  not 
actually  be  compared  with  them.* 

From  these  details  wc  may  conclude  with  M.  Bufibn, 
that  the  most  numerous  nations  in  America,  are  re- 
duced down  to  three  or  four  thousand  persons.     He  is 


'  This  memoir  is  entitlcil  Le  Coiirs  dit  Missim'pi,  on  ks  Hduvagcs  ife 
la  Loumniw,  kur  nomhre  &  k  commerce  q>i'oii  pcut  fuire  ucee  cit.e,  and 
is  I'ouud  printed  in  tlic  journal  of  Trevoux,  in  the  montli  of  March, 
1737. —  Nok  ill  Oriyiiud. 

'A  recent  uuthor  only  gives  tlie  Chicachas  750  warriors. —  lb. 


i|: 


■'*! 


fl|: 


:  i| 


If 


260 


NUMIIEHS  nAPIDLY  WASTING. 


pcisniulod,  with  rcnnoii,  "tlint  wo  miiy  stato  without 
fear  of  error,  that  in  a  »iii_i,'lo  city  liko  Taris,"  there  nro 
more  men  than  there  are  Indians  in  all  that  part  of 
North  America  inchidod  In-tween  tlio  Athintic  and  the 
Pacitie,  and  from  the  CJull"  of  .Mexico  to  tiie  I'ohn-  neas, 
although  tliis  extent  of  country  in  much  greater  than 
that  of  the  wliole  of  Europe.'" 

Tills  rapid  diminnatlon  of  the  Indian  nations  may 
bo  attributed,  Ist,  To  the  Inmiodcrate  use  of  brandy ; 


'Supposing  this  city  to  embrace  six  or  scVcn  Lundrcd  thousnnd 
souls. —  I^'otc  in  On'r/iiml. 

In  n  psiper  on  the  present  stnto  of  the  Norlliern  Indians  prepared 
by  Sir  Willhiin  Johnson  in  the  fall  of  1703,  he  gives  a  sunnuury  which 
we  condense  in  the  foliowin«  table. 


Min. 

Mohawks, UiO 

Oneidas, S.IO 

Tiisearoras , 140 

OnondiisaB, IW) 

Cavufias, 200 

Seneeas l.O.W 

Oswefjatchics 80 

Nantieokes, I 

ti"""J''' I  200 

Tntecoes, 

Saponeys,  «S:c., J 

Caghnawagas, ItOO 

Canassadagas "1 

Anuhicks, >  150 

Algonqins, J 

Abenaquis, 100 

Skaghquanoghronos, 40 

Ilurons, 40 

Shawanese 300 

Delawares, 000 

Wiandots,  &c 200 

Wiandots  or  Ilurons 250 

Total, 


Men. 

Powteuataniis,  near  De- 
troit   150 

near  St.  .loseph, 2(«) 

Ottawas  near  Detroit,...  ;!00 

near  Miehiliniacinae,. .  250 

near  St.  .loseph, 150 

Chipcwcighs    near    De- 
troit   330 

near  Rlichiuck, 400 

^levnonienys, 110 

Folsavoins, 110 

Puans 3(i() 

Sakis 3(M) 

Foxes 320 

Twightwees, 230 

Kiekapous, 180 

Mascoutens, UO 

Piankashaws, 100 

WawiaghtonoMs, 200 

Ottawaws,  Cliipeweighs, 

&c 4,000 


11,080 

Not  included  in  the  above  the  Illinois,  Scioux  and  some  other 
•western  tribes.  Of  these  3,000  belonged  to  the  Iroquois  confederacy, 
and  2,800  to  that  of  the  Ottawas.— Ed. 

^Ilist.  Nut.,  torn.  V.  p.  170,  ed.  in  12— lb. 


CAUSES  OF  DIMINUTION. 


201 


2(1,  To  f]\o  ('Oiitii.i,'ioii  of  the  Hmnll  pox ;'  3(1,  To  tlio 
warn  tlia,  the  arrival  of  Euroi»oaiiH  hivvo  occaKioiu^d  ; 
4tl»  To  the  ciiHtoin  of  ri'pliiciiif?  the  (load  by  prlsoiiurH, 
which  throw-*  all  those  pcoph-  into  a  nUiU'.  of  continual 
Wiir.  Man  thoru  aplicnrs  placed  as  tlie  famona  IFohlw 
luiH  pretended, —  and  does  not  their  conduct  still  Justity 
the  thoM<,d»t  (if  that  writer,  whodetines  riuin  as  ii  vit^or- 
ous  child  who  knows  his  strenffth  ?  Tn  fact  the  In- 
dian abuses  hiniHolf,  btjcauso  ho  feels  too  much, 
lie  yields  without  difHculty  to  the  impulses  of  ven- 
i^eance,  and  raises  tho  cry  of  arms,  which  ho  always 
takes  to  destroy,  and  never  to  acquire  or  to  preserve. 
Ilis  apiietite  is  tyrannical  and  his  wants  urgent.  Moth 
have  been  multiplied  since  the  discovery  of  the  new 
world.  To  satisfy  these,  ho  has  forgotten  his  dearest 
interests,  and  has  become  the  instrument  of  hatred 
between  two  powerful  rivals,  as  also  that  of  his  own 
destruction. 


Api'Kobation. 

I  have  read  the  work  entitled,  Mcmoiirs  sur  la  der- 
nicrc  (jucrrc  dc  I'Ameriquc  Scptcntriomdc,  j|-c.,  and  I  have 
found  nothing  which  ought  to  prevent  its  printing. 

At  Yverdou,  the  20th  of  December,  1780. 

E.  Beutrand,  Censor. 

'  To  this  epidemic  wc  niny  add  tlie  most  terrilile  of  nil,  the  Plague. 
In  1704  a  king's  vessel  brought  it  to  ^lobilc,  where  it  destroyed  two 
considerable  nations,  called  the  great  and  the  little  Thom<;8,  &c. — 
Aole  ill  Orif/innl. 


m^ 

W  i '  ^ 

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fl;' 

1, 

t.' 

;'."'    : 

I?.,  i 


APPENDIX. 


A'ole  to  Y<a.  i,  Page  87. 

Letter  from  General  Webb  to  Colonel  Monroe. 

FoiiT  Edwaud,  August  4, 12  iit  noon. 
Silt :  I  am  directed  by  General  Webb  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of 
three  jf  your  letters  bearing  date  nine  o'clock  yesterday  morning, 
and  one  about  six  in  tlic  evening,  l)y  the  rangers,  wliieh  are  the  only 
men  that  have  got  in  liere,  e.vcept  two  yesterday  morning  with  your 
first,  acquainting  him  tliat  the  enemy  were  in  siglit.  lie  has  ordered 
me  to  acquaint  you  he  does  not  tliink  it  prudent,  (as  you  know  Ids 
strength  at  this  place),  to  attempt  a  junction,  or  to  assist  you,  till  rein- 
forced by  tlie  militia  of  the  colonies,  for  tlie  immediate  march  of  which, 
repeated  expresses  have  been  sent.  One  of  our  scouts  brought  in  a 
Canadian  prisoner  last  night,  from  the  investing  party,  which  is  very 
large,  and  have  possessed  all  the  grounds  live  miles  on  this  side  of 
Fort  William  Ileurj-.  Tlie  numl)er  of  the  enemy  is  very  considerable, 
the  prisoners  say,  eleven  thousand,  and  have  a  large  train  of  artillery 
with  mortars,  and  were  to  open  their  batteries  this  day.  The  general 
thought  proper  to  send  you  this  intelligence,  that  in  case  he  should  be 
80  unfortunate  from  the  delays  of  the  militia,  not  to  have  it  in  hisjiower 
to  give  you  timely  assistance,  you  might  be  able  to  make  the  best 
terms  left  in  your  power.  The  bearer  is  a  sergeant  of  the  C'onnecticut 
forces,  and  if  he  is  happy  enough  to  get  in  will  bring  advices  from 
you.  We  keep  continual  scouts  going  to  endeavor  to  bring  intelli- 
gence from  you.  I  am  sir,  with  the  heartiest  and  most  anxious  wishes 
for  your  welfare,  your  most  obedient,  humble  servant, 

C.  B.\RTUAM,  Aid-de-Camp. 
To  Col.  Monroe,  or  offlcer  comniauding  at  Fort  William  llenrj*. 


Hi 


APPENDIX.  263 

Xote  to  Vol.  i,  Page  S19. 

Monument  to  Montcalm. 

The  following  corrcspoiulence  was  Imd  witli  reference  to  the 
Inscription  in  memory  of  llontcnhii : 

"  To  tlie  Riglit  lion.  Wm.  Pitt. 

Sill:  Tlic  lionors  paitl  during  3'onr  ministry,  to  tlic  memory  of  Mr. 
Wolfe,  give  me  room  to  liope  tlmt  you  will  not  disiipprovc  of  the 
grateful  efforts  made  by  the  French  troops  to  periietuate  the  memory 
of  the  Marcpiis  de  Montcalm.  The  corpse  of  that  general  who  was 
honored  with  the  regret  of  your  nati(m,  is  buried  at  Quebec.  I  have 
the  honor  to  send  jou  an  epitaph,  which  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions 
and  IJclles  Lettres  Imve  wrote  for  him ;  and  I  would  beg  the  favor  of 
you,  sir,  to  read  it  over,  and  if  there  be  nothing  improper  in  it,  to  pro- 
cure me  a  permission  to  send  it  to  Quebec,  engraved  in  marble,  to  be 
put  over  the  Jlarquis  de  Montcalm's  tomb.  If  this  iicrmission  should 
be  granted,  may  I  presiunc,  sir,  to  entreat  tlie  honor  of  a  line  to 
actpiaint  me  with  it,  and  at  tlie  same  time  to  send  me  a  passport,  that 
engraved  marldc  may  be  received  on  board  an  English  vessel,  and 
that  Mr.  Murray,  Governor  of  Quebec,  may  give  leave  to  have  it  put 
up  in  the  Ursuliue  Church.  I  ask  pardon,  sir,  for  taking  otf  your 
attention,  even  for  a  moment,  from  your  important  concerns;  but  to 
endeavor  to  immortalize  great  men  and  illustrious  citizens,  is  to  do 
honor  to  you.  I  am,  &c., 

BOCGAINVII.LE." 

Pauls,  March  25th,  1701. 

Reply  of  Mr.  Pitt. 

Siu  :  Tl  is  a  real  satisfaction  to  me  to  send  yon  the  king's  consent 
on  such  an  interesting  sulDJect,  as  the  very  handsome  epitaph  drawn 
by  the  Academy  of  Inscriptions  at  Paris,  for  the  ^laniuisde  Montcalm, 
which  is  desired  to  be  sent  to  (Quebec,  engraved  on  marble,  to  be  set 
up  on  the  toml)  of  that  illustrious  warrior.  The  whole  sentiments 
expressed  in  the  desire  to  pay  this  tribute  to  the  memory  of  their 
general,  b\-  the  French  troops  who  served  in  Canada,  and  who  saw 
him  fall  at  their  head,  in  a  manner  worthy  of  him  and  worthy  of 
them,  camiot  be  too  much  applauded. 

I  shall  take  pleasure  sir,  in  facilitating  a  design  so  full  of  respect  to 
the  deceased,  and  as  soon  as  I  am  informed  of  the  measures  taken  for 
embarking  the  marble,  I  shall  innnediately  give  the  passport  you 
desire,  and  send  orders  to  the  governor  of  Canada  for  its  reception. 

As  to  the  rest,  be  assured,  sir,  that  I  have  a  just  sense  of  the 


f  |;!i 


I] 


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III 
hi 


I 


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ill 


i 


?,.'! 


2G4 


APPENDIX. 


obliging  things  snid  to  mc  in  the  letter  with  which  you  honored  me, 
and  that  I  think  it  a  singular  happiness  to  have  an  opportunity  to 
express  those  sentiments  of  distinguished  esteem  and  consideration 
with  which  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  &c., 


A]7rinO,  1701. 


W.  Pitt. 


(■: 


Geneual  Montcalm's  Epitaph. 

niC  JACET. 

Utroque  in  orbe  SDternflm  Victurus 

LuDovicis  JosEPnuR  de  Montcalm  Gozon, 

JMiirchio  Sancti  Verani,  Baro  Gabriaei, 

Ordinis  Sancti  Ludovici,  Conmicndator, 

Legatus  Generalis  Exercituum  Gallicorum. 

Egrcgius  ct  ('ives  et  Miles, 

Nullius  Rei  appctens,  pra'terquam  vcrte  laudis, 

Ingenio  felici  et  litteris  cxculto, 

Omncs  Militia;  gradus  per  continua  decora  cniensus, 

Omnium  belli  Arlium,  temporum,  discriminum 

gnarus 

In  ItallA,  in  Bohemia,  in  Germanla, 

Dux  Industrius ; 

Mandata  sibi,  ita  semper  gerens,  ut  majoribus 

par  habcrctur. 

Jam  clarfs  periculis. 

Ad  tutandum  Canadensem  Provinciam  missus 

ParvA  Militflm  manu,  Ilostium  copias,  non  semel 

rcpulit : 

Propugnacula  cepit  viris  armisque,  instructissima. 

Algoris,  Incdinj,  vigilarum,  laboris  patiens, 

Suis  unicc  prospicicns,  immemor  sui, 

Ilostis  acer,  Victor  Mansuetus. 

Fortunam  virtute,  virium  inoi)iam,  pcritifi 

Et  celeritate,  conipensavit. 

Iramincns  Colonic  Fatum  et  consilio  et  manu  per 

(luadricnniiun  sustinuit. 

Tandem  ingentem  exercitum  Duce  strenuo  ct 

audaci, 

Classcmque  omni  bcllorum  mole  gravem, 

Multiplici  prudcnliA,  diii  ludilicatus, 


nth 

till     ^,;|,,      . 


APPENDIX. 


h\ 


Vi  pertractus  ml  climicandum, 

In  prima  acie,  in  primo  conflictu,  vulncratus, 

Rcligioni,  quam  semper  coluerat.  iuniteua, 

Maguo  suoriim  dcsidcrio,  nee  sine  hoslium 

moerorc  cxtinctus  est. 

Die  XIV  Scptem.  A  U.  M.DCC.LIX. 

iEtat.  XLVIII. 

Alortalcs  oplimi  Ducis  cxuvias,  in  cxcavatA  luinio, 

Quikni  Globus  bellicns  decidcns,  disiliensciuc 

defodcrat, 

Gain  lugcntes  deposucrant 

Et  geuerosai  Ilostium  fidei  commcndfirunt. 


n 


[tkanslation.] 

HERE  LIETII, 

In  cither  Hemisphere  to  live  for  ever, 

Lewis  JosErii  de  Montcalm  Gozon, 

Marcjuis  of  St.  Veran,  Baron  of  Gabriae, 

Commendatory  of  the  Order  of  St.  Lewis, 

Lieutenant  General  of  the  French  Army.  — 

Not  less  an  excellent  Citizen  than  Soldier ; 

Who  knew  no  desire  but  that  of  true  Glory. 

Happy  in  a  Natural  Genius,  improved  by  Literature; 

Having  gone  through  the  several  Steps  of  Jlilitary  Honors 

With  an  uninterrupted  lustre. 

Skilled  in  cll  the  Arts  of  War, 

The  juncture  of  the  times,  and  the  crisis  of  danger ; 

In  Italy,  in  Bohemia,  in  Germany, 

An  indefatigable  General ; 

He  80  discharged  his  important  trust ; 

That  he  seemed  always  equal  to  still  greater. 

At  length  grown  bright  with  Perils, 

Sent  to  secure  the  Province  of  Canada 

With  a  handful  of  Men, 

lie  more  than  once  repulsed  the  Enemy's  Forces, 

And  made  himself  Master  of  their  Forts 

Replete  with  Troops  and  Ammunition. 

Inured  to  Cold,  Hunger,  AVatching  and  Labours, 

Unmindful  of  himself, 

v^        He  had  no  sensation,  but  for  his  Soldiers : 

An  Enemy  with  the  fiercest  Impetuosity ; 


2GG 


APPENDIX. 


A  Victor  with  the  tcndcrcst  Iliimnnity 

Adverse  Fortune  lie  compensated  witli  Valour ; 

The  want  of  Strength,  with  Skill  and  Activity ; 

And,  with  his  Counsel  and  Support 

For  Four  Years  protracted  the  impending 

Fate  of  the  Colony.  — 

Having  with  various  Artifices 

Long  baffled  a  Great  Army, 

Headed  by  an  expert  and  Intrepid  Commander, 

And  a  Fleet  furnished  with  all  warlike  stores ; 

Compelled  at  length  to  an  Engagement, 

lie  fell,  in  the  first  rank,  in  the  first  onset,  wann  with  those  liopes 

of  Keligion  which  he  had  always  cherish'd  — 

To  the  inexpressible  loss  of  his  own  Army, 

And  not  without  the  regret  of  the  Enemy's — 

XIV.  September,  A.  D.  M.DCC.LIX. 

Of  his  Age  XLVIII. 

His  weeping  Countrymen 

Deposited  the  remains  of  their  Excellent  General  in  a  Grave 

■Wliic'h  a  fallen  Bomb  in  bursting  had  excavated  for  him, 

Ucconunending  them  to  the  general  Faith  of  their  Enemies. 


ii'Mii''' 


m 


INDEX. 


ii 


Abciiiikis,  i,  S58,  208 ;  ii,  19,  20, 
255  ;  iiccount  of,  ii,  257,  258  ; 
mimbcr  ol',  ii,  201 ;  village 
Imnit,  i,  223;  iit  8t.  Jolin,  i, 
107 ;  sent  to  Niagara,  i,  02, 

Abercroiubic,  Gen.,  i,  109;  re- 
treats, i,  120,  121 ;  orders  de- 
atruction  of  vessels,  i,  124;  Aide 
de  Camp,  i,  228. 

Acadia,  i,  13, 18,  21,  38,  44. 

Acadians  at  Quebec,  wretched 
statu  of,  i,  130. 

Actif,  sliip,  i,  31. 

Adultery,  puiiislied,  ii,  202. 

Agniers  Uiver,  i,  98 ;  ii,  138. 

L'Aigle  sliip,  i,  30, 138. 

L'Aignelle,  M.  dc,  i,  30. 

Ai.x-la-CliapoUc,  peace  of,  i,  13. 

Albany,  Lord  Howe  buried  at,  i, 
112;  news  from,  i,  155;  de- 
scribed, ii,  79, 145. 

Alcide  sliip,  i,  29  ;  captured,  i,  33. 

Al,!i;on([uin  ship,  i,  30,  34. 

Algon<iuins,  ii,  235,  250 ;  number, 
ii,  200. 

AUeshauics,  i,  13, 18  ;  Ii,  170, 171. 

Alluvial  formations,  ii,  109. 

D'Ahpiier,  Battalion  of,  i,  232. 

Ambition  unknown  to  Indians,  ii, 
220. 

Ambuscades,  ii,  247,248. 

America  for  Indians,  i,  150, 172. 

Ametistlie  ship,  i,  30. 

Amlierst,  Gen.,  i,  11,  127,  145, 
181 ;  ii,  4, 10, 14,  10,  21,  23,  25, 
GO  ;  in  winter  qrs.,  i,  228  ;  mes- 
sage from,  ii,  18 ;  demands  sur- 
render of  Ft.  Levis,  ii,  34,  35 ; 
passes  Ft.  Levis,  ii,  37 :  solici- 
tous of  safety  in  rapids,  ii,  39 ; 
ill  rai)ids,  ii,98. 


Amlierst  Island,  ii,  114. 
Amokoues,  ii,  257. 
Amsterdam,  ii,  143. 
Alice  A  la  Construction,  ii,  109. 
Anian,  Strait  of,  ii,  105. 
Annapolis,  i,  18. 
Aouschick,  speech  of,  i,  70. 
Apalachian  Mountains,  i,  2,   13, 

18, 170, 171. 
Apalaches,  ii,  103-172. 
ApoUon  ship,  i,  31. 
Appendix,  ii,  202. 
Appichinion,  ii,  180. 
Aciuillon  ship,  i,  31,  34. 
Arbres  Mataclies,  ii,  72. 
D'Argenson,  Count,  i,  49,  54,  77. 
Armed  ships  in  French  fleet,  i, 

29. 
Arras,  i,  55. 

Arrest  of  M.  Pouchot,  i,  7. 
Artillery  captured  at  Oswego,  1, 

08,  09  ;  of  Hraddock's  army,  i, 

00. 
Artois    Regiment,  i,  28,  30,  34, 

55. 
Arudacks,  ii,  200. 
Ash  Island,  ii,  05. 
Assemblies,  Indian,  ii,  203. 
Attikamegues,  ii,  257. 
Aubrey,  M.,  sends  an  expedition, 

i,   129,  130,  152;   expected,  i, 

189 ;  approaches  Niagara,  i,  180, 

187, 191,  194;  defeated,  i,  192. 
Aurora  Borealis,  remarkable,   i, 

102. 
Au  Sable  River,  i,  03. 
Aux  Perches,  Ray,  ii,  103. 
Baptism  of  an  Indian,  i,  248. 
Baril  Point,  i,  228. 
Barracks,  log,  how  made,  i,  53. 
Bartrum,  C,  ii,  202. 


■   i 


L  a 


:it! 


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'it' 

1 

|slMlMra|ibi 

i 

i 

1 

Mif|Bfl>ir',"'"!l 

i- 

Ih'''!!:"' 

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wm 


(.;„   i 


268 


INDEX. 


Basin  ITiirlior,  ii,  120. 

IJassigniK;,  M.  de,  i,  118. 

IJiistile,  i,  7. 

BiiU'iiu  Bay,  ii,  Iti). 

Uatcaux  (li'S(!ril)t;d,  ii,  04. 

Haltey,  Jaiui'S,  i,27. 

IJiiltlo  on  Moiioiigalifln,  i,  30, 40  ; 
of  Laiic  Georfie,  i,  47,  48;  of 
Carillon,  i,  100,  114,  117  ;  losses, 
i,  130 ;  of  SilliTy,  i,2;Bi  of  Plains 
of  Aliraliani,ii,  310. 

Baunigardt  Bay,  ii.  111. 

Bay  of  Cataracoui,  ii,  113 ;  Eng- 
lish at,  ii,  15. 

Bay  ofCorbemi,  ii,  100,111. 

Bay  of  Dunes,  ii,  11«,  117. 

Bay  of  Fundy,  i,  10. 

Bay  of  Gasp't",  ii,  58. 

Bay  of  Niaouro,  ii,  110,  137. 

Bay  ofQiiinte,  ii,  114,117. 

Baye  des  Sables,  ii,  134. 

Bayonets,  how  supplied,  ii,  100. 

Beiir  hunting,  ii,  304. 

Beards,  Indians  without,  ii,  184. 

Boarn,  Hegiment  of,  i,  5,  10,  'i«, 
;n,  ii8,  45,  54,  03,  (i;?,  73,  7;J,  77, 
83,  100,  HI,  lia,  114,  115,  117, 
101,  108,311,331. 

Beati-hassin,  i,  10. 

Beaufreniont,  Chev.  de,  i,  20. 

Buauharnois  Canal,  ii,  08. 

Beanjeu,  M.,  i,  30,  43. 

Beaufort,  3o(i. 

Beau-Sejour,  i,  10,  !i7. 

Beaussier,  M.,  i,  3(1,  137. 

Heaver,  value  of,  ii,  50. 

Beekwith,  Major,  i,  103. 

Bedlord,  Pa.,  i,  130. 

Bedlow's  Island,  ii,  87. 

Belin,  M.,  ii,  15(!. 

Belle  Faniille  la,  i,  174,  177,  170, 
lH(i,  188,  101. 

Belle-Garde,  M.,  ii,  40. 

Belle-Isle,  letter  to,  i,  104;  ii,  158. 

Belle-Isle,  Straits  of,  i,  138. 

l?ellin's  Map,  ii,  57. 

Bellestre  Sieur,  i,  84  ;  expedition 
to  ^lohawk,  i,  08;  at  Detroit, 
i,  140,  143  ;  letter  sent  to,  i,  140; 
retires  to  Detroit,  i,  300. 

Belt  Party,  ii,  31. 

Belts,  ii,  330. 

Benthcim,  i,  77. 

Bernes  CMuivalier  de,  i,  113. 

Bernes  Uiver,  i,  113;  ii,  73. 

Berri,  lleg't  of,  i,  03,100, 115. 


Berricr,  M.,  i,  0. 
Bersianiismites,  ii,  250. 
Bertrand,  K.,  ii,  301. 
Bertraud,  M.,  killed,  ii,  28. 
Bie,  ii,  00. 

Bienville,  M.  de,  ii,  250. 
Bigot,  M.,  i,  7, 21 ;  gambler,  i,  225. 
Bills  of  e.xehange,  ii,  43. 
Birch  bark  eanoes,  ii,  317. 
Birds  earry  idle  rumors,  i,  350. 
Birds  killed  at  Niagara  Falls,  il, 

177. 
Bishop  of  Canada,  ii,  40. 
Bi/arre  ship,  i,  30,  34. 
Blaek  Lake,  ii,  100. 
Black  Uiver,  i,  00 ;  ii,  3,  127. 
Blakeney,  Lieut.  Oeu.,  at  Miiior- 

ic;i   !   75. 
Blaiii,nl.,M.,  i,  158. 
Bleury,  M.  de,  ii,  238. 
Blockhouses,  ii,  07,  75. 
Blot,  M.  de,  i,  73. 
Bones  in  ashes  of  Fort  Duqucs'ic, 

i,  132. 
Bonnafoux,  Lieut,  of  artillery,  i, 

101, 108, 177, 184, 101, 100  ;  not 

exchanged,  i,  220. 
Bonville,  ai.  de,  i,  30. 
Borbiic  Uiver  advised  for  u  fort,  i, 

134. 
Bordeaux,  i,  8;  ves.suls  from,  i, 

105. 
Borgo  Forte,  i,  4. 
Bory,  51.  de,  i,  30. 
IJoscawen,  Admiral,  i,  33,  127. 
Boucats,  ii,  134. 
Bougainville,  M.  de,  i,00,  80,  314, 

310,331,  337;  suggests  an  epi- 
taph to  ^lontealm,  i,  218,  ii,  303. 
BoU(iuet,  Col.,  ii,  103;  Gen.,  ii, 

353. 
Bouciuet  Uiver,  ii,  00. 
Bourbon  Uiver,  ii,  105. 
Bourcet  M.,  i,  4. 
Bourlamaciue,  M.  de,  i,  55,  O'J,  70 ; 

ii,  07 ;  at  battle  of  Carillon,  1, 

113,  110,   145 ;    retreats    from 

Carillon,  i,  140 ;  wounded,  i,  05, 

110,  231. 
Braddock,  General,  i,  39,  40,  43, 

45,00,110,  133;  ii,  103. 
Bradstreet,  Gen.,  ii,  113, 133 ;  sunt 

to  Frontenae,  i,  124. 
Brandy,  love  of,  ii,  254. 
Bravi-'fy,  rewartl  of,  ii,  240. 
Bray,  a  deserter,  ii,  21. 


ii  ' 

■  3  |i  'i                                         ■        ; 

1  , 

it       ^ 

itur  ■ 

l&^u 

■ 

M 


INDEX. 


2G9 


Brest,  i,  28 ;  vessels  return  to,  i, 

119. 
liritiiid,  Hisliop,  ii,  47. 
Bristol,  lionl,  i,  194. 
Bnickvillo,  ii,  109. 
Buck  Islmul,  i,  229. 
Butliilo  Creek,  ii,  159. 
BiiU'on,  jM.,  ii,  174,250;  review  of 

M.  Pmiw,  ii,  181. 
Biiis.soii,  ii,  90. 
Blii\viii;jf!i  Bay,  ii,  08. 
Burifoyne,  Gen.,  ii,  00,  70. 
Biui^iuuly  Ucj;iiiient,  i,  28,30,  34. 
Burlington  Buy,  ii,  110. 
Butler,  Thomas,  letter  of,  i,  70, 

71. 
Byng,  Admiral,  shot,  i,  75. 
Cabins,  how  built,  ii,  185, 180 ;  in 

traveling,  ii,  214. 
CaiUiratiui,  i,  20,  227. 
Cadet,  Contractor  General,  i,   7. 

135. 
Ciighnawagus,  ii,  200. 
Camp  of  Coiitre-eieur,  ii,  72. 
Canada  iniprotitablc,  i,    12,  15  ; 
rival  of  English,  13, 17 ;  surren- 
der, ii,  41 ;  essay  upon,  44  ;  how 
settled,     44;    population,     45; 
l)riests,     40;     trade,    47,    50; 
frauds,  48;    goods    u.sed,    49; 
sold  by  Indians,  49;    natural 
advantages  of,  52;  population, 
ii,89. 
Canadians  described,  ii,  45. 
Canadian  troops,  qualities  of,  i, 

3(i. 
Canagatiron,  ii,  120. 
Canajorakies,  ii,  21. 
Canajoharie,  i,  71 ;  ii,  142. 
Cana'saragas,  ii,  21. 
Canassadagas,  ii,  200. 
Canestio,  ii,  147. 
Canisteo  Hiver,  ii,  140. 
Cannadroghus,  ii,  21. 
Cannibalism,  ii,  295,  252. 
Canoes,  elm  bark,  ii,  210 ;  birch 

bark,  ii,  217. 
Cape  Cod,  ii,  108. 
Cape  des  Roziers,  ii,  58,  50. 
(;ape  Florida,  ii,  109. 
Cape  Slournski,  ii,  61. 
Cape  Tonrmeuto,  ii,  61. 
Capillaire,  ii,  200. 
Capitulation  of  Fort  George,  i, 

88 ;  of  Niagara,  i,  190. 
Caribes,  ii,  185. 


Carignan  regiment,  ii,  44. 
Carillon,  i,  8, 11,  51,  09  ;  ii,  04,  67, 
08,  (to ;  army  sent  to,  i,  (i2 ;  for- 
tified, i,  72;  troops   sent   to,  i, 
72,    80,    107,    100;    expedition 
from.i,  100;  prisoners  taken  at, 
i,   103;  jilans  against,  i,   107; 
Langis    returns  from,   i,   107; 
defenses  of,  i,  109:  ^lissisakes 
from,  i,  140;  abandoned,  i,14(i; 
road  from,  i,  140 ;  defense  of,  i, 
145, 146;  French  detained  at,  i, 
228;  stores,  ii,  47. 
Carlton  Island,  i,  229. 
Caroline,  steamer,  ii,  155. 
Carver,  Jonatlum,  at  Massacre,  of 

FortGeorge,  i,  90;  ii,  164. 
Cascades,  ii,  95. 
Casconchiagon  Uiver  route,  ii,  53, 

140  ;  Kivia-,  ii,  123, 124. 
Cassonneta,  ii,  13(i. 
Cassonta-Chegonar,  ii,  125. 
Cataracoui,  ii,  15  ;  stolen  by  Eng- 
lish, i,  100. 
Catawbas,  i,  77  ;  ii,  01. 
Catskils,  ii,  82. 

Cattle  killed  at  Cheuondac,  i,  178, 
170 ;  raising,  ii,  90  ;  said  to  bo 
introduced,  ii,  183. 
Cavugas,  i,  247,  248  ;  ii,  3, 31, 134, 

149,  200. 
Caugluiauaga,  ii,  17. 
Cedars,  village  and  rapids,  ii,  90, 
07,  98  ;  deserter  to,  ii,  21 ;  might 
liave  been  defeated,  ii,  41. 
Celerons,  M.M.,  i,  238. 
Certificate  of  Jl.deVaudreuil,  i,  10. 
Cervies,  M.  de,  i,  142,  105. 
Clialiert,  M.  de,  i,  74,  155,  150, 
157,    164,   105,  174,    178;  post 
assigned  to,  108,  109;  notified 
at  Portage,  i,  103. 
Cliactas,  ii,  250. 
Cliatfault,  squadron  of,  i,  100. 
Cliambers,  engraving  by,  i,  318. 
Chambly,  i,  237  ;  ii,  47,  02,  63.  • 
Champlaiu,  ii,  180,  255,  2.50. 
Chaouanon's  reply  to  English,  i, 

137. 
Cliarlebourg,  i,  230. 
Charles,  anlndian  spy,  i,  340, 247, 

248. 
Cliarleston,  N.  II.,  ii,  00. 
Cliarlevoi.x,  ii,  147,  148,  154,  174, 

170,  177, 178,  231. 
(Charlotte  Landing,  ii,  133. 


II 


ll 


I 


i 


ii 


<w  im  mi«\.m 


m 


270 


INDKX. 


I'lmtiunin  Rivor,  i,17H;  ii,  100. 
C'hiitL'iiugay,  i,  102 ;  ii,  04. 
('Imumoiit,  ^I.  (If,  i,  HI. 
Clmuniont  Hiij;,  ii,  110,127. 
Clmz^-  Hivcr,  li,  05. 
C'licniil  (if  111  Oulu'tte,  ii,  128. 
Cliciu'iiux,  ii,  00. 
Clieuoiuliic,  1,  17;j,  187;  ii,  150; 

trooi)8  to  retire  to,  i,  l(i2,  100; 

troo|)»  cnlleil  from,  i,  10;J. 
Clieiinojions,  ii,  21. 
t^liemissio,  i,  80,  81. 
C'lie.raliis,  i,  250. 
Clieroliues,  i,  83,  84,  250 ;  ii,  0. 
Ciicsiiiu'iilie  Bay,  li,  150. 
C'liosnuts,  liow  galliereil,  ii,  211. 
(!lievalier  tic  la  Grimace,  ii,  15. 
C'liilbiieton,  i,  18. 
Ciiicaelias  i,  83  ;  ii,  259. 
Cliiclii(iiiois,  ii,  241. 
<.!liiets,  aiitiiority  of,  ii,  222. 
t'liil'reville,  M.  ile.,:n. 
Cliipiieeto  Bay,  i,  10. 
Cliildreii,  trealineiit  of,   ii,   193; 

sports  of,  ii,  105. 
Cliimney  Island,  i,  213. 
Cliipiiewii  ('reelt,  i,  102;  ii,  150. 
C'hipewciirhs  nuinl)er,  ii,  200. 
Choieuil,  M.  de.,  i,  31. 
C'li(>iU'j,'iieii,  i,  54,  70,  70;  ii,  159. 
Clioiimious, scalped  iiy  Catiiwlias, 

i,  78;  favor  Prcncir,  i,  157. 
Clioue^'atchi,  i,  240,  24K,  252,  255, 

258;  ii,  17,  18,20,107,108. 
C!liristiiiaii.\,  ii,  258. 
Cliurclies,  Indian,  ii,  224. 
Citadel,  N.  V.,  ii,  80. 
Cleveland,  ii,  1.5!». 
Closter-seven,  i,  100,  130. 
Col)iirg,  ii,  117. 
Cohocs  Falls,  ii,  70. 
Colborne,  ii,  117. 
Cold  of  1750-00  intense,  i,  224. 
Colonials,  231. 
Colvill,  Lord,  i,  234. 
Contlana,  Marshal,  i,  28. 
Connecticnt,  ii,  88,  89 ;  Uivcr,  ii, 

00 ;  topog.  ii,  108  ;  troops,  ii,  37. 
Conowega,  ii,  150. 
Conner,  Lt.,  ii,  24. 
Conoys  numlier,  ii,  200. 
Contract,  sale  l)v,  ii,  257. 
Contrec(eur,  M.' de,  i,  23,  :!0,  73, 

140;  camp  of,  i,  HI. 
Conyoxery,  ii,  142. 
Cook  Celeroiis,  i,  220. 


Cootes,  Major,  ii,  120. 
Copeidiajren,  N.  Y.,ii,  120. 
Corbeau,  ii,  7. 
Corliieres,  M.  dc,  i,  157;    party 

under,  i,   131 ;    abandons    Du 

(iuesno,  i,  132. 
Cordilleras  ^[ouutainB,  ii,  100. 
Corlac,  ii,  144. 

Cornwall,  ii,  100;  Canal,  ii,  100. 
CJornHallis,  lion.  Edward,  i,  18. 
Corsa,  Col.,  ii,  10. 
Corsica,  i,  4,  8,  9. 
Coteau,du  Lac,  ii,  41,  07. 
Coles,  ii,  121. 

Cotre-Cliiettj  Frisliani,  i,  94. 
Courcurs  do  bois,  i,  200,  258 ;  ii, 

51. 
C?ourte-Mauchc,  party    under,  i, 

123. 
( 'ourtship,  Indian,  ii,  193, 197, 198. 
Cousage,  M.  de,  i,  30. 
Coxsuckie,  ii,81. 
Covering  the  dead,  ii,  233. 
Crab  Island,  ii,  05. 
Craig,  N.  B..  i,  25. 
Craven,  Major,  i,  20. 
Cruniille,  M.  de.  Inspector,  i,  31. 
Cresi'c,  8ieur,  erects  a  fort,  i,  141. 
Cristenaux  expected,  i,  159. 
Crogan,  Mr.,  i,  20. 
Cross  erected  at  Oswego,  i,  01. 
Cumberland,  Md..  i,  10,  30. 
Cumberland  Head,  ii,  0.5. 
Cusicli,  Nicholas,  ii,  232. 
Cutaway  Jack,i,  27. 
Cugahoga  Uivcr,  ii,  1.50. 
Daiiu',  M.,  letter  by,  i,  104. 
Dalhousic,    Earl,    erects    niomi- 

nients,  i,  217. 
Dances,  ii,  100,  341,  244  ;  of  pris- 
oners, ii,  251. 
Danville,  M.,  ii,  57. 
Dauphin,  Uoyal,  ship,  i,  30,  34. 
Dauphinv,  De  Beruier  form,  i,  51. 
Daureil,  !M.,  i,  20. 
Davis,  Lt.,  ii,  24. 
Davis,  ,Tohn,  i,  20. 
Dead,  care  for,  ii,  231,  333. 
Deane,  Capt.,  i,  334. 
De  Bernier,ai(l  to  M.  Dicskau,  i,40. 
Di!  Cervies,  Capt.,  i,  101,  108. 
De  Cornoyer,  fjieut.,  i,  101,  108. 
Decouvereurs,  i,  102. 
Deertield,  Mass.,  i,  49. 
Deer,  hunting  of,  ii,  209;  tanning 

of  hides,  ii,  210. 


B  ■     1: 


INDEX. 


271 


/ 


Drfpiisrur,  ship,  i,  30,  34. 

1)('  111  Hiiirc,  M.,  ii,  135. 

])('  la  Court,  Lieut.,  i,  08. 

I)c  111  FiTtt",  JI.,  i,  7;i. 

l)e  la  Koch,  Capt.,  i,  101, 108, 170. 

l)olawarc,li,25«,200;  at  Niagara, 

i,  80,  81. 
nelawaro  Hay,  ii,  00. 
Delaware,  George,  i,  27. 
Delaware  Itiver,  ii,  i)0,  108. 
Delisle's  map,  ii,  57. 
De  Moramhert,  Lieut.,  i,  101,108. 
D(!  Novellc,  RL,  at  Toronto,  i,  82. 
Desandroins,  M.,  i,  55,  04,  21i{, 

227  2i!8 
DescomhlcH,  M,  55;  killed,  i,  04, 70. 
Deserter    gives   aeeouiit    of    La 

Presentation,  i,  227;  returned, 

ii,  21. 
Desgouttes,  M.,  i,  127,  131,  200. 
Detroit,  i,  23, 77, 82, 243,  243,251; 

ii,  120;  courier  from,  i,   140; 

troops  expected  from,  i,  143, 

15!) ;  Indians,  i,  147. 
'  /  Dc  Vihers,  M.,  i,  2f  25,  20,  101, 

•^  108;  ii,  132.  ' 

Diamond  Point,  ii,  70. 
Diana  Frigate,  i,  234. 
Diane  ship,  i,  30, 
Dickinson's  Landing,  ii,  100. 
Dieskau,  M.,  i,  31,  35,  30,  40,  47, 

49,  50,  54,  77  ;  ii,  17. 
Divorces,  Indian,  ii,  201. 
Dixon's  Mills,  ii,  101. 
Dobl)'s  Major,  i,  71. 
Doctors,  Indian,  ii,  220,  2;iO. 
Douyille,  M.,  evacuates  Toronto, 

i,  200. 
Douville  ladies,  nurses,  i,  103. 
Dress  of  English  army,  i,  110 ;  of 

Indians,  ii,  187. 
Droutli  in  Canada,  i,  104. 
Drunkenness,  ii,  225. 
Dubois,  M.,  i,  30. 
Duchairanlt,  M.,  i,  29. 
Dumas,  51.,  i,  30,  42,  73,  313,  328. 
Dumblers,  i,  04. 
Dumot's  Mill,  i,  231. 
Duiil)ar,  Col.,  i,  40. 
Dunbar's  regiment,  i,  38. 
Dunkers,  notice  of,  i,  04. 
Du  Plessis,  M.,  i,  52;  ii,  124,  228. 
Dutiuesnc,  M.,1,21,  23,  34,  35, 

34,  38,  70. 
Dwarf,  regarded  as  a  manitim,  i, 
1.58. 


Ears,  cut  and  ornamented,  ii,  101. 
"Eating  nations"   (so  called),  ii, 

234,  243. 
Eighteen  Mile  Creek,  ii,  122. 
Electrical  liglits  seen,  i,  97. 
Ellisburgh,  ii,  125. 
Ehi'  liark  canoes,  ii,  210. 
Emba.ssies,  Indian,  ii,  239. 
Eml)ezzlenient,  i,  07,  75. 
Endless  Mountains,  ii,  170, 171. 
England,  rumored  invasion,  i, 258  ; 

king  of,  how  named,  ii,  250. 
English  frigates,  seen  on  passage, 

i,  32,  33  ;■  at  Louisl)Urgli,  i,  90 ; 

force  at  Carillon,  i,  108,  109; 

moving  from  Oswego,  i,  159 ; 

pretensions,  i,  150 ;  prisoners,  ii, 

4. 
Englishman  takes  a  scalp,  i,  78. 
Entreprenant  ship,  i,  20,  32, 34. 
Ephrata,  Pa.,  i,  94. 
Epitapli  of  Jlonfcnlm,  ii,  204. 
p](iuipnge  of  Indians,  ii,  193. 
Eri(!  tribe,  ii,  234. 
Erie,  Pennsylvania,  i,  22. 
Escort  fails  to  protect  English,  i, 

80. 
Esperance  ship,  i,  30,  34. 
Etcataragarenr(i,  ii,  120. 
Etchemiiis,  ii,  257. 
Eulogv  upon  M.  Pouchot,  i,  3. 
Evans  s  map,  ii,  57. 
Evans,  Mr.,  ii,  100. 
Eveille  ship,  i,  30. 
Exports  of  Canada,  i,  50. 
Evre,  Lt.  Col.,  ii,  30. 
F'alls  of  Carillon,  ii,  70,  71. 
Family  relationship,  ii,  255. 
Famine  among  Indians,  i,  258. 
Farcpihar,  Lt.  Col.  i,  103,  195. 
Fech,  M.,  Swiss  Capt.,  i,207. 
Farrara,  i,  4. 
Ferrcni's  Point,  ii,  103. 
Fid(>le  ship,  i,  30. 
Fighting  of  Indians,  liow  best 

done,  ii,  253. 
Fires  set  by  artillery,  Ft,  Levis, 

ii,  34. 
Fire  ships  at  Quebec,  i,  810. 
Fish,  varieties  of,  i,  208;  ii,  207; 
killed  at  Niagara  Falls,  ii,  177. 
Fisheries,  i,  09';  ii,  127,  304,  207. 
Filch,  Dr.Anson.letter  from, i, 207. 
Fitche,  Col.,ii,  10. 
Flan-,  Knglish  at  Toniala,  i,  253, 
255. 


1 


i  . 


'! 


it 


u 

'''i 

['I 


m 

w 

|||| 

f^' 

kmIIIp 

^?v. 

272 


INDEX. 


FlnK!<,  painted  witli  iin  Indian,  ii, 

!ia. 
Fliitllcads,  i,Wi,147;ii,  0,7,  185. 
Fliuidcrs,  1,  5. 
Flcrt,  vessels  of,   i,!2l);  sailed,  i, 

Wi  ;  Kniillsh  arrive  at,  i,  'i!14. 
Kleiir  lie  Lys  ship,  i,  ilO. 
Fiimr,  prize  of,  i,  U)rt. 
Koi;  at  Niai;ara,  i,  t(ll);  dense  on 

jiassaire,  i,  Itit,  it4. 
Follies,  M.,  ii,  .IT. 
Folles  Avoines,  i,  104, 1411,  150;  ii, 

am. 

Fontbonne,  M.  de,  i,  118,  119,  211). 

Fontes,  M.  de,  i.  111). 

Forbes,  Oen.  John,  i,  129,  182, 
148. 

Forbodinps  of  Indians,  ii,  0. 

Formidable,  shii),  i,  29,  !12. 

Fort  Aii;;iista,  i,  79. 

Fort  Hrewerton,  ii,  li)5. 

Fort  llnll.  i,  (10.  70,  14H. 

Fort  Carillon,  ii.  (19,  70,  229. 

Fort  Carlton,  ii,  128. 

Fort  Cuinherhind,  1,  i)7,  39,  78, 
81. 

Fort  Dii  Quesne,  i,  27,  39,  40,  73, 
77,  128,129,  131,  132,  152;  ii, 
47,  Kil,  1(12, 103. 

Fort  Edward,  i,  40,  47,  101,  123; 
described,  ii,  74,  78. 

Fort  Frederie,  i,  44,  40,  49,  230; 
ii,  80;  blown  up,  ii,  (17. 

Fort  FroMtenae,  ii,  112. 

Fort  CJeoritc  i,  75,  77,  83,  80,  87, 
88,  89,  92,  94,  10(1,  120,137,  145, 
1.54, 204, 223 ;  ii,  19, 73, 153, 229. 

Fort  Ilarkniar,  ii,  140. 

Fort  Henry,  ii,  112. 

Fort  Herkimer,  troops  at,  i,  71. 

Fort  Hunter,  ii,  143,144. 

Fort  Johnson,  ii,  143. 

Fort  La  Presentation  dismantled, 
ii,  8;  history  of  mission,  ii,  8. 

Fort  lie^onier,  i,  153. 

Fort  Levis,  i,  0,  8, 10,  11,247;  ii, 
104;  deseribed,  i,  238;  ii,  l(t4, 
105 ;  invested,  ii,  24,  25 ;  sur- 
renders, ii,  31,  35,  37;  name 
chauited,  ii,  39. 

Fort  Neeessilv,  i,  25. 

Fort  Nelson,  ii,  258. 

FortLydius,  i,  47;  ii,  74. 

Fort  Lvman,  ii,  74. 

Fort  Staehault,  i,  132,  103,  187, 
200;  ii,  101. 


Fort  Miller,  ii,  70. 

Fort  Niairaru,  i,  5,  8,  10,  44,  52, 

53,54,01,73,  77,  79,80,  82,94, 

95,  118,142,100,   101,  103,   104, 

190  ;  surrenders,  i,  194, 190, 197, 

198;  deseribed,  ii,  127,  157. 
Fort  Ontario,  i,  45,04,  05,208;  ii, 

130. 
Fort  Orakolnton,  i,  287. 
Fort  Oswejio,  i,  137;  ii,  130. 
Fort  I'ittsburfjh  nanu'd,  i,   134, 

142,  147,  153,  157,  158;  ii,  103. 
Fort  lies  Hables,  ii,  123,  124. 
Fort  8t.  Philip,  i,  75. 
Fort  Hchlosser,  ii,  155. 
Fort  Sehuyler,  ii,  139. 
FortHhaniokin,  i,  70;  ii,  150. 
Fort  atanwi.x,  i,  00,  72,  207,250; 

ii,  138, 139. 
Fort  Toronto,  ii,  119. 
Fort  Wellington,  ii,  107. 
Fort  William  Autcustus,  ii,  39. 
Fort  William  Ileiiry,  i,  79, 88, 89 ; 

ii,  202. 
Fort  Williams,  i,  72. 
Fort  Wood,  ii,  87. 
Fort  York,  ii,  258. 
Fossils,  ii,  170. 
Four  Brothers,  ii,  00. 
Fourillon,  ii,  59. 
Fo.xes,  ii,  200. 

Fractures,  trcatnu-nt  of,  ii,  230. 
France,  Iiulian  news  from,  80 ; 

appealed  to  in  vain,  224;  kinj; 

of,  how  named,  ii,  250. 
Franklin,  Pa.,  ii,  101. 
Frauds  in  govcrmnent,  i,  21,  22, 

50,224;  ii,  48,  49. 
Frazer,  John,  i,  40. 
Frazer's  Scotch  Ue;rinicnt,  i,  231, 

232. 
Fredericksbur/;h,  i,  44. 
Free  J{obin,  i,  27. 
French  pretensions,  i,  1,50. 
Frigates  in   French  licet,  i,  30; 

pass  Quebec,  i,  214. 
Frontcnac,  M.  de,  ii,  110. 
Fronteuac,  i,  38,  39, 45,  51,  02,  09, 

73,  73,  97,  107,  122,  123,   124, 

125,  133,  141,  157,  207,  228,  229, 

240,205;  ii,  123,  128,  129,  1,52. 
Fulton  village,  ii,  133. 
Fin'uiture  of  Indians,  ii,  187. 
Futurelifc,  ii,  231. 
(Juge,  Lt.  Col.,  i, 40,  41. 
(Jagc,  Brigadier,  ii,  30,  38. 


u 


INl  EX. 


273 


(Jane's  Uoiriiiifiit,  li,  10,  Ifl. 
<iiil(M.  Isliiml,  \,'iV.\,  2^7,  MM;  ii, 

1 1,  :io,  l!iH. 
(iiiliils,  the,  ii,  tO:S. 
OMinlilin.!;  in  ('aniiilii,  i,225, 
OHimraskr,  ii,  117. 
•  ianaouski,  ii,  Ti. 
(iMiiiiyJisaiiau'y,  i,  HO. 
<)ani("aM,  stali'iiicnt  )>y,  i,  101. 
(iatcs,  ('apt.,  i,  71. 
(iaiiil('li)ii|u',  i,  h't. 
Oaiinllct,  I'linnint;  tlic,  ii,  251. 
(Iciicrosity,  liow  ic,i,'ai'il('(l,  ii,  21!), 

2.TI. 
(}('ii('sc'(!  Uivcr,  ii,  12H. 
(ScniiiaM,  ('apt.,  i,  51. 
(icrmaii  Flails,  (roups  iit,  i,  71. 
Ocnnaiiy,  i,  5. 
(tilirallaV,  i,  75. 
(Jiiif^si'iii,',  ii,  14H. 
({oal  Island,  ii,  154. 
(Jolilcn  Creek,  ii,  122. 
(ioniain,  .M.  de,  i,:)l. 
(Soods  scarce,   i,    101,    1:!2,   i:!:t  ; 

frauds  in,  i,  lli'.t;  sent  to  I'res- 

(piu  Isle,  i,  151  ;  kinds  sold,  ii, 

•lit. 
Gordon  Antoine,  ii,  100. 
(lovernor's  Island,  ii,  80. 
(iraflDn,  ii,  1 17. 
Orand  Hank  reacluMl,  i,  UU,  ;i4. 
(irand  Mcors,  ii,  118. 
Orand  Hivcr,  ii,  120. 
(irani,  .Major  .lames,  fails  at  Du 

liuesne,'!,  128,  I2it,  250. 
Oram's  Hill,  I'ittslmrgh,  i,  i;{0. 
Oreat  Hell,  ii,  25<i. 
(Jreat  .Marsh,  ii,  121. 
Oreat  .Meadows,  i,  20,  27. 
Oreat  Sodus  Hay,  ii,  124. 
(Jreen  Hay  pillaj.'ed,  i,  104 
Oreen's  Map,  ii,  57. 
Ori'nadior  Island,  i,  252;  ii,  110, 

12U. 
Cirenadicrs  ut  buttle  of  Carillon,  i, 

121. 
Orenolde,  i,  4,  8. 
CJrosse  Kcore,  ii,  125. 
Onienne,  reninient  of,  i,28,  81,  ;i8, 

45,  52,  5:'!,  (12,  (i;i,  7:!,    112,115, 

118,  l(!l,2i:j,214,  215,  210,  2ai, 

2:!0. 
(!ulf  of  Mexico,  ii,  147,200. 
OulfofSl.  Lawrence,  ii,  .58,  147. 
Onll  I'oint,  ii,  11.5. 
Ouii  I'owder  Hivcr,  ii,  10!). 


Oiiorhriant,  M   >U',  i,  .'*) 
Htddiinand,  Colonel,  i.  -"•«        in. 
Halilit.\,  i,  18,  1211,  2^!  I. 
llalifu.x  Hloop,  on  liiikr        <r|{e,  i, 

120. 
Half  KinK,  1,2.57. 
Half  Moon,  ii,  78. 
Half  Way  llrook,  i,  12=1. 
Halket,  Mir  Peter,  remains  of,  i, 

Halket's  llenimpnt,  I,  28,40,  170. 
Halo,  remarkable,  I,  102. 
Hamilton  city,  ii,  120. 
Handkercbief  dis[(layed  in  battle, 

i,  118. 
Hantrinir  JJelt,  i,  17:1,2.58. 
Harris,  Samuel,  i,  27. 
Harvest  fails,  i,  104. 
Haviland,  Ocn.,  i,  101,  2^37. 
Hebecourt,  .M.  de,  i,  51,  100. 
Hellcat,  ii,87. 
Henderson,  trace  of  a  fort  on,  i, 

02. 
Hendrick,  Kinj,',  killed,  i,  47. 
Hennepin,  Father,  ii,  174. 
Heraldry,  Indian,  ii,  2;i2. 
Herkimer's  troop.s  at,  i,  71. 
Hermits  l)r()UKlit  to  >Jiaj,'ara,   i, 

!):!. 
Heroine  ship,  i,  :i0. 
Heros  ship,  i,  20. 
Ilervev,  Major,  I,  1!)4. 
Iliifhliinds,  'ii,HO,  82. 
Iloniuarl,  .M.,  i,2!>. 
Holliournc,  Admiral,  I,  00. 
Horses  use(l  as  food,  I,  I;i5,  224. 
Hospitals,  Albany,  ii,80;  at  Que- 
bec, i,  2:1.5. 
Hospital  Island,  ii,  0.5. 
Hot  shot  used  at  Xiaj^ara,  i,  184  ; 

lired  at  Ft.  Levis,  ii,  ;!4. 
Howe,  Lord,  i,  110;  reforms  l)v, 

110,    111,     215;    killed,    112; 

monument  to,  112. 
How's  Landinir,  ii,  72. 
Hudson's  Bay,  i,  1:J. 
Huds(m    Kiver,  i,   17;  ii,  74,70; 

navif,nition  of,  ii,  8:J,  84. 
Huml)er,  ii,  110. 
Humpbrey's   fabulous  narrative, 

ii,  22. 
Hunjrary,  news  from,  i,  81. 
Ilunlinii  customs  of,   ii,  201,20:!, 

207.  ' 
Hurons,  I,  84, 85,  147, 148  ;  ii,  2:i5, 

25(i,  2(iO. 


i    ^1 


I    fi 


i  ■  i 


I 


274 


INDEX. 


lliilclilns,  ThonmH,  11,  l(I!l. 
Iliils,  Ciiimtliim  slylc  of,  1,  .12,  .'i;!. 
Ice    ill  ('miiikIii,  il,  III  ;    ill  urils, 

A(.,  ii,  ih;i. 

IccliriKssccii  on  imssiii^c,  1,  llll, 

Ikmiiiiii,  IIchIi  oI;  ii,  \M. 

Illinois,  I,  lai,  II5,  IH7,  aOO;  11,7, 

iiiusirc  siii|i,i,  :n. 

liiiiiDriM  ot'Cmiiiiln,  1,  Til). 
Iiiili'|iiii(l('lii'<'  of  till-  liidianM,  II, 

•,'IH. 
IikIIiui  nccoiiiit  of  .liiiiioiivlllc,  1, 

M;  I  null',  i,   TiT;  liiirlmrilii's  at 

Ofiwci,'!',    i.   'W  ;    (lislniilcd    in 

coiiiicil,  i,  I4m,  liil ;  foR'liodliigs, 

ii,  -JO. 
Iiullan  I'oint,  11,  8,  10(1. 
Indiiiiis,  ciisloiiiM  mid  iiianncrH  of, 

ii,  IHO,  181. 
Indoli'iu'c  (if  Iiidl'iliM,  li,2HI. 
Inlli'xiliic  shll),  1,  ;i(). 
Iiiiicr  Dnikc  iMliind,  ii,  1 15. 
liiHcct,  iilicnoinciiii,  1,  MH, 
Insci'ipiioii  to  .Monlciilin  wrlttrn, 

1,'-'18. 
Inlindiint,  in  charge  of  flnnnccH, 

i, -.21. 
lnli(Mliicllon,l,  12. 
Ireland  dcsiTiit  upon,  i,  '^'tt*. 
lroiidci|ii()it,  J$ay,  ii,  121. 
lroi|iiciis,  ii,  I'lO;  favor  Frciiili,  i, 

M,  80,  8l  ;  decide  for   Klli,disli, 

i,  l',';t,  12"),  1  10,   I.m;   repoil  1)V, 

i,  147,  148;  fear  Kii.ulisli,!,  l,-)("l ; 

l)arley  at  Niajjara,  i,  171  ;  liirlli 

jilaee  of,  ii,  12(l>  leilLtne,  ii,  2:tl; 

liostile  toKrencli,  ii,  2;i0;  iiiini- 

Jier.i  of,  ii,  148;  ve.><sels,  1,   III ; 

ii,  2<l ;  at  Niiifjara,  i,  1.")!),   Hill; 

injured,  ii,  10;   repaired,  ii,  31 ; 

captured,  ii,  2;t. 
lsin,i,d»s  Mountains,  ii,  80,  82. 
IsleVi  la  Forct,  ii,  128. 
Isluau  Chat,  ii,  101. 
Isle  an  Chapon,  i,  108;  ii,  0.'),  00. 
Isle  an  {'hevreuil,  ii,  121). 
Isle  ail  Citron,  ii,  HI. 
Isleaux  Coiidrcs,  i,  ;!4,  210;  ii,  00. 
Isle  an.\  (ialots,  1,208;  ii,  lo;i. 
Isle  aiix   JS'oix,  i,  i;j4,   140,  2;!0, 

2;i7;  11,04,00,07. 
Isle  Cochois,  ii,  111. 
Isle  d'Ecoiii,  ii.  115. 
Isles  des  (iiiulre-Venls,       140    ii, 

UU. 


Isle  Oiilot,  I,  228,  221). 

Isle  la  Cillsse,  1,2110  ;  11,  20,  27,  28, 
20,  ;il  :I2,  104. 

Ish'  la  MiiKdi'lidne,  1,2:10,240;  11, 
20,27,28,21),  104,  lori. 

Ish' of  Cedars,  ii,  ITi. 

Isle  Chevreaiix,  i,  220. 

UlcofOrleaiis,  i,210;  ii.OO, 

Islcof()uinte,  11,  110. 

IsleofTonIi,  ii,  114,  128. 

Isle  rcnaiit,  ii,  115. 

Isle  l'ic(|llel,i,28;{;  11,  17,1011. 

Isle  Koyal,  i,  120,  127,21:1;  cap- 
tiiivd",  i,  120,  127;  in  Wl.  Law- 
relicc,  ii,  :|8. 

Italy,  i,  5. 

.laeliiiesqiiartier,  1,214,221,2:10. 

.lames  Kiver,  ii,  100. 

.lapan,  cominuiiicatiiin  with,  ii, 
2;i2. 

.Icaloiisy  hclwceii  Indians,  i,  84; 
11,  108. 

.lean  CoMir,  1,80. 

.leisey  llllies,  1,  45  ;  11,10. 

.lersey,  Isle  of,  i,  2(». 

.Jersey  Mililia,  1,  07. 

.lesiii't  of  .Vlienakis,  1,  02. 

.h'suils  ainoiii;  lliirons,  i,  8.'i ;  dis- 
rourse  to  Indians,  1,02,  II:J;  re- 
ply of  an  Indian,  1,  0:i. 

.loannes.  Adj.,  i,  51. 

.loliiison.  Sir  William,  1,  11,  27, 
44,40,47,50,70,  71,80,81,  110, 
122,  i:!7,  142,  1.50,  157,  174,  181, 
180,  Hi;t,  104,  105,  108,204,241, 
242,24:1,250,  258;  ii,  0,  7,  10, 
10,  21,  :!5,  ;«);  house  of,  ii,   I4:i. 

.lolinstown,  Caniida,  ii,  8. 

.lolinstown,  ii,  14:t. 

.loneiiire  (or  .loinpiiere,)  i,  10,  22, 
:!0,  14:t,  155,  1.50,  100,  100,  174; 
ii,  147. 

.I(nies's  Creek,  ii,  117. 

.Indus  compared  to  English,  ii, 
22;f. 

.Iiidson,  David  Cnyvner  of  Chim- 
ney Island,  i,  2i:t. 

.Itiiriiliii!,',  i,  100;  ii,  227,  228,  220, 
244. 

.Iimionvilli',  M.,  i,  2:i,  24,  20,  02. 

.lunelion  Canal,  ii,  l(r2. 

.Inniala,  ii,  150. 

Kaalskills,  ii,  82,  170. 

Kaendiie,  i,  100,  171,  17:1,  174,177, 
178,  180. 

Kanoairoii,  ii.  1(1'.'. 


fell  .    * 


"i-.T  -    TiTir  ijAaaigr- 


;i 


INUKX. 


275 


Ixiiicliiiiiji',  niiick  UiviT,  il,!). 
Krrniiiliiiii,  M.  ilc,  i,v!l). 
K<i-*iiiiil,  .M.,i,',Ml. 
K(  Tvixioii,  .M.,1,  (I, 
l<iV(iiiiiii(Piiiiu;ii('',  II,  VO). 

KirliillMMW,  i,  H.-);   li,  UOO. 

KiiiK  ili'iiilrii'U,  i,  t(l. 
Kill^'slnri.  i,:i!l;  ii,  112. 
Kiich.r,  Kiiiliir,  li,  IW. 
Kiitiiiiiii,  ii,  lio. 
KoiiiilMUcir,  I,  -Jl!),  'jr>.-(,  2.1(1;  11,  », 

i;i ;  cxiifdiiion  of,  i,  |(»2  ;  con- 

Vcrtid,  i,2IO;  Ipiipli/.i'd,  i,'.MH; 

iniirrit  d,  i,  ".'■VJ  ;  sciil  lo  ()rtwc',i,'o, 

i,  v;ii5  ;  icliinis,  ii,  1(1. 
KiiiiiiMLrnii,  i,  ITK. 
I.ii  lliivc  |iliiiiii('i'('i1,  i,  101. 
1,11  lloulMi'diiTi.',  .M.,  i,  2:iH. 
Lii  l»io(iiiciic,  Ciipt.,!,  141,  2!)8, 

2.M ;  il,  21. 

iill  Itllltl'.'i  (IllirilOll.ii,  122. 

liii  Ciiiiif,  i,  ;IH;  ii.uy,  IM;  ciinal, 

ii,li:t;  roiiil,  ii.  IM. 
liii  Citrnc,   i,  \')7,    I7H,  ITK,  207, 

2()S,  2011.  212,  22S,  220;  ii,  11. 
1,11  K.ilr,  .M.  di',  i,  H2. 
Lidiliiu,  Kiiliicr,  ii,  IMO. 
l.ii  K()r(('  dcs  (iliiccs,  i,  212. 
Jill   Korci',  Ciiplidn,  i.    111,    107, 

2;!H;  ii,  12,  11,  l(f,  2:t. 
L'l  (iidutlL',  I,  227,  228,  221);  ii,  8, 

2(1. 
Lii  (Jiiidc,  .1.  I».   IJ.,  ii,  10;  V.   P. 

!•'.,  ii,  10. 
l,!i  lldiiliiii,  Huron  dc,  ii,  174,  177, 

17H,  1N1,2:12. 
I,:di('('liiimpliiiii,i,  IH,  lOH;  roiitf, 

ii,  .")S,  (i2. 
I,idu'  Kiic,  i,  l;i;  ii,  IW,  171. 
Liikc  (iconic,  i,  4(1,  70,  U-l ;   ii, 

70,71,72. 
l,id;c  MistiissiiiH,  ii,  2.")7. 
liidu'  Nrinisciiii,  ii,  2.')7. 
Lidvc  of  Two  .Mdiintiuns,  ii,  !t. 
Lal<c  OiKiiiio,  i,  l:t,  44,  4."),   I;i7, 

1  l."i ;  imviiTiiliim  of,  ii,  110. 
Lake  (iiiiiiipi'n-oii,  ii,  105. 
I,!ikc  Uidnc  ii,  17H. 
l-idic  St.  C'lidr,  ii,  120. 
liMkc  Si.   Fiaiicirf,  i,   140 ;  ii,  92, 

1)0. 
Liikc  St.  .Inlin,  ii,  2.")7. 
Lake  St.  T,oiiis,  ii,  17, 110. 
Liiki'  St.  I'ctci'M,  i,2;ri. 
I,ak('  St.  Sacriiiiiciit,  ii,  (Id,  70. 
Lake  WiiiiiH'i;,  ii,  •">■"» 


1,11  MiKiciv,  Lieut.,  i,  1.-.0,  ir)7, 
KM. 

I,a  .Motile  I)iil)oin,dc-,  1,  21),  1)2,  00, 

r,aii'iif(ter,  ii,  104. 

Laii«is  .M.  de,  1,  107,  14*i  ; 
diowiied,  i,2;t(l. 

l,Miii.dade,  M  ,  i,  1  1:1,  150. 

I.aii;;iia^'e,  Indian,  ii,  2;t;t. 

l,an!;iiedoc  Ueudnielit,  1,  2H,  :tl, 
4(i,  .-17,  (12,  10(1,  11.-.,  l.-Kl,  1(11, 
210,  2;il. 

[,a  I'aniuiefe,  I,  U."). 

I,a  I'aiiM.,  i,  21:1. 

I,a  I'ralie,  1,  72,  2:17  ;  ii,  (12,  (W. 

I,a  I'reseiilalioii,  i,  ;1H,  71,  207, 
2.-i:l,  2.-)H,  2."iO;  ii,  :t,  107,  lOM; 
pally  tVoni,  i,  102;  Dii  l'lessi>< 
senl'to,  i,  121;  lioat><  at,  1,  140; 
jmrtv  sent  to,  i,  I.'m;  iiew.t  neiit 
to,  f,  l.-i*  ;  vessel  driven  to,  i, 
ir>H;  loitilied,  i,  212,  2111;  di;- 
seiil)ed,i,  227,  220;  Imlians  i, 
210,  241,2.")1  ;  ii,7;  coniuil  at, 
1,  2.V2,  2.")4,  204  ;  seonts  near,  ii, 
12;  I'ji^disji  al,ii,27;  mission, 
ii,  40;  stuns,  ii,  47. 

r.aiiniiiae,  r,ieiit.  i.  ''U,  108. 

l,a  Uoelie,  .M.  df,  i,  ;^20. 

l,aiillen,  ii,  177. 

I,;inrtl  llili,  i,2.-.;  ii,  K!!). 

Lawrence,  Col.,  i,  10,  44. 

Laiilerliran,  ii,  1  "t. 

Les  (!af iini-,  ii,  11."). 

Lei;onier,  i.  |:I0,  I."):). 

Leinereii  1  :;c)es  to  France,  i,  224. 

Leopiii  '  -hip,  i,  ;il. 

Le  Hoi   V,  ('ol.,-ii,  10. 

Le  Ho   ,  Diipout,  i,  100. 

Li'vv    \l.,  i,  27,  00. 

LeItVesde  Cueliet,  i,  7;  ii,  44. 

Levis,  Clievalier  de,  i,  .I.""),  02,  H(|, 
100,  110,  121,  l;i4,  14.-.,  212,  21:1, 
210,  220,221,  227,  2:11,  2:!2,  2110; 
ii,  (14,  72. 

Licenses  for  trade,  ii,  .Il ;  of  cen- 
sor, ii,  201. 

Liiiiierv,  M.  dc,  i,  7:1,  78,  l.-.l,  1.12, 
1.-.7,'10;J,  180,  187,  100,  102,  104, 
10.-.. 

Limestone  at  Niasnrn,  il,  153. 

r,iiitot,  M.,  expocicd,  i,  1.10. 

Lis  sliip,  i,  :il  ;  ia|)tured,  i,  ;i!J. 

Little  Carrying  I'liicc,  troops  at, 
i,71. 

Littler  Cataracoui,  i,  124;  11,113, 
111. 


!  I 


27(5 


INDEX. 


LittlcC'liicf,  i,  2fil,20;i. 
Little  KallM,  ii,  141. 
Littk'-liiilcs,  Lt.  Col.,  i,  00. 
Little  iAIiirsh,  i,  103,  103,  104,  105, 

1T8,  ITlt,  188. 
Locstotr  friiriitf,  i,  2:14. 
Loii,!,'ueil,  M.  de,  i,  1215, 125. 
Jwoiiiiiu'irs  Mills,  ii,  !I0. 
Loni;  Island,  ii,  84, 85,8!»,  128,  129. 
LoiiV'  Sunt,  i,  140;  ii,  101,  102. 
Lori'ttc,  ii,  25(>. 
Loi'ucric,  JI.  dp,  i,  SI. 
Loiiii!^,  ('apt.,  ii,  ;U. 
Lost  arts  of  Indians,  ii,  219. 
Lotbinicrc,  i,  57. 
Loudon,  Gen.,  i,  71,  83,  100,  109, 

179 ;  ii,  80. 
Loups,  i,  7;!,  77,  78,  79,  92,  129, 

l;i7,    144,   157,   188,  22;i;  ii,  4, 

149,  150,  102,222,2^8. 
Louisania,  (}ov.  of,  ii,  47. 
Lonishuiuh,  i,  21,  29,  34,  99,  100, 

12(i,  127,  128.  130. 
Louisville,  M.  Y.,  ii,  101. 
Loutre,  Rev.  L.  J.,  i,  20. 
Loval  Anon,  [or  llanninjrl  •>  129, 

131,  134,  143,  145,  147,  153,  154, 

150;  ii,  104. 
Luke,  (Jeorge,  i,  49. 
Lusii;niiu,  >I.  dc,  i,  230. 
Luxuries  of  Frencli  ollicers,  i,  22, 

23. 
Lynum,  Col.,  ii,  10. 
livnian's  Uei^inient,  ii,  35. 
M'aeliaut,  M.  de,  i,  99. 
MeCluer,  Alexander,  i,  80. 
.Maehieote,  i,  7M  ;  ii,  isy. 
jMaeneniara,  M.  de,  i,  29,  32. 
Maeoy,  Cajit.,  i. 


ii,  47. 


JMa<liiaeliie  Uiver,  i,  200. 
Mairazines,  i,  35,  .55,  .";0,  75 
jMalion,  siej;e  of,  i,  75. 
Mai-Catanat,  i,  134. 
Maitland,  i,  141. 
Man,  Corporal,  i,  27. 
Manenguelee,  ii,  103. 
Manne,  an  insect,  i,  200. 
Mante,  Thomas,  i,  47,  70. 
Maiiitou,  i,   125,  158;  ii,  227,  230, 

244. 
Mannovillc  Battalion,  1,  232. 
Map,  note  eonceriiinjr,  ii,  53,  57  ; 

of  Lake  I^rie,  ii,  158, 
Marin,  M.,  i,  22,191,193;  party 

under,    i,   123  ;    fioes    against 

Pittsburgli,  i,  158. 


Marine  service,  i,  30. 

Marines,  troops  transferred  to,  i, 
31  ;  displeasure  at,  i,  31,  33. 

MarinnicH',  JI.  lo  Cliev.  de,  i,  30. 

MaroUes,  M.  le,  i,  29. 

jManjuise,  vessel,  eaptured,  i,  124. 

Marriage,  ii,  198,  200;  of  an 
Indian,  i,  252. 

!Maryland  Frontiers  ravaged,  i, 
79. 

jMascoutens,  i,  85;  ii,  200. 

Maseoutin  Point,  ii,  153. 

3Iassaehusetts  erec^ts  monunienl 
to  Lord  Howe,  i,  112;  moun- 
tains, ii,  107,  l(i8. 

Alassaere  of  Forttieorge,  i,89,90. 

Massey,  Lt.  Col,  i,  195;  ii,  38. 

Master  of  Life,  i,  150,  172,  340, 
245,  350,  203 ;  ii,  18,  220,  330, 
348. 

Mattrasses  used  in  defenses,  i,  185. 

!Mawas,  ii,  31. 

Medal  ehiet;  i,  3(i5. 

Medicines,  Indian,  ii,  230  ;  prac- 
ticing of,  ii,  237. 

Jlcnioirs  written,  i,  9. 

Jlercliandize  surrendered,  i.  139. 

Jlereer,  Col.,  05  ;  killed,  00,08,71. 

:Hercier,  M  i,  23,  25,  27,  31,  35, 
40,  05  ;  embez/les  proinTly,  09. 

Jlexican  moniuuents,  ii,  182. 

^leynonienys,  ii.  200. 

Aliami^:.  i,  84  ;  ii,  4. 

Miami  Portage,  ii,  152. 

Mieliilimackinaek,  i,201. 

^Nlieliinahe,  ii,  255. 

.Mickniaek,  ii,  257. 

Alidiics,  immense  mnnbers  ol,  i, 
2(17. 

Militia,  New  England,  ii,  88. 

Mill(4.ois,  M.  de,  i,  4. 

Mille  Roches,  ii,  100. 

Millers,  immense  number  of,  i, 
2(>0. 

Mills  at  Carillon,  ii,  70. 

Minas,  i,  20. 

Mines,  ii,  90. 

Alingan,  i,  138. 

Minorica  surrendered,  i,  75. 

Minville,  Sieur  de,  ii,  41. 

Missionaries,  ii,  180,  223,  224. 

Missions,  French,  ii,  224,  225. 

Mississakes,  i,  tlO,  82,  83,  84,  143, 
144,  158,  172,  248,  249,  250,  252, 
258,  202,  203 ;  ii,  15,  238,  335, 
258. 


IS    - 


11 


INDEX. 


277 


l^li»sissiuiga  Point,  ii,  IT);). 
ISIissiskouit  I5ii.y,  ii,  07. 
Slississipiji,  i,  15,  !)1 ;  ii,  105. 
]\Iistigoiicli,  ii,  255. 
Mitiissc,  ii,  101. 
Mitc'licir.s  ^lap,  ii,  57. 
Milu/./.es,  i,  110. 
Mobilo,  ii,  201. 
]\[()liaijraiifi,  ii,  149. 
IMoliuwk  country,  i,  71,  81;  ex- 
pedition to  tlic,  i,  itS;  Indians, 
i,  2.50;  ii,  10,  81,  300;  liviir,  ii, 
78,  81,  138 ;  vessel,  ii,  20,30,  30, 
38  ;  villaue,  ii,  143. 
Mohesans,  ii,  3,  21. 
Jlonckatuca,  i,37. 
Moleans,  M.  de,  31. 
Monekton,    Colonel,    i,    37,    4-1 ; 

(.Jen.  atCJuebec,  210. 
Monckat\u'arton,  i,  27. 
Moncourt,  tragic  death  of,  i,  205. 
Monongahela,  i,  24,  40;   iieruiits 

Injni,  i,  !I3. 
Jlonro,  Col.,  i,  87, 88. 
jNIontauuez,  ii,  257. 
M(mtaiais,M.  de.,i,  30. 
Montcalm,  M.  de.,  i,  8,  54,55,02, 
03,  04,  00,  72,  73,  7-k  75,  70, 80, 
80, 00,  02,  05, 108, 100,  113,  114. 
115,  110,134,135,140,  14.5,  183, 
208,210,  225;  ii,  125,  127,  158; 
killed,  i,  217 ;  painting  of,  death 
of,  i,21S;  epitaph,  ii,  2(13. 
Montgomery,  Col.,  i.  250. 
Montgomery's  Highlanders,  i,  120. 
Montigny,  Si.  de.,  ii,  113, 151, 153  ; 

defeated,  i,  194. 
Montlonet,M.  de.,  i,  29. 
Montmorency,  Falls  of,  i,  21 1. 
Montreal,  1,30,  08,  75,  81,  S3,  S5, 
08,100,  100,  107,  124,  13.5,  140, 
141,143, 103,  182,  200,222,  235; 
ii,  14, 18, 47,  02;  capitulation,  ii, 
41 ;  lake  ridges,  ii,  170;  title  of, 
ii,  220. 
.Montreal  Point,  i,  180, 101 ;  ii,  113. 
Jlontreuil,  M.  de.,  i,  51, 135. 
Moiuiment  at  Queliec,  i,  217, 303 ; 

to  Col.  Williams,  i,  49. 
Moraiguns,  i,  175. 
M(ndinet,ii,101. 
Jlountains  of  North  America,  ii, 

100. 
Mount  Haldo,  i,  4. 
Mount  Deliance,  ii,  70. 
iMoiuit  Independence,  ii,  70,  71. 


Mount  Magny,  Chevalier  de.,  ii, 

355. 
l\I()untPelee,ii,  73,111. 
Mournin-for  dead, ii, 331, 233,333. 
Murray,  (ieneral,  i,  210,231,225; 

ii,14,303. 
Murray,  Lord  John,  i,  121. 
Mushrooms  aliundaut,  i,  308. 
Muskingum,  ii,  101. 
Mvrrenliach,  ii,  170. 
.Mythologv,  Indian,  ii,  333, 333. 
Niulouessis,  ii,  l(i5. 
Nanticokes,  number,  ii,  200. 
Navcsink,  ii,  109. 
Nepicens,  i,  100 ;  ii,  335. 
Newcastle  llarbor,  ii,  117. 
New  England,!,  13;  Mountains, 

ii,  107.' 
Newfoundland,  English  fleet  near, 

i,  33. 
New  llalithx,  ii,357. 
New  .Jersey,  i,  70,  179  ;  ii,  10, 87, 

135. 
Near  River,  ii,  171. 
New  Windsor,  ii,  83. 
New  York  frontiers  ravaged,  i,  79 ; 

city,  ii,  85. 
Nevaouinro,  ii,  127. 
Niagara,  i,  45, 59,  00,  01, 03, 09, 78, 
70, 80,  H4.  85, 9;!,  00,07, 104,  140, 
144, 147, 155, 1.57,  100,  103,  109, 
175, 1H4, 32S,  2.50,  351,  3.53,  250; 
ii,11,47.  120,  121,123,151,153, 
150,  22H,  255;  anchorage  at,  ii, 
1.53. 
Niagara  Falls,  i,  2;  ii,  173. 
Niagara  Portage,  i,  23  ;  ii,  154. 
Niagara  Hiver,  ii,  122;  route,  ii, 

.58,  157. 
Niaoiire,  l?av  of,  i,  02,  03. 
Nicholas  I'oint  and  Island,  ii,  110. 
North  Mountain,  ii,  170. 
Notre  Dame  Mountains,  ii,  107. 
Nova  Scotia,  i,  18.  _^ 
Nowadaga  Creek,  ii,  143. 
Noyan  Paven  de.,  i,  134, 133. 
Number  I<S)ur,  ii,  09, 
Number  of  Indians,  ii,  3.50. 
Oak  Orchard  Creek,  ii,  133. 
Obedience  to  Parents,  ii,  333. 
Ocliibois,  ii,  235. 
Ochik,  a  Nepisseng  Indian,  i,  04, 

75,  70. 
Olliccrs  reduced  in  their  supplies, 

i,74. 
Ogden,Capt.,ii,  10. 


Pr 


'!   ■'<  , 


278 


INDEX. 


O^'tlfiislnirirli,  N.  Y.,  i,  ;!8,  213; 
ii,  107,  1(18. 

<)((Uiii;iis,  ii,  31. 

Oliio.'i,  7,  i:i,  21.  22,  2S,  40,45, 
107,  128,  l;i7,  145,  142,  147;  ii, 
14(!,  KiO,  255  ;  dcscrilu'd,  ii,  102 ; 
liinnils  liv(^  on,  i,  i»4. 

Oneida  ('r('(4<,  ii,  i;!(i;  Lake,  i, 
200,  201  ;  ii.  5,  1;!1,  i:i5  ;  vcssd, 
ii,  20,  ;i0,  ;iS ;  villiiirt',  ii,  i:!(i. 

Oniidtis,  i,  142;  ii,  12,  l(i,  200. 

Onondajiti,  ii,  8,  :i(l,  lil  ;  conncil, 
i,  142  ;  vessel,  ii,  'M;  village,  i, 
241 ;  ii,  lao. 

Onondairas,  i,  150,  104,  248,  240, 
250,  2."")8,  201  ;  ii,  ;i,  5,  12,  200  ; 
at  ]S'ia!,'ara,  1S8,1S!»,  204. 

()iiontic),'i,  l:!7,  240,  24:!,  244,  245, 
25;{,  250,  2(i3,  204 ;  ii,  255. 

Oiutntiii-Goa.,  ii,  250. 

Onoroairon,  i,  250. 

Oliinionatre  ship,  i,  ;!1,  IM. 

Opthalinia  IVoni  glare  of  snow,  ii, 
215. 

Oiaconenton,  1,218;  ii,  105,  107. 

Orakoinlon  Isle,  i,  227,  208,  254, 
257;  ii,  !),  104,  10.5. 

t)raiiuointon  Isle,  i,  2i:J. 

Orange,  ii,  70. 

Orator  of  La  PR'seutatiou,  i,  2158, 
250. 

Oralori,  ii,  251. 

Orders  n|ion  Magazines,  i,  50. 

Origin  of  Indians,  ii,  2:'2. 

Ornaments  of  Indians,  ii,  ISS. 

Orvillii'iirs.  M.  de,  i,  20. 

<  (sliorne,  ('apt.,  ii,  ;!0. 

Osweuatcliie,  ii,  17,  21,  22,  107; 
Indians,  ii,  S,  200. 

Osw.uo,  i,  1I,2S,  41,  45,  40,  .52, 
.'  "  00,  70,81,  107,  124,  125,  142, 
;  .s.  1.50,  178,  170,  205,  20S,  227, 
2-*.-.  47,  248,  251,  2.52,  2.5:i,  2.54, 
i  5,204:  ii,  4,5,  8,0,  10,  12,  i:i, 
17,18,  124,  125,  128;  prepara- 
tions to  liesiege,  i,  02  ;  invested, 
i,  O;!,  (it ;  surrenders,  i,  (i7  ;  de- 
scribed, ii,  i;iO  :  La  ('orne  at,  i, 
228;  Falls,  i,  15H;  ii,  17,  1:!!!; 
portage  forts  rebuilt,  i,  124; 
KiverVi,  147,  158;  route,  ii,  58, 
KiO. 

Ottawas,  number,  ii,  2(!0. 

Ouasiolo,  ii,  171. 

Outagumis,  i,  70  ;  ii.  258. 

Oiias  at  Niagara,  i,  84,  85. 


Ouatouais,  i,  84, !»;},  144,  175,  242, 

251,  250  ;  ii,  177,  2!!.5,  255,  2.50; 

river,  ii,  OH. 
Outaouaise  vessel,  i,  141, 158. 255  ; 

ii,  21,2;!,  25,  m),  !J8  ;  captured, 

ii,  22,  2;i. 
Outfit  of  Canadian  soldiers,  i,  22. 
Painting  of  Death  of  Jlonlcahn  , 

i.  218! 
Pakeus,  party  under,  i,  1415. 
Palatine,    e.xpeditiou    against,  i, 

102. 
Pahuier  ship,  i,  29. 
Paiue  in  English  army,  i,  120, 121. 
Pai)inachiois,  ii.  2.50. 
Paravcau,  jM.  dc,  i,  29. 
Parental  authority,  ii,  222. 
Parturition,  ii,  19H. 
Patapsco  Itiver,  ii,  109. 
Palroon's  Creek,  ii,  79. 
Pauw,  M.,  ii,  181,  182. 
Peace,  ellbrts  to  nuiintain,  i.  14. 
Pean,  Chevalier,  i,  23,  27,  31,3,5, 

40,  107,  135  ;  madame,  21. 
Peekskill  Creek,  ii,  83. 
l'<  Itries  used  as  defences,  i,  185. 
Peniinol,  a  Mi.ssisakc,  i,  200,  200. 
Peiniiiigton,  Lieut.,  ii,  31. 
Prnnsylvania.i,  18,  79,  129;  ii,90. 
Penouille,  ii,  59. 
l'ep|)erell,  (ien.,  i,  4-1. 
PeppcrcU's   Kegiment,  i,  28,  45, 

05,  07. 
Pei[uirm,  ii,  17('/. 
Pcriy<'r,  M.,  ii,41. 
J'eiii  May,  ii,  tiO. 
Peruvian  moiuunenis,  ii,  1,S2. 
Petit  Detroit,  ii,  lit).  111. 
Pelits  Lcor-;,  ii,  US. 
I'henonu'iia,  .Marine,  ii,  43. 
Philadelphia,  i,  82;  ii,  !I0. 
I'hosphoresence  of  sea,  ii,  43. 
Piankashaw-,  ii,  2()0. 
Pi<i|Uet,  Al      .  at  Osweiro,  i,  71, 

208,  209, 229.  240  ;  ii,  8, 107,  108. 
Piedmont,  ii,  170,  171. 
I'igeon  hunting,  ii,  211. 
Pillaging,  uncommon,  ii,  24y. 
Pinckiu  .',   Lewis  Co.,   N.  Y.,  ii, 

120. 
Pine  timber,  ii,  121. 
Pinsun,    M.,  sent   to  relieve  To- 
ronto, i,  S2. 
Pitt,  Win.,  letter  of,  ii,  203. 
Pittsburgh,  i,  40,  137,    147,   153, 

249. 


INDEX. 


279 


PliVirnc,  ii,  201. 

riiiinsol' Aliriilmm  occupied,  215, 

liiittli'of.  21(!. 
Phmte  UnivfTscllo,  ii,  2;U. 
Platon,  ii,  15:!,  1,54,  155. 
Plot  ill  Toronto  I'nistnilcil,  i,  82. 

Poillv,  M.  (Ic,  i,  2;i8. 

Pointci'i  l!i('ornc,ii,  10-1, 107. 

Poiiitc  ii  111  .^^ol•lllllli('^(',  ii, !)!). 

Point  iiu  Jiimc,  ii, '.)!). 

I'ointciui  liiiiil,  i,  141;  ii,  10,  21, 
22,  lOi),  110. 

Point  an  Ciildirct,  ii,  125, 120. 

Pointc  nil  ('iirilinal,  ii,  102. 

Point  an  Fcr,  ii,  05. 

Point  an  Gravois,  ii,  115. 

Pointc  anx  Iroiiuoisc,  ii,  102. 

Pointc  an  Moulin  Foiicant,  ii,  05. 

Pointc  an  Tremble,  i,  214,215, 218, 
210,220,  221, 2;!4. 

Point  Claire,  ii,  1)4,  i).5. 

Point  (le  (iaiuitai'a,i;()in,ii,  27,  28, 
100,  107. 

Pointc  (In  netour,  ii,  110. 

Point  (In  Diahlc,  ii,!»7. 

Pointd'  Ivi'oi;ne,ii,2(i,  105. 

Point  Levi,  i,  212. 

I'oinlcMaliune,  ii,  100. 

Point  MoniJlce,ii,i)!). 

Point  I'aris  |  iJaril]  i,  228,  220. 

Point  I'cninsnla,  i.O:!;  li,  127. 

Point  ot  (Jnint('',  ii,  I  Hi. 

I'oinI  Ko(ka\vav,ii,  102. 

Pointc  Ste.Mari'c,  ii,  101. 

Point  Skcnoiictoii,  ii,  05. 

I'ollopellsland.ii.s:!. 

Poly.nainy,  ii,  100,  202. 

Poiiiinianl,  M.  dc.,  ii,  40. 

J'onioiia  ship,  i,2:i5. 

Pontiae's  League,  i,  147,  201 ;  ii, 
258. 

Population,  ii,  85, 80, 200. 

Port  liay,ii,  124. 

Port  Hope,  ii,  117. 

I'ort  Kent,  ii,  ()5. 

PorlNeur,  M.  (lc.i,152. 188. 

Port  Itoyal.i,  IS. 

I'ort   I'liiini,  ii,  118. 

I'oloniac  ifivcr,  ii,  100. 

Poucliol.  M.,  I'oililics  Frontcnac, 
i,l5;  sent  to  Niairara,  i,  51,  7;! ; 
1  10,  142;  linislicsForl  Niauara, 
i,  (i:!,  04;  eiidncer  at  Oswego, 
i,  01 ;  ojtens  road  IVoni  Lii 
I'rairie,  i,  72;  gains  over  In- 
dians, i,  77, 


Poiicliot,  M.,  ajiprnvcd  liy  Mont- 
calm, i,  77;  IVustratcs  plot  at 
Toronto,  i,  82;  recalled  t'roin 
Niagara,  i,  05 ;  allcction  of  two 
cliiel's  tor,  i,  05,  !)0;  corrects 
abuses  in  trade,  i,  90,  07  ;  plic- 
iioinemiHcenby  in  a  storm,  i,  07; 
returns  to  ^Nlontrcal,  i,  08: 
presses  liis  claims  for  promo- 
tion, i,  08 ;  sent  to  ('anllon,i,107, 
108;  advice  to  Montcalm,  i,  115  ; 
observes  a  C'ritical  moment,  i, 
110;  locates  fort  on  Isle  aux 
Noix,  i,  i;i4;  completes  two 
vessels,  1,141,142;  Indian  name 
of,ii,  144,157,171;  ii,18;  deal- 
ings with  Indians,  i,  144,  140; 
advises  them  not  to  go  to  war, 
i,  144;  advises  attack  on  Ohio 
posts,  i,  140,151 ;  belts  sent  to,  i, 
157;  sends  scouts  to  Oswego, 
i,  158;  discovers  presence  of 
enemy,  i,  100;  refuses  to  sur- 
render, i,  100 ;  assigns  i)osts  of 
defense,  i,  1(>8 ;  writes  to  ]M. 
Ligney,  i,  187,188;  Milncsses 
defeat"  of  Aubrey,  i,  102;  sur- 
renders Niagara,  i,  108;  passes 
Fori  Stanwix,  i,  207;  returns 
to  Montreal,  i,  22:!;  befriended 
by  a  woman,  i,  220  ;  exchanged, 
i,"228;  scut  to  l.a  Presentation, 
i,  227,  220 ;  speech,  i,  242  ;  ii, 
10;  holds  council  i,  2.52,  204; 
surrenders  Fort  Levis,  ii,  ;!5, 
;f7;  introduced  to  (Jen.  Am- 
licrst,  ii,:iO  ;  returns  to  France, 
ii,  42  ;  letter  to  .M.  IJcUc-Isle,  ii, 
158. 

Pontcotamis,  i,10:!,  104,  172,200; 
ii,  12,  2.50,200;  perish  of  small 
pox,  i,02. 

Powder,  amount  at  Niagara,  i, 
107;  explosion,  i,  181;  inaga- 
y.uw  used  in  storing  uoods,  i, 
20;!;  at  Fort  Li'^vis,  ii,  iil. 

Praying  Fathers,  ii,  220. 

Preface  of  original  edition,!,  1. 

Prejudices,  inllnence  of,  i,  1. 

Presenliinenl,  case  of,  i,  84. 

Presents,  liow  rciiarded,  ii,  254. 

Pres(ine  Isle,  i,  22,  7il,  14:i,  147, 
1.50,  lO:!,  182,  187,  200;  ii,  47, 
117,  150,  100. 

Prices  excessive,  i,ll,  41,  42,  .57, 
l:iO,221 


2S0 


INDEX. 


Pridcanx,  Cicn.  .Tolin,  i,  11, 118,  ii, 
15!),  1(1(1,  174. 

Priests,  iniliii'iicp  of,  ii,4(i ;  anioiig 
liuliims,  ii,  220. 

Pfiiicc  Edward,  ii,  1 14;  Hny,  ii,  115. 

I'risoncrs  captured  iit  Oswojfo,  i, 
(is  ;  excliaiiired,  i,  222  ;  sent  to 
N.  Y.,  Ii,  4(»;  Irciitiiient  of,  ii, 
24!);  aliandoned  iti  woods,  ii, 
2.">(i;  dance,  ii,  2r)l :  adopted,  ii, 
2.V2;  tortured,  ii,  2.52. 

Provisions,  sliort  allowance  of,  i' 

;w. 

Prussia,  rumor  concerninc,  i,  JiO. 

Piians,  ii,  2(!(). 

I'uliny,  letter  to,  noticed,  i,  !>S. 

Putnam,  Israel,  i,  101,  12;!;  ii,  22, 
23. 

Pntnain's  Creek,  ii,  (W. 

tjuakers  refuse  to  arm,  i,  82. 

Quarantine,  ii,  8(1. 

Quebec,  i,  20, 21,  2.'),  Ii!?,  ;S4,  ;{fl,  r.'), 
!)2,  lo.*),  10(i,  i:!4,  l;i.l,  i:!8,  ii;!, 
14."),  182,  210,  221,  227,  2;!(»,  2:!:!, 
257;  ii,  41,  47,  01,  250;  sur- 
renders, 21S,  220. 

Queen's  l{e!;iment,  i,  40,  51,02, 
210,  2;iO;"ii,  ;il,  100,  112,  117, 
220. 

I{aiid)ow,  lunar,  ii,  4U. 

Uaislon,  ))lan  ajrainst,  i,  1.5;!,  154. 

l{ainsav,  !Major,  i,  :tO. 

l{anisav,M.'(le,  1,218,220,  2:!1. 

Haniici'sat  Queliec,  1,210,227. 

Haiiide  Plat,  ii,  102. 

Ifapids,  EuLtlisli  loss  in,  ii,41. 

]{iippalianoclv  Hiver,  ii,  10!). 

Paiicul,  y[.,  ex|)ected,  i,  150. 

l{avnal,  A1i1k\  ii,  .52,  12!).  148. 

HaVstown,  Pa.,  i,  i:!0. 

Hell  S(|uirrel  chief,  i,  258. 

Heed,  Mr.,  i,  2(>. 

]{eligion,  Indian  ideas  of,  i, !);!. 

Henards  at  NiaL'ara,  i,  70;  ex- 
pected, i,  1.50. 

]{epenler.irni,  M.  d,  i,  140,  104. 

Hevels,  Indian,  ii,  2;i0. 

Hi^vemre,  habits  of,  ii,  2;!8. 

Khode  Island,  ii,  87. 

Hichelieu,  ii,  14,  02. 

Hiclinian,  ('apt.,  carries  news  of 
Osweiro,  i,  71. 

Hichmond,  ('apt.,  i,  71. 

]{ideaii  des  Cotes,  ii,124. 

Hiiraud,  M.  do,  i,  0;i,  00,  70,  77, 
107,  120. 


101, 


Uigimdieres,  M.  de,  i,  ;!1. 

Hi'o  de  la  Plata,  ii,  182. 

Hiviere  a  la  J5arluic,  ii,  08;  iHa 
Frniine,  ii,  125,  120,  127;  a  la 
Planche,  ii,  125 ;  a  la  Koche,  ii, 
101 ;  ii  la  Tranche,  ii,  120;  A 
a  M.  de  Comte,  ii,  120;  a  Se- 
guin,  ii,  150, 101 ;  Au  Sable,  ii, 
05,  120. 

Hivierc  aux  Bwnfs,  ii,  47,  122, 
12;),  100,101;  aux  Hois  Hlancs, 
ii,  157;  aux  Chevaux,  ii,  150; 
Hoiige,  ii,  118. 

Hoad  from  La  Prairc,  i,  73  ; 
English,  ii,  00,  80;  portage 
Niagara,  ii,  150. 

Hoaiuiak,  ii,  10!»,  171. 

Hocheblave,  colonial  cadet,  i,  78, 
158,  205. 

Hock  Hiver,  i,i;)2. 

Hoirers,  :Maj.   itobert,  i,  00, 
12;i,  220,  222  ;  ii,  220. 

Homish  ritual  observed  lij-  her- 
mits, i,  04. 

Hoiidout  Hiver,  ii,  81. 

]{ostaing,  JL  de,  i,  20. 

Houles  from  Canada  to  the  Eng- 
lish, ii,  58. 

Hoval  Americans,  i,  120, 120,  i;!0, 
l(iO,  170,  200,  210,  252;  ii,  10. 

Hoval  Aiinon,  i,  12!(. 

HoVal  Arlillerv,  ii,  10,  24. 

Ho'val  Highlanders,  ii,  10. 

Hoval  Houssillon  regiment,  i  55 
(12,100,  li;i,  114,  118,  101,211, 
2;!1. 

Hoval   8cotcli  Hegt. 
ii,  10. 

l{nis,  M.  de,  i,  ;iO. 

Sagamite,  ii,  244. 

Saganach,  ii,  255. 

Sairninaii.news  from, 

St.'  Harnalie,  ii,  00. 

St.  Blin,  i)art\-  under. 


i,  120,  121 


i,  14;!. 


i,  150. 


St.  Charles  l{iver 

St.  Clair,  i,  41. 

St.  Elmo's  JJghts  seen,  i,  07. 

St.  Francois,  expedition  to,  i,  222, 

22:1. 
St.   Frederick, 

22;!;  ii,5,  14,21 
St.  .lolm,  i,  107, 

47,  02,  O;!,  04. 
St.  Lawrence,  i 

ii,  .58,  01. 
St.  Eegcr,  Colonel 


211,218. 


108,    11,5,    140, 
1,  04,  07,  70. 
140,  2;!0,  2;!7;  ii, 

10;  river  route. 


ill.    ■ 


1.  iiMMkVAB  iPmni 


IKDEX, 


liSl 


St.  Iif)Uis,  ()l(l<T  of.  i,  5,  10. 

8t.  Luc,  piuiv  si'ut  out   imdcr,  i, 

\'2-i. 
St,  Mnric,ii,  if,',  01. 
St.  Pierre,  M.  de,  i,  'W,  47. 
St.  Regis,  1,250;  ii,  S,  IIX). 
Si.  Hiteriuiioiil,  i,  4<i. 
St.  Tlierci<e,ii,t)3,<);i. 
Ste.  lliieiiie  Islund,  ii,!>'2. 
Siikis,i,  l.V.t;  ii.  ItW, -.W. 
Salvert,  M.  «ie,  i. ','»,  :i4. 
Snlvisiiac,  liieut.,  i,  Hil,  ItW. 
Siimliifilic,  ii,  Itil. 
Snuiluskv  Imliiin,  i,  117,  HO. 
Hamlv  H'liv,  ii,  IIU. 
Siiiidv  C'recli,  ii,  lU.'),  l^ti. 
Siimly  Hook,  ii.SC. 
Siiiis-'Soiiei,  i,'2ri:>,  i'lA. 
Siionc  Uiver,  ii,  tjii. 
Siiotcii,  i,  ','."il  ;  ii,  5. 
Si»p(ni('\>,  Si),  of,  ii,  '-'00. 

Saniloirii,  Aiuhcrst    near,  i,  22H  ; 
tort,  ii,  70,  77. 

Sairiisin,  .M.,  ii,  MS. 
Sarre  regiment,  i,  55,  (Vi,  (Y.i,  7;>, 
S2,  urn,  115.  101,','10.  2:u. 

Satepariouaen,    I'olK'liol'.s  name, 
i.  144. 1.57,  171.240. 

Sault  St.  liOiiis'.  ii,  !i;{. 

Saul,  i.  242. 

Sauteurs,  i.  CO.   14:5,  1,50,10:1;  ii, 
385. 

Sauzay,  M.  i'.p,  i,  20. 

Siivauali,  atl'air  nt,  i,  130. 

Sa.\e.  Marsluil  ii.  07. 

Scalpinii',  ii.240,  247. 

Seureitv   in  Canada,  i,   104,   \'.ji. 
];!4,  i:{5.  1!!0,22;i.  224. 

Seheneetadv,  i.  71,  72.   100,  107, 
100,  124,204:  ii,  144,  145,325. 

Schenatar,  ii,  255. 

Sehiinierljourfj.  ii,  104. 

Seltlosser,  .ro.sepli.  ii,  155. 

Selioliarrie.  ii.  31.  14!}. 

SeliooleraO.  Henry  K..  ii.  3152. 

Seliroon  Hiver.  ii,  Oti. 

Seliuvler,  Col.,  i.  45,  00,  71 ;  ii.  10. 
!{5.' 

Selinvler  Island,  ii.  05. 

SehuVlkill  Uiver.  ii.  00.108. 

Seiou.\.  i.  150  ;  ii.  35H,  300 ;  (.abins, 
ii.  180. 

Seoteli  llidilaiulers,  i,  120,  315. 

Scoll.  Major,  i,  310. 

Seo\ns,  i,  100:  ii.  II. 

S(:i:;iiieurs.  ii.  44. 


Heiitninrial  riulits,  ii,330. 
Seine,  eaptureil  al  Oswe^^o,  i,  00, 
Seneea  Hiver,  ii.  U!;!,  1:14. 
Seneea  ves.sel.  ii.  30. 
Sei.eeas.i.  70.  147,  150.  157,  171, 

344,258;  ii,  :{.  300. 
Senesajios,  ii.3l. 
Sen/.e/,ergue,  (Jen., 310, 
Serpenl-a-Sonnettc,  ilt.,    i,  110; 

ii,  70,71. 
Shuniokin,  ii.  150. 
Sluiniokin,  Peter,  i.  81. 
Shawanese.  ninuber,  ii,  30O. 
Sliesnekti)  Hay- 'i  I"- 
Sbeik'H  Island,  ii.  100. 
Sherburne.  Miijor.  ii.  07. 
;  Sliirley.  (Jener'al.i,  27.  41.  100.^ 
Shirley's  rei^inieiit.  i,  28,  45,  ()7, 
I  Shoal'lJay,  ii,  117. 
;  Shoals  iu'lludson.ii,  81. 
'  Shoes,  how  made,  ii,  214. 
Sickness  in  French  lleet,  i,04. 
Siege  ot'>«'iagara  beguu,  i.  100. 
Sillerv.biittleof,  i,2;{2,  2:i5. 
Silvef- Jleels,  i.  27. 
Sinclair.  Lieut.,  ii.  35,  31,  JJO,  08. 
Sireuu  ship,  i,  '60, 105. 
Si\town  J^)int,  stockade  at.  i.  02. 
Skaghiiuanoghronas,  ii,  300. 
;  Sledges,  ii.  314. 

.  Small  Po.x,    i.   83,    02;    ii,    14!l, 
1      201. 

'  Snow  hliiidntsis,  ii,  315. 
,  Snow  shoes,  ii,  2l;t. 
I  Soldier.s'  oultit,  English,  i.  110. 
,  Scmnedii.  Indians  of.  i,  157. 

Sonnioto,  Lignery  goes  to.  i,  1;il. 
;  Sonnonguires,  i.  204;  ii,!!,  4.7. 
;  SopuslJiver.  ii,81. 
i  Sorel  Hiver.  ii,  02.  03. 
Sortie  i)roposed  al  Niagara,  i,  110, 

102. 
Souri(piois,  ii,357. 
.  South  Bay.  i.  40;  ii.  73. 
South  Mountains,  ii.  170. 
Sparkling  of  .s(^a.ii.4i{. 
Spiriltial  tailli  of  Indians,  ii,  32:!. 
,  Split  Rock,  i,  108;  ii.OO. 
Sipiaw  visited  by  seoiUs.  ii.  13. 
Stauwi.x.  Hrig.  c';en..i.  72. 
Slandisli.Capt..ii,34. 
Slarkev,Lt.,ii.24. 
Stalen'lslaml.  ii.87. 
Steiivoi.x  |Stanwi\|.  i,  00. 
Step  of  Indians,  ii,  1!I0_. 
Slilhvaler,  ii,70,  18. 


1IS2 


IXDK\. 


Stolio,  C'iijit.  I{ol)crl,i,2.">. 

Stini-  kccinTs,  i,  55, !)((,  'J7;  ii.-lS, 

150. 
Sii,ir:irrniiii  tlic  iiii\i)l(\ii,205. 
Siinliiirv,  I'm.,  i.TU. 
fc>uiipli('s  to  Dlllccrs  i('li'cnclu'(l,i, 

Tl. 
Siiriii'i'v,  Tiidiiin,  ii,  2:10. 
SiiiiciKlcr  dl'  Ciiimdii,  ii,  41  ;  Ft. 

(icoiirc,  i,  Hit:  Ft.  [ifvi.s,  ii,  :U  ; 

Kl.  S'iuu:iirii,  i,  lltT;  Oswego,!, 

(it. 
Siis(|iicli!imiiili  Kiver,  1,70;  ii,114, 

M!»,  Klit. 
Swjiiiloii, Coininodorc, i,  T,ii. 
Siic,!,'iilcliy,i,a2H,'J2!>. 
'r!ii(niii-(")iK'iuiii,  i,  ;i4(). 
'rwanonoimroiicsi,  ii,  1S(). 
TccliifabiU'oiii,  i,  KJ. 
Ti'iiiiU'st  Iriiiflitciis  Indinus,  i,  15S. 
MViisiiri'-ucgoui,  ii,  125. 
T('rni,ii,  174. 
Ti'iTltorial  riglils  of  Iiuliuns,  ii, 

220. 
Tetc'.><di'15ouli!,ii,185. 
Tlimiu's  IJivcr,  ii,  120. 
Theogen,  i,  78, 92, 144 ;  ii,  140, 150, 

255. 
Tliilmul,("a|it.,i,  257. 
TiiKUsand  Islands,  Knglisli  at,  ii, 

10,111. 
Tliric  Kivi  IS,  i,  70, 124, 2;i5 ;  ii,  21. 
Three Itivcr  Point,  ii,  liJ4. 
T]inr()l.i,25S. 
Til)itl.-*  Cieel<,  ii,  KMi. 
Ticonderoga,  ii.OO.  (See  CuriUoit). 
Tides,  i,22l;  ii,00,!)2. 
Tiel;oiit,Cai)l.,i.258. 
Tilbnry  roek9,i,00. 
Tillicspaidlty  Indians,  ii,  225. 
Title  of  Indians,!.  17. 
Tonawanda  Creeli,  ii,  157. 
T-)ni''gignon,ii,114. 
Toniata,i,253,255,  28,'$;  ii,ll,l;i, 

15,10,  100,110. 
Tonniae,elaef,  i,  141, 150, 151. 
Tonti.Chev.  do,  ii,  174. 
Topogniphicul    observiitions,   ii, 

54. 
Toniado  at  Fort  Levis,  H,  11. 
Toronto,  i,  83;  ii,  119, 121, 200. 
Tortures,  ii,  247,  252. 
Totems,  ii,  2;{;i. 
Tonlon,  i,  ;i4. 
Tournai,  i,  5. 
Tourville,M.ik',i,;JO,  115. 


TowM.sliend.Cen.,  i, 210,218. 

Tracts, sagaeily  in  nolleiiig,  ii,2l5. 

Trade  at  Niagiiia,  i,  157;  rulesof, 
ii,47. 

Transportation. onrelossness  in,  I, 
01. 

Transports  in  Freneli  tleet,i,;iO. 

Traveling,  eiistonis  of,  ii,  I1t5,  212. 

Treaelierv  of  Indians,  i,  71,  8;i. 

Treaties,  eerenionies  of,  ii,  240. 

Treaty,  Indian,  i,  50,00;  eeding 
l)y,"ii,257;  of  Paris,  i,75. 

Trep/.ee,  M.  de,  i.  111,  112,  llli, 
22(1. 

Trials  of  Canadian  oflleers,  i,  7, 

Trinity,  Indian  ideas  of,  i,  0;i;  ii, 
'22ii. 

Troojis  poorlv  armed,  i,  ;!7, 

Troll,  the,  ii,  05,  00. 

Turtle  Creek,  i.  40. 

Tusearogas,  ii,  21. 

Tuscaroras,  number,  ii,  200. 

Tiitecy.s.  ninnber,  ii,  200. 

Tuteyonons,  ii,  140. 

Twightwees,  ii,  200. 

Two  Mountains,  i,  102. 

T^'rol,  route  of,  i,  5. 

Ltreeht,  peaee  of,  i,  18,  25. 

Utiea,  ii,  IJtO. 

Valeourt  Island,  ii,  (15. 

Van  Uraani,  Capt.  .lacob,  i,  25. 

Vurin,  M.,  trades  ut  Toronto,  i, 
82. 

Vassal!,  M.,  relieved,  i,  142. 

Va.ssaii,  M.,  i,  05;  peniiiioiis,  i,  00. 

Vaueelin,M.de,  128,214. 

Vaiidrenil,  M.  d<',  i,  10,  20,  ;il,  ;J4, 
!!5,  4it,  51,5;i,54,  01,  7:i,  81,<t4, 
05,  00,  107,  108,  120,  140,  14;t, 
147,  152,  182.210,218.  225,227, 
330,  24^1,  240,  248.  200,  200  ; 
ii.  21,  22,  41.  07.  130,  158,228. 

Vauciuel'ui,  M.,  i,  234,  235. 

Vellino,  ii,  175. 

Venango,  ii,  101. 

Vencnuil  disease,  ii,  330. 

Vemndiere,  M.  M.,  i,  1.59 ;  ii,  55, 
104. 

Veeours.M.,  1,32,38.215. 

Versailles,  i,  31. 

Vessels  of  Frctieh  fleet,  i,  29;  on 
Lake  Ontario,!,  45;  captured, 
i.  08,  1(H,  124,  125,  250;  ii,  30, 
31 ;  burned  at  Fort  George,  i, 
77;  arrive,!,  104,143;  advieeto 
arm,  i,  107; 


■1     i.,;li 


11: 


ill 


iM)i;.\. 


is:5 


Vessels  of  Froiirli  tlwt  <)i»  Luke; 
(leoiKe,  i,  ia(i;  Imilt  at  Point  uu  j 
Hiiril.  i.  111,  2'iH;  disabled  in  a 
pale,  i,  l.W;  lose  an  opportunity,  ; 
i,  1.*)!),  100;  reports  movements  t 
olnrmv,  i,  lti4, 107;  sail  for  Os- 
we^'o,  1, 177,  -im  ■  returns,  i,  183 ; 
to  i)e  provided  for  jirisoners,  i, 
•3(«»:  Id  aid  Fort  Fievis,  i,  3:t8; 
alNiai;ara,ii,  11 ;  KiiL'lisli  visit-  ] 
edby  Indian,  ii,  1">;  Kreneh  al- 
taeked  near  Oswego,  ii,  110. 

Vesler,  ii,  l<i7. 

Villages,  Indiaiv,  how  Imilt,  ii,  18."). 

Villars,  Chev.  de.,  i,  03,  0;i,  143, 
153,  l!»;t. 

Villijolin,  .M.,  party  under,  i,  143. 

ViUek'(m,M.  de.,  i,  80. 

Villemur,  M.  de.,i,5. 

Virginia,i,  18,38,  71),  139. 

Volf,  exploit  of,  i.71. 

Voyage  down  Lake  Ontario,  i,  97. 

Waddington,  ii,  103. 

Wagon  depot,  ii,  78;   train   de- 
HtVoyed,  1,  133, 150. 

Walnuts,  liow  gathered,  ii,  311. 

Wampum,  i,3«3 ;  ii,  190,339,341, 
34;!. 

War  belts,  ii,  241. 

AVar  (Ty,  ii,  350. 

War  parli(!s,  how  formed,  ii,  343. 

Wawighttenliook  Indians,  i,  80. 

Wawiiiglitonous,  ii,  300. 

Washington,  Geo.,  i,  24,  37. 

AVaterf(ird,  Pa.,  ii,  KiO. 

Watcrtown,  Mass.,  ii,  107. 

Watt(!au,  painting  by,  i,  318. 

Webb,    Gen.,    abandons    Upper 
Mohawk,  i,  71,  73; 


Webb,  (Jen.,  imbecility  of,  i,  87,  Hit; 

letter  from,  ii,  'H't'i. 
Wellers  Bay,  ii.  117. 
West  Canada  Creek,  ii,  140. 
White,  Capt.,  ii,  10;  CorpiU'al,  i, 

37. 
Whiting,  Col.,  ii,  10. 
Wiandots  number,  ii,  380. 
Williams,  Col.  Ephraim,  i,  40,  47, 

48, 49. 
Williams'    College,    founded  by 
I      Col.  Williams,  i,  49. 
I  Williamson,  l-t.,ii,^M. 
I  Williamson,  Cohmel.ii,  10,3:1,  IIO, 

:ift. 
!  Wilkinson,  General,  ii,  139. 
j  WillsboN)ugh,  N.  Y.,ii,  00. 
I  Wills  Creek,  i,  34, ;«». 
'  Windmill  Point,  ii.  107. 
Wiiids  i)revailing,  ii,93. 
'  AVinter  (piarters,   1755-0,  i,    57; 

traveling,  ii,  31  ;5. 
1  Wood  Creek,  i,  79,  134 ;  ii,  1  :iO 
137. 
Woodhull,  Col.,  ii,  10. 
Wolfe,  Gen.,  expedition  of,  i,  145  ; 
details  of  seige  by,  i,  310 ;  lust 
moments,  1,317,319. 
Wolfs,  Hieur,  exploit  of,  i,  77. 
Women,  labors  of,  ii,  201. 
Wooster,  Col.,  ii,  10. 
Worcester,  Mass.,  ii.  107. 
Wounded,  care  of,  ii,  350. 
Wraxall,  Capt.,  1,71. 
WreekofL'Aigle,i,138. 
York  Kegt.,i,  179. 
Young,  Arthur,  ii,  150. 
Young,  Hennery,  i,  337. 
Youugstown,  ii,  153. 


